Double the store,
Look at the flowers and have a drink.
Meet three stores and flowers,
Drink up the wine in the pot.
How much wine is there in the hip flask?
This is an interesting limerick. This poem was originally a calculation problem, which means that Li Bai has wine in his pot, and every time he meets a shopkeeper, he doubles the wine in the pot; Then, Li Bai saw the flowers and began to drink and write poems. Every time he drinks, he drinks a bucket of wine (a bucket is an ancient vessel for holding wine). Repeat this three times, and finally drink all the wine in the pot.
Please calculate how much wine is in Li Bai's pot.
Looking through China's ancient literary works, many famous writers have written many well-known drinking poems, including Drinking as a Song by Cao Cao, Twenty Drinking Poems by Tao Yuanming, Drinking by Li Bai, Drunk Songs by Du Fu, Drinking Songs Upstairs by Lu You, and Water Tune Songs by Su Shi. , are immortal. However, to discuss the profound cultural connotation and extensive positive significance of their wine poems, we should first recommend Li Bai, a poet in the Tang Dynasty.
Li Bai is a representative writer in the Tang Dynasty and a great romantic poet after Qu Yuan in the history of China literature. His main activity period was in the Kaiyuan and Tianbao years of Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty, which was an unprecedented period of prosperity and strength of the Tang Empire, and also a period of various social contradictions and crises. His drinking poems reflect the characteristics of this period. This paper discusses the cultural connotation and positive significance of his drinking.
First, borrow wine to express feelings and give poems to friends.
Wine is an ancient and civilized drink and a special food to meet people's material life and spiritual life. It has many effects on people, among which it is a routine behavior for people to convey their feelings and media friendship from ancient times to the present. Li Bai expressed his feelings with wine and gave poems to his friends, which enriched the cultural connotation of his drinking poems.
Among Li Bai and Du Fu, Guo Moruo counted that Li Bai's drinking poems accounted for 65,438+06% of all his works, and farewell poems accounted for a large proportion of his drinking poems. Li Bai took wine as a poem and gave it to his friends. Most of these poems show his sincere feelings and deep friendship for his friends. Such as "Nanjing Hotel Parting": "A gust of wind comes, catkins are fragrant, and Wu Ji presses the wine to persuade the guests to taste. Comrades in my city came here to see me off. When each of them drank his glass, I said to him. Oh, ask this river flowing eastward, whether it can go further than the love of friends! This poem describes the poet's drinking when he was separated from Jinling's children. The author compares his feelings with those of his friends, showing the poet's deep feelings and friendship for Jinling's children. "Tidai Old Hotel" said: "In Jizuo's tomb, the old spring should still be brewing. There is no Li Bai at night, who will you drink with? " In memory of an ordinary winemaker, he expressed his deep affection in simple language, which was very touching and also showed Li Bai's cherish of friendship. Li Bai looked down on princes and ministers, and had a cordial feeling towards Shu Ren. Du Fu said, "Li Bai's hundred poems about fighting wine are buried in Chang 'an Street Restaurant. The son of heaven didn't get on the boat, claiming that I was Brewmaster. "The poet was drunk and slept in a citizen's house in the street, but the emperor told him to ignore it, which shows that he has a deep friendship with civilians. Why else would he be like this? When I went to Zhongnanshan, I found Fan Jushi in the north of Lucheng. When I saw Fan buying wine and picking Xanthium, I gave Wang Lun the same works. Through the above analysis, Li Bai's feelings for his friends are particularly prominent in his poems on drinking among civilians. Wine became the bond of his feelings and friendship, and the poet's strong "sense of wine" has always been appreciated by future generations.
Second, help poetry with wine.
It is a great discovery in the history of literature to make famous works and poems become famous wines after drinking. Bai Juyi's long poem Pipa Xing, Wang Ji's Chu Shi as a Gift, Cao Cao's Dukang Wine as a Wine Song, and Su Shi's Shuanggou Wine are all famous articles after drinking and poetry. Li Bai is even more so. Du Fu said that he could write 100 poems after drinking a barrel of wine. Although this is an exaggeration, we can see the relationship between Li Bai's drinking and poetry creation. When he was drinking, his poems were full of enthusiasm. He wrote: "Didn't you see how the water of the Yellow River entered the ocean from heaven and never came back?" Don't you see the lovely hair in the bright mirror in the high room? Although it is silky black in the morning, it has turned into snow at night! Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he wants to go, and never point his golden cup at the moon empty! . Since God has given talents, let them be used! As for the money, although it is scattered, it will get together again. What are bells and drums, delicacies and treasures? I hope I will never wake up. In ancient times, sages and sages were silent, and only big drinkers were famous through the ages. " The language of this poem is bold and unconstrained, which shows the poet's bold, arrogant and conceited character. Li Bai's poems are often spontaneous and fluent in style, which really seems to be a drunkard's sake. According to Huang Jiu, the second batch of famous drinkers in China, there are more than 70 famous articles on Li Bai's drinking, among which Xiangyang Song, Entering Wine, Liangyuan Yin, Answering the Twelve Cold Nights of the King, Drinking asking for the moon, Drinking the Bright Moon Alone, and Sending the Du Lujun to the East Shimen are immortal works handed down to later generations. Wine helped Li Bai become a poet and made him famous all over the world. On the other hand, Li Bai's poems add luster to wine. It can be said that the beauty given by Li Bai to wine is much more beautiful than the beauty given by wine to Li Bai's poems. For example, "Shixian Taibai Liquor" in Wanxian County, Sichuan Province has been rated as a famous wine of the Ministry, province and city for many times, and it has also been recommended by 1959 as a banquet wine for the 10th anniversary of the National Day. 1984, Taibai Liquor was transferred to Japan by the National Tourism Administration, and now its sales volume has reached more than 5,700 tons, which has sold well at home and abroad, bringing huge economic benefits to the factory. Also, the image of Li Bai or his famous wine phrases are often used as registered trademarks in alcohol advertisements. Signs such as "Drunk Taibai", "Taibai Building" or "Taibai Legacy" are even more fragrant and sweet in urban and rural areas. Therefore, Li Bai's wine-assisted poems and the famous wines in them still have their profound cultural significance today.
