Du Fu grew up in a family with a literary tradition of "serving Confucianism and guarding officials". Du Fu's grandfather Du Fu was a famous poet in the post-Wu period and a member of the official banquet. His father, Du Xian, served as Sima of Yanzhou and magistrate of Fengtian County. He began to learn poetry at the age of 7, and at the age of 15, poetry attracted the attention of Luoyang celebrities. From the age of 20, his life can be divided into four periods.
The roaming period was from the 19th year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (73 1) to the 4th year of Tianbao (745). Du Fu wandered for a long time twice. The first time was in Jiangnan. He has been to Jinling and Gusu, crossed Zhejiang, and went boating in Tunxi until he reached the foot of Tianmu Mountain. In the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan, he returned to Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam and was not admitted. The following year, he began to roam Qi and Zhao for the second time. In his later years, he recalled the scene at that time: "On the occasion of Qi and Zhao, Qiu Ma was quite wild." During these two wanderings, he saw the beautiful and majestic mountains and rivers of the motherland, absorbed the cultures of Jiangnan and Shandong, broadened his horizons and enriched his knowledge. In the 29th year of Kaiyuan, I lived in shouyangshan between Luoyang and Yanshi, and probably married my wife Yang at this time. In the third year of Tianbao, Li Bai met in Luoyang. They traveled around Qilu, visited Taoism to find friends, talked about poetry and papers, and sometimes talked about current affairs, and formed a profound friendship. The following autumn, Du Fu will go west to Chang 'an, and Li Bai will revisit Jiangdong. They broke up in Yanzhou and never met again. Du Fu wrote many touching poems in memory of Li Bai. His poems during this period, although there are excellent works such as "Looking at Yue", did not surpass the level of famous poets in Du period.
During the Chang 'an period, from the fifth year of Tianbao to the fourteenth year of Tianbao, Du Fu lived in Chang 'an for 10 years, and his life, thoughts and creation all changed greatly. In the sixth year of Tianbao, people with skills were selected by Xuanzong to Kyoto, and Du Fu took the exam. However, due to Li's destruction, a famous China book, no candidate was selected. In the tenth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong held three grand ceremonies to worship Laozi, Imperial Palace and Heaven and Earth. Du Fu wrote three "Gifts", which was appreciated by Xuanzong, and ordered the Prime Minister to examine his writings, ready to go, and no more. He kept writing poems and giving them to powerful people, hoping to get their recommendation, but to no avail. Finally, You Wei led the government to join Cao Jun, which was the last day of Du Fu's stay in Chang 'an and the eve of An Shi Rebellion. Xuanzong in his later years completely changed the excellent political style in Kaiyuan period. A prime minister is corrupt and arrogant, and the people are brutally exploited by exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous taxes. Du Fu is "struggling with food and clothing". In order to make a living, he had to go in and out of the aristocratic mansion and act as a "guest". He also made some friends as poor as himself, and made extensive contact with the working people. Eleven years after Tianbao, he wrote immortal masterpieces such as Garage Shop, Two Roads, Before the Fortress and After the Fortress, and began to add new contents and new expressions to the poems at that time. In the winter of the 14th year of Tianbao, Du Fu visited his wife in Fengxian and wrote "From Beijing to Fengxian, 500 Words of Love Words", expressing the deep affection of "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years and sighing hot in the intestines", and summarizing the sharp social contradictions with "the wine and meat in Zhumen stink and the road freeze to death", which is a summary of his ten-year Chang 'an life and also marks the final summary of the prosperous times in the Tang Dynasty. There are more than 100 poems handed down in this period, most of which are ancient poems with five or seven words.
