Ci originated from the folk, accompanied by music, forming a tune. Later, with the rapid development of literati ci, ci mostly described the love or eroticism between men and women. Therefore, it is considered as an after-school path of "making waves". For example, Yan Shu called it "performing arts" and Ouyang Xiu called it "learning from the old". This conclusion was earlier than Su Shi's, although Li Yu enriched the theme of Ci to a great extent.
"Taking Poetry as Ci" comes from Chen Shidao's Houshan Poetry Talk. "Poetry as Ci" refers to the attitude of writing poems and filling lyrics, introducing and expanding the theme, content, techniques and style of poetry into the field of Ci, opening up a new realm of Ci and improving its style. I want to talk about Su Shi's "Poetry as Ci" from three different angles.
First of all, it is the innovation of ci style. Before Su Shi, most of his poems were written in response to a song, usually by the way of tuning the name and singing. Su Shi turned his ci into a lyric expression based on emotion, so it is necessary to explain what kind of emotion his ci expressed or why it produced. However, its lyrics are lyrical and should not be described. In order to solve this contradiction, Su Shi used a lot of titles in his ci, just like poetry. Make the order of words and the content of words form an inseparable unity. For example, the preface of "Water Tune Songs" says, "Chen Bing Mid-Autumn Festival, drunk and drunk. Writing this article to have a baby "not only explains the time and reason of writing, but also explains that at the end of the word" I hope people will live for a long time, and the object of * * * ChanJuan is his disciple "..." On March 7, it was raining on Hu Sha Road. The rain gear left first, and my colleagues were in a mess. I didn't realize. Ok, so I pretended to do it. " I explained the time, reason, place and mood of writing. Dongpo's ci is unique, which can be seen.
Secondly, it is the extension of the content. Liu Xizai's Overview of Art? "A Brief Introduction to Ci" said: "Dongpo's Ci is quite similar to Lao Du's poems, because it has no intention to enter, and there is nothing to say. "Su Shi's ci has many contents and themes, especially three aspects.
First, express one's feelings. Su Shi's previous poems were mostly confined to expressing narrow feelings between men and women, lacking true feelings and personality. Liu Yong and others have developed, but they have not broken through the fundamental limitations. Li Yu's lyric range is very narrow. Su Shi, on the other hand, not only writes traditional lyric words, but also expresses many feelings, which are shorter than eroticism and longer than true feelings. What I appreciate most is Su Shi's mourning for his wife. Complete analysis. "Ten years of life and death are unforgettable. A lonely grave is thousands of miles away, and there is nowhere to talk about it. Even if we meet, we should not know. Our faces are covered with dust and our temples are frosty. In the evening, we have a dream of going home. Xiao Xuan window in dressing up, we care about each other beyond words, only a thousand lines of tears. It is expected that it will be sad every year, and the moon will be short. " This word impressed me deeply. It gave me infinite sadness, and a vivid image of Su Shi appeared in front of me. Lyrics expressing Su Shi's memory of mourning, parting thoughts, friends, teachers and students. What is "water turning around"? The Mid-Autumn Festival, the moon on the Xijiang River and the divination symbols will not be explained here. In addition, Su Shi's lyric poems also reflect his patriotic spirit, the most famous of which is Jiangchengzi. Uptown "the old man talked about juvenile madness, drawing yellow from the left and holding the sky from the right, riding a thousand horses and rolling it flat." In order to report to the whole city, you must follow the satrap. " When will the emperor send someone down, like Emperor Han sent Feng Tang to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei? He can bow his bow like a full moon, look at the northwest and shoot wolves ",and outline a heroic and heroic image, which is forceful." The epigrams of Sun Quan and Feng Shang are used up and down in the poem, which enhances the sense of history and realism of the poem, expresses profound twists and turns, and strongly shocks the image of a patriotic hero. Su Shi's ci was also mourned. Chibi nostalgia. This word mainly expresses the author's ups and downs in his official career, repeated hardships, and deep thinking about the universe, history and life. It also shows that he is good at dispelling the tragic consciousness of history and the sadness of life frustration with a detached and broad-minded attitude. The last sentence of the word "life is like a dream, a bottle is still in January", which puts life. Dongpo's lyric poems also contain the feeling of being in politics. In "Looking at Lushan Waterfall", "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but I was born in this mountain", which leads to the theory of "being born after joining the WTO". Su Shi also expressed his political feelings of active entry into WTO and complicated contradictions around the origin of going back and forth. This is a common theme in previous poems, which was introduced by Su Shi on his own initiative, such as Qinyuanchun? I went to Michigan early and sent my son to you right away. The first movie is about my trip, and the word "gradually" runs through it all the time. I drew a beautiful, cold and lonely trip in early autumn, and drew a sigh of human suffering. In the second film, I wrote about my trip, expressed my mind, recalled my past ambitions, turned to my current frustration and difficulties, and finally expounded myself with an open-minded attitude towards life, showing the author's interest.
