To understand the author's background, it is mainly to grasp the changes of the times, national turmoil, major events, policy trends and so on related to poetry. Such as Shuxiang (Du Fu): "Where is the Hall of Fame? In a pine forest near the Silk City. The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. He gave his heart to two generations, and he often cared about the world. But before he could conquer, he died, and the long hero burst into tears. " Du Fu, who was in the period of "An Shi Rebellion" to avoid chaos, passed by the ancestral hall of the Prime Minister and made a special trip to worship. Therefore, the feelings of praise and mourning in the poem can be seen, and the heart of helping the world is faintly felt. Another example is "Waves on the Sand" (Li Yu): "The rain outside the curtain is gurgling, and the spring scenery is fading away. Luo Yi can't stand the cold of five people. I don't know if I am a dream guest, but I am insatiable in one day. Don't lean against the fence alone, it is infinite, and it is easier to see when you are away. Running water in spring is heaven and earth. " Li Yu, the queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, was a prisoner in the Northern Song Dynasty. Therefore, recalling the prosperity of the past, compared with the bleak situation of today's chill, has a great sense of heaven and earth. "I don't know that I am a guest in my dream, but I want to have fun all day" is just a true expression, which shows that the nature of the deceased cannot be changed. The phrase "Spring comes when running water goes away" can be described as extremely sentimental. This is also the language of love, no wonder how many tears have been earned in ancient and modern times! If you don't know the background of the above two poems, it is difficult to really understand the thoughts and feelings expressed by the authors.
Of course, the author often has a specific writing background, mainly including the author's own specific situation and mentality as well as the other's specific situation and mentality. These are also what we need to know when we appreciate poetry. For example, "A berth in Tonglu sends a friend to Yangzhou" (Meng Haoran): "The monkey shadow mountain whimpers, and the river flows at night. The wind on both sides of the strait rustled the branches and leaves, and the moonlight reflected on the river, a boat on a river. Jiande's scenery is good, but it's not my hometown. I still miss my old friends in Yangzhou. Two long tears flow eastward to find the nearest touch of the sea. " This was written by Meng Haoran after the failure of the imperial examination. Another example is "A Letter to Korea for the Recovery of Chaozhou" (Jia Dao): "This heart followed Mulan until the tide came south. Come to China for an appointment every other chapter, and the letter will pass. The peak hangs on the postal road, the clouds break, and the roots of the city are immersed in the sea. The smoke and wind swept away overnight, and I went to langxi Building at the beginning of the next month. " This is a poem sent by Jia Dao, a good friend who often "discussed" poems with Han Yu after he was demoted to Chaozhou, to show his affection. If you can't understand the author's specific situation and mentality when writing his own poems, and you can't understand the specific situation and mentality of the other party who sent the poems, it is difficult to understand Meng Haoran's loneliness and "sending tears to the east to find the nearest touch of the sea." It is difficult to understand Jia Dao's "a night of smoke and wind swept away, and lang Xi went upstairs at the beginning of the month." My wishes and expectations.
Second, grasp the author's ideological characteristics and the style and genre of poetry creation.
The writer's unique thoughts and creative style are inevitably reflected in his works. Therefore, grasping the author's ideological characteristics and the style and genre of poetry creation is the focus of poetry appreciation. You should know some important writers in peacetime. Such as Qu Yuan, Cao Cao, Tao Yuanming, Wang Meng, Li Yu, Su Xin, Li Qingzhao, Wen Tianxiang, Yu Qian, Gong Zizhen and Zheng.
