The Contradictory Strategy of Poetry Knowledge (I)
Borrowing duality: a way of antithesis in modern poetry, or false antithesis. It achieves the goal of neat confrontation by borrowing meaning or sound.
A: Borrowing meaning is to use the ambiguity of a word to form opposition with the corresponding word through a certain meaning of a word, but it is not this meaning but another meaning used in poetry. For example, Du Fu's "Qujiang" poem: "It is common to borrow money. Life is seventy years old. " The word "ordinary" has many meanings, one is "ordinary" and the other is "eight-foot search, double search is ordinary". The former is a general adverb and the latter is a quantifier. Here the numeral "seventy" uses its original quantitative meaning, while the poem uses its adverbial meaning. This is "borrowing meaning".
B: Borrowing sounds means using the homonym relationship between words to express the second word. For example, if the sentence uses the word A, then the sentence should have used the word B with a similar meaning to the word A, but it is not appropriate to use the word B as a whole, so we choose a word C with the same pronunciation and related meaning to form a confrontation. Yu Yang's Yi Lao Tang Shi Hua said: "Chu Tian Ban by Hong Juefan is well-phrased, in which words like" Where is the medicine for the spring, the rules are to crow all day long ",such as" Living in the mountain for ten years now, moving tomorrow "and moving ten pairs (Harmony Thousand), are all false. "What is said in this article is' borrowing sound pairs'.
Fan: a form of antithesis between poems, words and songs, that is, being opposed by other sentences. In a poem, the front couplet and the back couplet form an antithesis, that is, face to face. The sentences and antitheses in each couplet do not constitute duality. As far as poetry is concerned, for example, Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "I heard that Zheng Ye shot Xiaoxiang to send a divine comedy to feel old": "The ethereal Wushan girl returned in 1978. Yin Shui Diao, leaving thirteen strings. The bitter tone still came out, but the deep feeling did not pass. Thousands of clouds and waters, jathyapple Ming. " The first and third sentences are correct, and the second and fourth sentences are correct. Fan is also used in words, such as the first part of Liu Yong's Jade Butterfly: "The water and wind are light, and the apple blossoms are old; The moon is cold, and the leaves are yellow ",the next book" Reading Shuang Yan is hard to believe; Point to the sky and return to the air. "The fan face in the song, such as Cheng Jingchu's" Chun Qing ":"In the small pavilion, the swallows didn't roll the shutter when they came. In the small courtyard of Shenting, the cuckoo crows in the empty moon. " "Swallow" sentence and "cuckoo" sentence are just face to face. In other words, the second and fourth sentences are correct.
Intricate antithesis: a way of antithesis in ancient verse, independent of the position of words, and the opposite words are in an intricate situation. For example, Li Qunyu, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem that "six pieces of Xiangjiang River water are dragged by a skirt, and Wushan Mountain pulls a cloud in a bun". The sixth section of Xiangjiang River and Wushan are opposite, but their positions are different. This is a complicated pair.
An antithesis in modern poetry. The flowing pair is a language structure with a certain order, which is not opposite in meaning and grammatical structure, but has a continuous relationship. For example, there are two sentences in Du Fu's poem "Hearing the lawsuit leads to Henan and Hebei": "Come back from this mountain, come up from the south after crossing another mountain, and then go north-to my own town!" , they are interrelated. They must arrive at Wuxia from Sichuan dam, and then from Xiangyang to Luoyang. The word order cannot be reversed, but the relationship between sentences is that the next sentence follows the previous sentence to form a complex sentence, and the words used in these two sentences constitute duality. This duality is like running water, which flows from upstream to downstream, so it is called "running water pair".
Cross your hands: it is a defect in the antithesis of metrical poems. In a poem, the words used in a sentence are basically synonymous or completely synonymous, and the meanings of the upper and lower sentences are repeated, as if two palms are together, so it is called "fighting". Crossing your hands is something you should avoid when fighting. In Wen Xin Diao Long, Liu Xie called this antithesis "positive antithesis", which is a poor antithesis. He made it clear in his article: "So, there are four pairs of kind words. Easier said than done; Opposition is superior and correctness is not good. " For example, the poem "First Arriving in Huangmei" in the Song Dynasty says: "Cold food will stop, and it is already late spring on the way". Ji Yun's "mistakes in the publication of Yingkui Law" commented: "On the way, immediately, in late spring, cold food, it is not easy to cross hands."
The second opposite strategy of poetic knowledge
Duality: an expression of metrical patterns in medieval poetry. Dueling is also called duality, team warfare and parity. It puts words with similar or opposite concepts in corresponding positions, so that they set off each other, make sentences more attractive and increase the expressive force of words. Confrontation is like a ceremonial ceremony of the government, opposing each other. Duantithesis is closely related to the parallel connection in the Han and Wei dynasties, which can be said to be developed from parallel connection, and Duantithesis itself should also be a parallel connection. The specific contents of the antithesis of metrical poems are as follows: first, the upper and lower sentences must be opposed; Secondly, the sentence patterns of relational sentences should be the same, and the syntactic structures should be consistent, such as subject-predicate structure versus subject-predicate structure, partial structure versus partial structure, and predicate-complement structure versus predicate-complement structure. The sentence structure of some antithetical sentences is not necessarily the same, but the words are required to be relative. Thirdly, the parts of speech (parts of speech) of words are required to be consistent, such as noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, etc. The lexical meaning of words should be the same. As nouns, words that belong to the same meaning range, such as astronomy, geography, palace, clothing, utensils, animals, plants, human body, behavior and action, can all be correct. The use of duality is wide and strict, so there are many types, including working pair, adjacent pair, wide pair, borrowing pair, running pair and sector equivalence. In terms of content, there are names such as right, right, right and opposition.