Second, rural words. Su Shi's previous theme about the countryside, in my opinion, is not fundamentally close to the countryside, but just stopped and did not go deep. For example, Tao Yuanming showed the world a beautiful peach blossom garden and his carefree and isolated Xanadu life, but I think they all expressed their seclusion life by describing the countryside. Like most other poets and poets, they mostly compare the cunning struggle of officialdom life with the tranquility of rural life, but few people really care about rural history. The representative work of this kind of theme is five poems "Huanxisha" written in Xuzhou, which are explained one by one. The first poem, after the drought, it rained, and Su Shi thanked the rain on the way to Shitan in the east of the city. This word is full of the love of Dongpo and the villagers, and the joyful atmosphere of Xie Yu's scene. It is thought-provoking to deepen the love of rain by setting off the reality in front of us. The second part describes the life of ordinary people, which is plain and natural. The third song describes the labor and life scenes of farmers during the wheat harvest season, presenting me with warm pictures, full of Dongpo's sincere concern and good wishes for farmers, and cordial and natural. The fourth song shows the harmonious and intimate relationship between Dongpo and farmers, and also expresses his intoxication of rural life scenes. He directly expressed his sincere desire to be a common people. There is no superfluous lyricism, discussion and emotion in Huanxisha's five poems. Dongpo's direct and vivid description is full of longing for rural life, which is sincere and moving.
Third, poetry about things. Poems about objects did not begin with Su Shi, but flourished in Su Shi. There were poems about objects in Dunhuang in Tang Dynasty, but the art was too rough. After the rise of literati poetry, object-chanting poetry only appeared occasionally, with a low style, and it was not fully developed after the Song Dynasty. After Su Shi, poems about objects became a grand view. Su Shi's writing pays attention to both likeness and spirit likeness, and he can write both images and sustenance. Bai Yuzhai's words "Wash away the elegance and fragrance, give money for no reason, and have a different world" also show the characteristics of paying attention to sustenance.
Finally, the innovation of style. Yu Wenbao mentioned in "The Record of Blowing Sword" that "Langzhong Ci" requires seventeen or eighteen red-toothed women to sing, singing Yang Liuan and Xiaofeng; The bachelor's degree should write about the Kansai man, the copper pipa, who can't return to the river. "It is precisely because of this passage that people juxtapose Liu Yong and Su Shi, saying that Liu Yong is the representative of the graceful school in the Song Dynasty, and Su Shi is the epitome of the unrestrained school. Before Su Shi, Ci was basically graceful and restrained. Although some writers have made breakthroughs, they have not formed sects. Su Shi's works are graceful and restrained. In addition, Su Shi's ci has his own flesh and blood, his own voice, his own face, his own feelings, and he can say whatever he wants. I think it is similar to Li Bai. Of course, their political environment is very different, but their small environment is absolutely similar, the same career is down and out, the same frustration and boredom, but it is also equally magnificent. The broad-minded mind of "no rain in life" and "rain or shine" shows his tenacious attitude of not being afraid of the stormy waves of life; The natural and unrestrained gesture of "a little awe-inspiring, a thousand miles fast"; A hundred years of drunkenness, 36 thousand scenery. " These works, without careful consideration, are bold, enthusiastic and full of vitality. However, not all Su Ci poems are vigorous, just like Jiang's "Widowed Wife", which is delicate and full of true feelings, leading to five "Huanxisha". Very interesting. For example, the first sentence of "Uptown" is "the moon is like frost, the wind is like water, and the scenery is infinite", so we can get a glimpse of its seclusion. First of all, "frost" and "water" are "cold and cheerless" things, and then the word "clear" is even more distant. This word is about the hazy night scene last autumn.