Oh, wait. Here are some poems to talk about. Let's look at Cao Cao's poems first. "Although the tortoise has a long life" (Cao Cao): "Although the tortoise has a long life, it still has moments. The snake rides the fog and eventually turns to dust. The old horse lurks, aiming at a thousand miles. The martyrs were full of courage in their later years. Surplus and contraction periods are not just in the sky. Blessings that nourish grace can last forever. Fortunately, Lian, it was sung in the song. " This is one of the poems "Out of Xiamen" written by Cao Cao on his way home from the Northern Expedition to Wuhuan. Connecting with the ideological characteristics of the author's life and the genre of poetry creation, "the period of surplus and contraction is not limited to days." Blessings that nourish grace can last forever. "I'm afraid it can't just be understood as: the length of life is in the sky, it can maintain the body, feel comfortable and make people live longer. Think about it, Cao Cao is a Taoist who specializes in health preservation! If we contact the above poem again, we can know that Cao Cao is advocating people's initiative: Maxima and people with lofty ideals want to create achievements in their limited lives, so as to prolong their lives. Look at "Sad Autumn" (Du Fu): "The breeze moves Wan Li, but thieves are still vertical and horizontal. On the day of delivering books at home, Qiu Lai was a guest. Worried about watching tall birds fly by, always chasing everyone. When I first wanted to vote for the Three Gorges, why did I see two capitals? Why did Du Fu go to the Three Gorges in the first place? "It's not hard to understand how much Du Fu is eager to destroy the rebellion, recover lost ground and restore the whole country! In the fifteenth year of Tianbao, Du Fu went to the imperial court and became a thief, so he missed his wife in Zhangzhou. So he wrote Moonlit Night (Du Fu): "She looked at the moonlight in Fuzhou, far away, and looked at it alone from the window of her room. For our boys and girls, poor little baby, too young to know where the capital is. Her cloudy hair is sweet with mist, and her jade-white shoulders are cold in the moonlight. When we lay on the screen again, our tears began to dry. Guan Shiming said, "The clouds are fragrant and foggy, and the jade shoulders are cold." . "The love between husband and wife is also." Connecting with Du Fu's ideological characteristics and poetic creation style, we can see that this poem is by no means "graceful and restrained". The worries of the guests and the difficulties of Chang 'an are all here. If you contact "our boys and girls, poor little baby, are too young to know where the capital is" again, you can understand that "when we lie on our screen again, our tears begin to dry." Doesn't it also contain the expectation of "how wet the night is" and the wish of family reunion? Look at Wang Wei's "Book to Pei Di from Wangchuan": "The mountains are cold and blue, and the autumn waters flow together for one day. At the door of my thatched cottage, leaning on my cane, I listened to the cicadas singing in the evening breeze. Sunset lingers at the ferry, and the smoke from supper rises from the house. Oh, when will I make a wish to the great hermit again and sing a wild poem under five willows? At first glance, this poem seems to express a kind of wild feelings. However, this is contrary to Wang Wei's ideological characteristics and poetic creation style all his life. If we read it carefully, we can know that the poet compared Pei Di to Chu Kuang (The Analects of Confucius) in the Spring and Autumn Period and compared himself to Mr. Tao Yuanming in 1956. If we relate to the above scenery, we can know that the original poem is "seclusion" throughout, which is exactly the same as "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely". Wang Fuzhi said, "Writing with quiet and noble methods wins."
Of course, writers' thoughts and artistic styles are often diverse and unified. Therefore, we must pay attention to complexity and diversity when grasping the author's ideological characteristics and the style and genre of poetry creation. Li Bai's Qiu Deng Xuancheng Xie Tiao North Building: "The river is picturesque, and the mountains look at the clear sky at night. Between the two rivers, one lake is like a bright mirror; The two bridges on the river look like rainbows falling from the sky. Orange forest pomelo is set off in the cold smoke of kitchen smoke; Autumn is boundless, and the phoenix tree has become old. Who goes to the North Building? " Poets climb mountains to chase Xie Tiao. Although on a par with the ancients, there are few confidants. This is the height of Li Bai's loneliness Let's look at Li Bai's "Lodging at Uncle Xun's House under Wusong Mountain": "I am lonely and unhappy under Wusong Mountain. The farmer is busier at work, and the girl next door is not afraid of the cold autumn night all night. The owner of the house, the old woman, brought me rice, full of white rice like moonlight. Drifting is so embarrassing that Sanxie can't eat. " What's so lonely here? What is elegance? Only kindness and simplicity! Tao Yuanming's poems are desolate and natural, but there are also poems of "King Kong glaring".
Third, taste the words, grasp the images and then understand the artistic conception of poetry.