Gongdui: The antithesis of neat use in modern poetry is called Gongdui. In order to make the antithesis neat, it is generally necessary to use words of the same category, such as astronomy, geography, seasons, utensils, clothing and other words with the same meaning. For example, in Du Fu's quatrains, "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " The opposite is very neat. The words "two" to "one line" (quantitative structure to quantitative structure), "oriole" to "egret" (relative to poultry nouns), "Cui" to "green" (relative to color nouns) and "thousand" to "ten thousand" (relative to numerals) in the poem are all similar words, which are very neat.
One of the antitheses of modern poetic style. It is a relative concept with workers' pair. Wide antithesis is an untidy antithesis. Generally speaking, as long as the sentence patterns are the same and the parts of speech of words are the same, duality can be formed. This kind of confrontation is generally called "tolerance". Tolerance is slightly wider than adjacent tolerance pairs. For example, nouns generally use nouns and adjectives use adjectives. For example, the second couplet of Huang Luzhi's poem "Answering the Longmen Scholar", "The bright moon is cool and the breeze is good, and the light autumn fat horse is Xie Ercao" is a generous pair.
An antithesis in modern poetry. A pair of words with similar meanings are called "adjacent pairs". The so-called semantic categories are similar, astronomy and seasons, geography and palaces, utensils and clothing, plants and animals, orientation and quantity. When these words with similar meanings are used as a pair, they are adjacent pairs. For example, there are two sentences in Bai Juyi's Gan Chun: "The water plants are green and the flowers are white." Grass is different from the head, water is different from flowers, and the land is different from people. This can be regarded as an adjacent pair.
Self-duality: also known as a kind of duality, some words in a sentence are self-duality, which is called self-duality. For example, the poem quoted in Hong Mai's Rong Zhai Essays: "Mir Pingyang Lianlan is in Vaughan Palace. The pool light may be messy. At first, the sun's air was dry. But I feel that bees are dancing around butterflies, and I don't know that the lonely phoenix is far away from Luan, Samsung is spinning three mountains, and Zifu is far away. " There are many antonyms in the poem, for example, in the second sentence, Qin Lou is facing the Han Palace and the tile is facing the plate; The fifth sentence, bees swim against the butterfly; The sixth sentence, solitary phoenix to solitary phoenix and so on.
Extended reading: the types of poetry antithesis
Duality is the basis of writing poetry. Various types of antithesis handed down by predecessors can be divided into "antithesis with words" and "antithesis with cut sentences". Now, these categories are arranged as follows:
First, the word antithesis method
1, right noun pair, also known as right noun pair and right noun pair.
The correct name pair is characterized by "positive". All couplets are opposite. The last sentence is peaceful, and the next sentence is peaceful; The last sentence is a mountain, and the next sentence is a valley; Anton in the previous sentence, Anxi in the next sentence; The last sentence is Annan, and the next sentence is Abe. Confrontation like this is called defense.
2. Double quasi-pair
The so-called double quasi-pair is to compare one thing with another in the upper and lower couplet, that is, the "comparison" of "comparison and prosperity"
3. Company, or company
For example, leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, while I watch the long river roll forward.
The lonely bird in the river has gone, and the dragon sings from time to time in the storm.
If a text like this is read again, and two words appear in pairs with connected meanings, it is called overlapping word pair, Julian pair or Lian Mian pair.
4. Two-tone pair
Such as: autumn dew fragrant chrysanthemum, spring breeze fragrant lilac.
The initials of the word "Jiaju" are all "J"; The first letter of the word "Lilan" is "L". Two words like this have the same initials, and the upper and lower are opposite, which is a disyllabic pair.
Like: Chyi Chin, fine wine; Moon, good flowers; Su Xue Dan Deng; Flip bees and butterflies; Huanghuai, green willow; Easy, mind; For Germany, Huixian, etc. , all belong to the two-tone pair.
5. rhyming pair
For example, let go of all kinds of intentions and have a heart.
6. Similar pairs
Similar antithesis is a kind of antithesis with words, which is the most common antithesis. In the enlightenment books taught by teachers in the old days, such as Enlightenment of Tone and Rion Duiyun, "Heaven is to the earth, rain is to the wind, and the mainland is to the sky" is a similar antithesis. For example:
It is bounded by Langyatai in the east and Mengjin Road in the west.
The desert schooner gallops in the dusk, and the vast plains in autumn shoot at vultures.
7. Heterogeneous pairs
Heterogeneous pairs are a kind of opposition to words, that is, things in different categories are relative, also called synonym pairs. For example:
How many sad past in life, the mountains still remain cold.
Heterogeneous pair means that the previous sentence is An Tian and the next sentence is Anshan; The first sentence is birds, and the next sentence is flowers; The first sentence is An Feng, and the second sentence is An Shu. Different contrasts, the same pair is better.