Third, send wine as a trace to drown your sorrows.
Wine can make ancient literati get temporary relief under the heavy feudal oppression. China's feudal society lasted for a very long time, and the feudal rulers were particularly oppressive and reacted strongly to the people. Tao Yuanming, Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, Lu You, Xin Qiji, etc. They are the most typical representatives who used wine as a trace to drown their sorrows against the dark society at that time. Li Bai lived in an era of unprecedented prosperity, but there were also various social contradictions and crises lurking. It was the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from its heyday to its gradual decline. At the beginning of Kaiyuan, Xuanzong was a good emperor who made great efforts to govern. He imitated Tang Taizong's politics of advocating frugality, knew people well and made unprecedented achievements. At the end of Kaiyuan, Xuanzong was obsessed with political success, indulged in pleasure, and used treacherous court officials Li, Yang and eunuchs to lose power. Xuanzong personally indulged in extravagant experiments and excessively rewarded lower-level officials, which led to the whole bureaucratic class becoming extravagant and overindulgent. Li and Yang have long controlled state affairs through cronyism, excluded dissidents and undermined loyalty. Li Bai is an upright, progressive and ambitious poet, and he is bound to feel sad that his intelligence has not been brought into play. I feel painful that the achievements of "helping the poor and helping the poor" and "settling down and making a living" cannot be realized. In order to get rid of this sadness and pain, Li Bai found wine, and wine became his favorite thing. When he was drunk, he was furious: "If you talk and laugh, you will lose your color and flies will scream." Kong Sheng heard that he was injured, and Dong Long's condition was even worse. Han Xin was ashamed to compare himself with Jiang Guan, and Mi Fei was ashamed to drive away Tu Gu 'er (Answer the King to Drink Alone on a Cold Night). Scold the adulterers Li and Yang as flies, chickens, dogs and butchers, and became furious to the extreme. When he was depressed and worried, he raised his glass to comfort others: "What are bells and drums, delicacies and treasures? I hope I will never wake up after being drunk for a long time. The ancient sages were silent, and only the drinkers left their names. " "Five flowers, golden autumn, give it to the boy in exchange for good wine, and get rid of the worries of the ages with you" ("Into the wine"). This "eternal sorrow" is his great sorrow, which spans the universe and runs through mankind; It was his sorrow that witnessed the decline of the Tang empire from the peak. Li Bai's Song of Eternal Sorrow almost reached the point where it was difficult to get rid of the legacy: "... since the world can't satisfy our desire, I will let go of my hair and take a fishing boat tomorrow. I feel sorry for my life, as if the only way out in my life is to invite me to swim in the rivers and lakes by boat. Sending wine as a trace to drown one's sorrows can only make the poet get a temporary relief. After waking up, the poet said, "Since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with swords, it is even more sad to raise a glass to dispel our worries.". Finally, wine can't be his real relief tool.
4. Inherit and develop the forms of drinking poems in past dynasties, and enrich the contents of drinking poems.
Li Bai's drinking poems inherit and develop the forms of drinking poems in past dynasties, and enrich the contents of drinking poems. Li Bai used to have many drinking poems, such as Zhan Lu in The Book of Songs, the First Guest Banquet, Song of Drinking by Cao Cao and Drinking by Tao Yuanming, but they were all limited to four or five words. Li Bai's drinking poems developed into seven words, miscellaneous words and quatrains on the basis of predecessors. In particular, some of his seven-character songs are patchy in syntax, with short sentences of only three words and long sentences of nine to ten. Such diverse and ever-changing forms are the result of Li Bai's bold innovation. There are also many aspects in the expression content. There is contempt for feudal dignitaries and wealth; Ruthlessly exposed and attacked the dark politics at that time; Have infinite grief and indignation to express their talents; Have deep feelings and friendship for friends. The form and content of drinking poems have made such great achievements in Li Bai's hands. On the one hand, because of his bold personality and unrestrained poetic emotion, he is not bound by temperament and antithesis. On the other hand, it is also the result of the poet's pursuit of natural beauty and the use of various forms to express various life contents.