This should be the basic method and ability to appreciate classical poetry. Let's take a look at a poem by Liu Zongyuan: "Climb the Liuzhou Tower and send it to the secretariat of Zhangzhou, Feng Ting and Lianzhou": "On this towering tower, the town came to an end, the wilderness began, and our thoughts went as far as the ocean or the sky. The hibiscus flowers beside the moat are swaying in the sudden wind, and the oblique rain is beating the vines on the wall. We can't see anything beyond 300 miles, except vague Woods and mountains, and there are nine rivers winding in our stomachs. * * * Come to Baiyue tattoo land, don't even want a letter, let's keep in touch with home. " Liu Zongyuan and others were demoted to the United States for participating in Wang's political reform, and wrote a poem for this purpose. Liao Wenbingyun: This son was made by four people on the tower. The first sentence is to go upstairs and overlook the vast expanse of the sea, filled with sadness, and extremely unruly. Three or four sentences are just "shocking the wind", so the clouds are "chaotic", and there is only rain in Mao Mao, so the clouds are "oblique", with storms and depressions, and they are excited by things. To "cover mountains and trees" and "turn around the river" is beneficial to the feeling of lovesickness. At that time, "* * * came to Baiyue" meant that it was easy to meet each other. Now, how can I comfort my mind? Qu Fuyun: "Ridge Tree" covers the eyes and is invisible; "Jiangqu" nine times, heartbroken when all the time. Wu: These four Chinese sentences are all metaphorical. "Frighten the wind and rain" means a villain, "Lotus leaves the interior" means a gentleman, "Chaos" and "Oblique invasion" mean slander, "Ridge tree" means the distance between monarchs, and "River flow" means the sufferings in the hearts of officials. All the ministers are worried and uneasy. Ji Xiaoyun: The artistic conception is broad and far-reaching, the four states are reversed, and there is no god or trace. The whole scene is affordable. There is no trace to be found in the comparison between the three fu and the four fu. As the old saying goes, it means to shake the sense of danger and doubt, but it is really not good. The above are based on the taste of words, the grasp of images and the understanding of poetic artistic conception. This is a basic and important way for the ancients to appreciate poetry.
Fan Zhongyan has such words: "Blue sky, yellow leaves, autumn colors, cold smoke and green waves." The mountain reflects the water in the sunset, and the grass is ruthless, so is it outside the sunset. "The cloud here is Yun Lan, the leaves are yellow, and the smoke is cold smoke. These are direct descriptive images. "Autumn in the Wave" connects these images in series, forming a landscape map of A Qiu where water and sky set each other off, and the word "cold" highlights the coldness of autumn artistic conception. It is this cold artistic conception that leads the poet to think of the "fragrant grass" that is "beyond the sunset", that is, the place where his relatives in his hometown live. Invisible, how heartless! This is the sadness of "hometown spirit" and "travel thinking". Here, with the shift of the poet's sight and the change of his psychological space, "Fangcao" has become an imaginary image. In addition, figurative images and symbolic images are also common in poetry, which need to be paid attention to and distinguished. For example, Wang Anshi's "Lonely Tung": "Nature is self-contained, and it is lonely and high. Ling Xiao is indomitable, humble and polite. Old roots are strong, and the sun is more cloudy. Think about the temperature tomorrow, I'd like to play five strings. "Poetry is not a simple thing, but an expression of ambition. The image of "lonely tung" symbolizes Wang Anshi's reform spirit of advancing despite difficulties and daring to devote himself. Only in this way can we truly understand "thinking about the sun and warming up, willing to play five strings".
Fourth, explore the scenery, events, characters, classic intentions and key sentences of direct lyric discussion in poetry.
Well, let's read Du Fu's Night Sense: "A wisp of breeze ripples on the grass bank, and one person sails at night. The endless plains are dotted with drooping stars. The moon runs with the river. I hope my art can bring me fame and liberate my sick old age from the office! . What is drifting like? But sandpipers in the vast world! "The first part is about the loneliness of a single passenger ship. Parallel couplets have a wide range of scenes, and we can know that the wide range of scenes can show that we are not as good as Sha Ou. Then, in connection with the discussion sentence of the necklace, we can feel the feelings of self-injury and night outing expressed in the poem. Look at Meng Haoran's "Dongting Lake Prime Minister Zhang": "August Lake.