Zuo Shi was exiled from Su Zong to Deyuanzai (756) and Gan Yuan for two years (759). After the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu heard that Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to West Shu and Su Zong ascended the throne in Lingwu, so he placed his family in Qiang village in the north of the city and went north to Lingwu alone. Unfortunately, the rebels stopped him and sent him to Chang 'an. Du Fu was caught in a thief for nearly half a year. He watched the solemn pacified capital desolate and miserable, and listened to the news that Tang Jun was wiped out after two counterattacks in Chen Tao and Qingban. He was filled with grief and indignation, and wrote such poems as Sad Chen Tao, Sad Qing Ban, Spring Hope and Aijiangtou. In April of the second year of Zhide (757), Du Fu risked his life to escape from Chang 'an and went to Fengxiang, the temporary residence of Su Zong, and was appointed as the left addendum. Soon after, he was tried for offending Su Zong. In August, he visited his wife and finished the long poem "Northern Expedition", which is comparable to "Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian", describing the bleak scenery on the journey and the poverty at home and expressing his views on the current situation. In September this year, Tang Jun recovered Chang 'an and Luoyang in October. Su Zong 10 returned to Beijing at the end of October, and Du Fu also returned to Chang 'an at this time, still serving as the left gleaning. In May of the following year, Du Fu was transferred to Sigong of Huazhou to join the army under the influence of the struggle between Su Zongxin and Xuanzong. Say goodbye to Chang 'an from now on. The following spring in Gan Yuan, Du Fu went to Henan to visit his former residence. On his way home, he witnessed the sufferings of the people under the cruel oppression of officials, and wrote six famous poems, such as Xin 'an Official, Tongguan Official, Shihu Official, Wedding Farewell and Farewell to the Old and Homeless, which were called "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" by later generations. It was early summer when Du Fu returned to Iowa. At this time, he was hungry and cold, and Li was the exclusive power of the court. Du Fu was disappointed in politics. After beginning of autumn, he resolutely gave up his official position and went to Qin Zhou in the west. Less than April in Qin Zhou, I went to Tonggu in early winter; After staying in Tonggu for a month, I set foot on the difficult Shu Road and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year.
Wandering in the southwest, from the first year of the reign of Su Zong Shang Yuan (760) to the fifth year of the reign of Da Li (770). 1 1 year, Du Fu spent eight years in Shu and three years in Jingxiang. Du Fu said that he was "wandering in the southwest between heaven and earth" in Kuizhou (Ode to Monument). In fact, he has lived in Chengdu for five years and his life is relatively stable. In the spring of the first year of Shangyuan, a thatched cottage was built near Huanhuaxi in the west of Chengdu, ending four years of exile and obtaining a place to live. He left the troubled and sorrowful Central Plains, and his eyes showed a beautiful pastoral scene. Flowers, birds, insects and fish seem to be attentive to him, which makes him temporarily rest from years of hard work and anxiety. He also wrote many poems, praising nature with infinite love. However, he never forgot those people who were exiled and had nowhere to live. In "The Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage", he sang the famous sentence "There are thousands of spacious buildings in Qian Qian, and the poor in the world are happy." At the end of last year, he came to Chengdu and served as Yin and Yu Shi of Chengdu, giving Du Fu a lot of help. In July of the first year of Daizong Baoying (762), Yanwu was called into Korea. Chengdu Shaoyin and Xu Yushi knew that he had defected in Chengdu, and Du Fu went into exile in Zizhou and Langzhou. In the spring of Baoying, the Anshi Rebellion, which lasted for 78 years, ended. Du Fu was ecstatic when he heard the news and thought there was hope to return to Luoyang. He blurted out the seven laws that the two sides of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army, expressing his inner joy. This is the happiest song of Du Fu's life. However, happiness is only a flash in the pan The chaos in China has not been clarified. Tubo in the west invaded on a large scale and captured Chang 'an in October. Du Fu expressed infinite concern about this: "Is Xijing safe?" No one came. "He wrote many poems and expounded his political thoughts. In the spring of the second year of Guangde (764), he was appointed as Yin and Jiannan in Chengdu, and Du Fu returned to Chengdu in March. Yanwu recommended Du Fu as our staff officer and foreign minister of the Ministry of Industry. Du Fu lived in the