Fifth, he created a unique artistic style of drinking poems.
As a romantic poet, Li Bai is great and the most typical. He said that his poem was "Xing Han put pen to paper to shake the five mountains, and the poem became a small Aoling Cangzhou". Du Fu praised his poems and said, "A poem makes you cry." . This magical artistic charm makes his drinking poems have a unique and distinctive artistic style. Mainly in the following aspects:
1, strong self-image and emotional expression. Li Bai is not an unattached poet. On the contrary, he seems to care about everything. He has experienced and shown a lot of life. Although he can't satisfy his life forever, his passionate feelings and strong personality have left an indelible mark on the poems expressing various lives, and there is a strong subjective color of self-expression everywhere. When he wanted to be an official, he said, "I would sit on a fishing rod and lie lazily by the stream, but I suddenly dreamed of driving a boat and sailing towards the sun." The emperor ordered him to enter Beijing, and he got carried away: "Go out and laugh, are we Artemisia people?" . After being frustrated politically, he shouted, "The road is as vast as the blue sky, but there is no way out in front of me." "Because the world can't satisfy our desire, I will let go of my hair and take a fishing boat tomorrow." Li Bai likes wine best: "The duck head of Hanshui River turned green in the distant years, just like the first batch of grapes." . If this river turns into spring wine, it will ruin the mound. "Because of his pursuit of self-expression, his emotional expression is by no means implicit and restrained, but unrestrained and rushing out." Fish eyes also laughed at me, saying that they were like the bright moon, their fists could not eat, and the donkey won the spring breeze. ""Five flowers, golden autumn, give it to the boy in exchange for good wine, and together with you, share the eternal sorrow ". And so on, impassioned, shouting loudly, showing the poet's image of being extraordinary and lonely and depressed in Jun Gao. There is nothing subtle here. It is natural to express your mind directly.
2, subjective and arbitrary, changing rapidly. Reading some of Li Bai's long drinking poems gives people a feeling of ups and downs, often from one image to another, from one realm to another, and the mood is also in a state of agitation. For example, in his masterpiece "Into the Wine", he encouraged people to drink as much as they like: "Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he likes, and don't point his golden cup at the moon!" It seems that he is content with a decadent and enjoyable life, but his feelings are as unpredictable as the Yellow River. He suddenly said, "Since God has given talents, let them find jobs! , spin a thousand silver, all come back! " . Strong confidence suddenly replaced negative resentment.
3. Rich imagination, bold use of metaphors, vivid exaggeration and strangeness. On the other hand, rich imagination must be expressed through vivid metaphors and strange exaggeration. When things in real life are not enough to describe, compare and symbolize his thoughts and wishes, he relies on unrealistic myths and all kinds of wonderful and amazing fantasies. For example, "Drinking for the Moon": "The White Rabbit is tinkering with the revival of Qiu Lai. Who will Chang 'e live alone with? "? The poet borrowed a rabbit from the ancient moon to pound medicine, and Hou Yi's wife Chang 'e ate her fairy medicine and ran to the moon to gallop fantasy myths and legends. Another example is drinking the bright moon alone: "I sang. The moon encourages me and I dance. My shadow is rolling in the back. Wake up and be happy together, and disperse after drunkenness. Will goodwill be guaranteed? I see the long road of the Milky Way. " The poet fictionalized the moon and shadow by personification, aiming at the so-called "three people" making friends together, leaving each other after drunkenness, becoming immortals and meeting the bright moon in the distant sky. Rich and peculiar imagination makes the artistic conception of the poem seem magical and unpredictable. When ordinary language is not enough to express vigorous passion, we turn to exaggerated metaphor: "one hundred years and thirty-six thousand days." "You have to pour 300 cups a day", "Pure wine costs money, a golden cup costs 10,000 copper for a hip flask, and a dish of delicacies costs 1 million copper", "Oh, ask this river flowing eastward if it can go further than the love of friends!" And "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, but not as good as Wang Lun". And so on, the poet uses strange exaggeration and vivid metaphor to show the characteristics of these objects to the maximum extent, thus vividly showing them and showing his extremely high language ability.
4, the language is fresh and natural, bright and smooth. The language of Li Bai's drinking poems is plain, bright and smooth, and the beads are round and smooth. "Two people to the action of mountain flowers, cup after cup. I am drunk and want to sleep, and the Ming Dynasty intends to hold the piano. ""One is to move the guests to Changsha, hoping to see Chang 'an in the west. The Jade Emperor blows the Yellow Crane Tower, and plum blossoms fall into the river in May. These languages are natural and true, without any traces of carving, just like spoken words blurted out and folded clearly like words. Hu Yinglin believes that the poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is "exquisite in image, with no work to look at and no trace to find", which means that the language of poetry is fresh and natural, and there is no trace of effort. Xiang Xing Linglong means that the artistic conception is vague and poetic. Most of Li Bai's drinking poems have these characteristics. He once commented on a friend's poem and said, "Clear water produces hibiscus, which is naturally carved." This is also his own language feature.