In my opinion, Su Shi's "poetry as ci" is reflected in the above three aspects, but why does Su Shi's ci have an additional charm of "poetry as ci"? I think there are four reasons, and the following one adds up.
First of all, I think I want to talk about Dongpo's political career. Looking at the ancient literati, even those who have a smooth career, even those who have a smooth career, and those who have made great achievements in literature or other aspects are, after all, a minority, and most of them are people who actively join the WTO but are not paid attention to. They were demoted, promoted, demoted, and promoted again ... After several twists and turns, they finally lost their feelings. They are depressed about politics, but proud of literature, so sometimes. Or have they failed literature? That's what Su Shi did. All his life, when he was proud and frustrated, he was always in the middle of party struggle. Both parties regarded him as a dissident and did nothing politically. As he laughed at himself in the self-titled portrait of Jinshan, "My heart is like a tree of ashes, and my body is like an unbound boat. Ask about your life achievements: Huangzhou, Huizhou, and Yun. " Su Shi's literary creation in this period is rich. When he mentioned Su Shi's political career, he just wanted to explain that frustration on the one hand does not mean gloomy life, and people should be positive and optimistic, not resentful.
Then it is necessary to mention Dongpo's ideological character, which is also the second reason. Here, I want to make two points. On the one hand, it is the influence of Laozi and Zhuangzi's thought. When Su Shi was young, Confucianism actively joined the WTO, mixed with the habits of some strategists. He once had a high enthusiasm for "Yao Shun, it is not difficult to do this" and criticized Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's life and death thoughts and a reputation. Later, Buddhism became his spiritual pillar to get rid of pain and reality. Later, he was demoted to Huangzhou and absorbed the attitude of life of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, such as transcending vulgarity, abstinence and letting nature take its course. Of course, this detached thought is largely reflected in his creation. On the other hand, Su Shi's complex personality is also reflected in his creation. Su Shi never hides his opinions. I think this is also the reason why Su Shi's poems have diverse themes and cover a wide range. In addition, Su Shi's integrity and boldness are also reflected in his poems. It is often said that "character determines fate". Indeed, Su Shi's unruly and upright character determines his bumpy politics and makes his literary field shine.
The third reason is that I want to talk about Su Shi's view of literature and art, which will of course be reflected in the creation of ci. Su Shi's most courageous view of literature and art lies in seeking innovation and change, "the idea is to innovate in the law, and the beauty lies in the uninhibited." He asked himself to be "independent" in literature and art, and "bring forth the new without practicing the ancients", but he opposed doing something unconventional blindly. I
The last reason, which I think is the most important, is the scholarship. Without a certain amount of literary accumulation and knowledge, Su Shi could not be a great master in any field. Here, I want to say that Su Shi is good at using allusions and metaphors. First of all, he is good at using allusions. For example, in the water, "If it is like a flower, it will be like a flower, and no one will fail to teach", saying that catkins are like flowers, not flowers and dark. Another example is "Jiangchengzi?" "Hunting in Michigan", the phrase "left yellow and right pale" is implicitly used in Liang Shu? The Biography of Zhang Chong records the story that Zhang Chong liked to hunt when he was young and was good at using metaphors when hunting. For example, in Hidden Dragon, he compared the light and delicate willow branches to the delicate heart of a beauty, so as to deepen the pain of parting. "Niannu jiao? The Mid-Autumn Festival "imperial concubine" compared the moon to a noble concubine, which has existed since ancient times. Of course, being good at using allusions and metaphors is only part of Su Shi's extensive knowledge. I just think Dongpo's words are used most in these two aspects.
About Su Shi's "Poetry as Ci", let's talk about this briefly.