shogunate of our province for several months. Not used to shogunate life, he repeatedly asked to return to the thatched cottage. Finally, Yanwu agreed to his request. In April of the first year of Yongtai (765), Yanwu died suddenly, and Du Fu lost his dependence. He had to lead his family to leave the thatched cottage in May and take a boat to the east. " Five guests in Shu county, one year in Zizhou "("Going to Shu ") ended the first half of Du Fu's" wandering southwest ". Du Fu arrived in Yun 'an in September and was unable to move forward due to illness. It was not until the next spring that his condition improved that he moved to Kuizhou. He lived in Kuizhou for less than two years, and his creation is very rich, with more than 400 poems, accounting for more than two-seventh of Du Fu's poems. The poem praises the poor working people in Kuizhou, describes the steep mountains and rivers here, reflects the turmoil in Sichuan and the yearning for Chang 'an and Luoyang, and the number of nostalgic works has increased greatly. However, his health is getting worse and worse, and malaria, lung disease, rheumatism and diabetes are constantly bothering him. Due to the harsh climate and few friends in Kuizhou, Du Fu set out for the canyon in the first month of the third year of Dali (768). Arrive in Jiangling in March. He wanted to go north to Luoyang, but he couldn't make it because of the chaos and traffic jam in Henan. I lived in Jiangling for half a year, moved to the police station for several months, and arrived in Yueyang at the end of the year, where I wrote "Follow the Swallow", which vividly reflected the sufferings of Hunan people. Four or five years in Dali is the last two years of Du Fu's life. He has no fixed address, and travels between Yueyang, Changsha, Hengzhou and Leiyang, spending most of his time on the boat. Dali died on a boat on the Xiangjiang River between Changsha and Yueyang in the winter of five years, at the age of 59. Before he died, he wrote a long poem with 36 rhymes, Sleeping on a Sleeping Boat in the Storm. There is a line in the poem that "the blood of the war is still there, and the sound of the army is still moving to this day", and he is still thinking about the disaster of the country. After Du Fu's death, the coffin was buried in Yueyang. It was 43 years later, that is, in the eighth year of Xian Zongyuan (8 13), and his grandson Du Cai was buried in shouyangshan, Henan. During the period of 1 1, Du Fu wrote more than 1000 poems, accounting for more than 73% of all Du Fu's poems, most of which are modern poems-quatrains and metrical poems, as well as long poems.
Lu You, a great poet in Southern Song Dynasty. The word Wu Guan, No.,was born in Yin Shan (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). When the Northern Song Dynasty perished, he was deeply influenced by his patriotic thoughts at home when he was a teenager. Shaoxing Zhongying didn't try and was rejected by Qin Gui. Filial piety ascended the throne, and life is a scholar. In the twenty-eighth year of Shaoxing (1 158), it entered Fujian as the master book of Ningde County. According to the third volume of "Ningde County Records", "Lu You, the word service concept, that is, Shaoxing was also a poor city for 28 years, with good governance. There is a statue of Lu You on Nanguang Mountain in Ningde. He used to be a judge of Longxing in Zhenjiang. He entered Shu for six years (1 170) and served as the judge of Kuizhou. After eight years on the main road, he entered the shogunate of Fu Xuan Ambassador Wang Yan in Sichuan and devoted himself to military life. After officially arriving at Baozhang Pavilion, it was introduced. Politically, Lu You advocated resolute war of resistance, enriched armaments and demanded that "taxes should be paid first, and taxes should be handed over to business", which has always been suppressed by capitulationists. In his later years, he retired from his hometown, but his belief in recovering the Central Plains remained unchanged. He wrote many poems in his life, and now there are more than 9 thousand poems, which are extremely rich in content. Expressing political ambitions, reflecting people's sufferings, criticizing the humiliation and surrender of the ruling group at that time, and showing a strong patriotic enthusiasm for restoring national unity. Guan Shanyue, Book Wrath, Peasant Sigh, Xiuer, etc. It's all spoken by later generations. Describing daily life is also a new work. Also known as Gong Ci, Yang Shen called it as beautiful as Qin Guan and as beautiful as stone. But some poems reveal negative emotions. His first marriage, Tang's, Chai Feng and so on, was sincere and touching. There are Poems of Jiannan, Collected Works of Weinan, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty, Notes of Old Xue 'an, etc. Divorced under the oppression of my mother, my painful feelings are poured out in some poems, such as Shen Yuan.