Ping, with heaven. Ozawa's water vapor transpiration on the cloud soil is white, and the waves seem to shake the whole Yueyang. I'm going to cross the water to find a boat and paddle. It's a shame to return home in the sacred age. Sitting around watching other people's hard river fishing can only envy the fish caught in the fish. Meng Haoran is a landscape poet, but he is not a hermit. This poem begins with a magnificent scene. It is a shame to live in a world of wisdom and do nothing. Although there is ambition to serve the country, no one supports it. In the face of an official, you can only increase your envy. The implication is obvious, and I hope it will be quoted by Premier Zhang. If you don't understand the true intention of "boat", "fishing" and "fairy fishing", this poem will be difficult to understand. Look at Gui Zhi Xiang Jin Mausoleum Nostalgia (Wang Anshi): "It's late autumn in the old country, and the weather is early. A thousand miles into a river is like practicing, and the emerald peak is like a dragonfly. Sailing towards the sunset, leaning against the west wind and leaning against the wine flag. The colorful boat is cloudy, and the Milky Way heron rises, which is difficult to draw. Miss the past, prosperous. Sigh, hold your head outside, and worry and hate come and go. Throughout the ages, it is shameful to rely on height. The past of the Six Dynasties flowed with the water, and the cold smoke faded the grass. Today, strong women in business still sing from time to time, and the music stays in the backyard. " This word is intended to satirize the present from the past, and "business woman" refers to the powerful minister of the DPRK who blindly pursues luxury enjoyment. Without this, the word is difficult to understand. Similarly, Li Shangyin's "Sui Palace" also uses the ancient times to satirize the present: "Ziquan Palace is hazy, like taking Yangzhou as his own private domain. If the imperial seal had not been seized by Tang Taizu, he would have set sail long ago. On today's rotten grassland, there is no fire, but crows still inhabit the weeping willows at dusk. If he met, the world was in chaos, and the later Emperor Chen, do you think they would mention a "Garden Flower"? . "
The key sentences of lyric discussion in poetry often directly express the author's feelings and opinions, which is naturally the key to poetry appreciation.
Fifth, use association and imagination, combined with emotional experience to feel.
Without association and imagination, without emotional experience and sentiment, there is no appreciation of poetry at all. For example, Li Qingzhao's Dream, if you don't need association and imagination, can you reproduce the situation in the words and combine emotional experience? Please see: "It rained last night, and suddenly the wind blew, and there was no wine left after a deep sleep. Ask the shutter man, Haitang is still there. You know what? You know what? It should be green, fat and thin! " Imagine that "it rained and blew suddenly last night", which made it difficult for people to sleep, but the poet still slept soundly all night. It turns out that she drank a lot of wine. Wind and rain plus stuffy wine, or borrow wine to sell sorrow. Is it because of parting? Still lonely? Is it for rafting? Or to hurt the spring? Maybe both. Still sleeping in bed in the morning, thinking only about Haitang after the storm. At this moment, the maid came in and rolled up the curtains. So I asked what happened to Haitang. The answer is still. She said, you silly girl, you know? It should be "green, fat, red and thin" seems to be in her mind. I know that after a night of wind and rain, the leaves of Haitang have become bigger, but the flowers have fallen. If you connect with the poet's personal experience, you can imagine the feelings between the lines. Let's read Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi-Mao Yiyi's 30 th Dream of the First Month": "Ten years of life and death are ambiguous. If you don't think about it, you won't forget it. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty. When night came, my dream suddenly came home. Xiao Xuan window, get dressed. Looking at each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears are expected to be heartbroken every year, and the lack of the moon will be exhausted. " This is a mourning poem, written about the thoughts of his dead wife. The first sentence is unforgettable, the second sentence is hard to see, and then suppose that you have changed a lot in this decade. "Xiao Xuan window, is grooming. There is nothing to say to each other, only a thousand tears. " Night is a dream, and "Moonlight Night, Short Matsuoka" is where my wife lives. Dream because of thinking, dreaming of his wife; If you expect your wife to miss you because of your dreams, then you will dream of yourself if you miss your wife. Without association and imagination, without emotional experience and sentiment, it is difficult to understand the situation in the word and the human feelings beyond life and death in the word. Let's appreciate two poems in this way. Give it a try! "Jiang Xia Farewell to Song" (Li Bai): "If the Chu River is empty, the blue sea will be connected from afar. You and I will be thousands of miles apart, but there is this cup of wine in front of us. On sunny days, birds in the valley sing, and in the evening breeze, apes in the river whisper. I have never shed tears in my life, I am crying here. " "Klang Ganzhou" (Liu Yong): "It is raining at dusk and it is clear autumn. The bleak frost wind is tight, the river surface of the mountains and rivers is deserted, and the setting sun shines on the tall buildings. This is a decline in prosperity, not a decline in Ran Ran's prosperity. Only the gushing water of the Yangtze river flows eastward without sound. Without the heart to climb the distance and overlook the distant home, it is difficult to gather the desire to go home. Sighing where these years have gone, why do you have to stay in a strange land for a long time? I want to stare at the beauty building, miss the sky several times, and return to the boat. Anxious to know me, leaning against the fence. "
These are the basic ways to appreciate classical poetry. Mastering these methods and practicing them in appreciation activities should enable us to acquire the basic ability to appreciate classical poetry. On this basis, the level of poetry appreciation can be further improved by comparison and other methods.
I hope it helps you, O(∩_∩)O Thank you.