Lu You, the greatest patriotic poet in ancient China.
China has a famous poem "Show the Son". The poem reads: "When you die, you know that everything is empty, but you see Kyushu's sadness." Julian Waghann set the Central Plains Day in the north, and did not forget to inform Nai Weng's family of their sacrifice. This poem is a father's last wish to his son. This poem expresses that a dying old man will never forget his motherland destroyed by foreign invasion. He hopes that on the day when the motherland is recovered, his children can tell him the news of victory. From this poem, people can feel an old poet's strong patriotic feelings on his deathbed. He is Lu You, one of the greatest patriotic poets in ancient China.
Lu You, a poet of Southern Song Dynasty in China, was born in 1 125. In the era of Lu You's life, Jin Guo, the northern minority regime, frequently waged wars against Song Dynasty. The poor and weak Song Dynasty lost a lot of land and was forced to move southward constantly, and the people lived in war and turmoil. As a teenager, Lu You had to flee with his family and suffered from being displaced from place to place.
Lu You was influenced by his father's strong patriotic thought since childhood, and he developed a character of worrying about the country and the people and longing for national reconstruction very early. In order to realize the ideal of serving the motherland, he paid special attention to studying the art of war. At the age of 20, he wrote in a poem, "Get on the horse and attack the crazy Hu, dismount the grass army", hoping to go to the battlefield in person one day and kill the enemy to serve the country. However, it was not until he was in his forties that he had the opportunity to be an officer in the army and realized his wish for many years.
Less than a year's military life left a deep imprint on Lu You's life and creation. Wearing a military uniform, he traveled to and from the front. The hard life and patriotic enthusiasm of the soldiers who fought against the enemy greatly expanded his poetic realm, and the tragic hero became the keynote of his life's poetry creation.
As an outstanding poet, Lu You wrote more than 9,300 poems in his life. Most of these poems are related to fighting against invaders. Or describe the fiery life in the army, "naked, sleeping in first frost", or repose deep worries about the future and destiny of the motherland and the gloomy mood of serving the country with full blood.
Lu You's poems are full of ardent patriotic enthusiasm and sympathize with the sufferings of the people at that time. The thoughts of worrying about the country and the people are interwoven in his works. In his poems such as Big Breath and Autumn Harvest Song, he exposed the exploitation of the lower class by bureaucrats and powerful people, and at the same time, he truly wrote the excellent quality of hard work and kindness of the lower class.
In addition to poetry, Lu You also created many excellent prose works. Some of these works record trivial matters of life, some discuss the national economy and people's livelihood, and some describe the deeds of friends, but they are full of patriotic feelings and have strong appeal. Lu You has suffered a lot in his life and has a full understanding of the living environment of ordinary people. His works reflect the depth and breadth of life, reaching a height that contemporary poets cannot reach.
Lu You's rich creative practice had a positive impact on his later literary circles in the Song Dynasty, but what was more remarkable was his strong and persistent patriotism. His poems and prose works are a great spiritual inspiration to the people oppressed by other nationalities. Whenever the nation lives or dies, people can't help thinking of this poet who deeply cares about the fate of the motherland in his 85-year-old life.
The Sad Story of Lu You and Tang Wan
Lu You (1 125- 1209), a great poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, married his cousin Tang Wan in 1 144. The next year, Tang Wan was expelled from the house because, according to the ancients, he was "unwilling to be his mother's wife" and "his second parents were afraid that he was lazy to study." Or because the husband and wife are so loving, their in-laws think it will hinder Lu You's enterprising spirit, so they often scold Tang Wan, which leads to their breakup.