In western European literature, critical realism is the inheritance and development of realism tradition, and it refers to a literary trend of thought and creative method formed in Europe in the19th century.
The word "critical realism" was generalized by later generations. Proudhon (1809- 1865), a Frenchman, made the conclusion that "realism is critical" for the first time in his book The Social Mission of Art. However, because this man was the founder of anarchism and later became the spokesman of the Second Empire, Marx criticized him in his book The Poverty of Philosophy, and he had a bad reputation. It was Gorky who formally put forward critical realism and defined it. Gorky pointed out; "The bourgeois' prodigal' realism is critical realism; Critical realism exposes the bad habits of society and describes individuals' life and adventure under the pressure of family tradition, religious dogma and law, but it can't point out a way out for people. It is easy to criticize all existing things, but nothing can be sure except that social life and general' existence' are obviously meaningless. " Critical realism has made great achievements in Europe. 1In the 1920s, critical realism began to take shape and achieved initial development. From 1930s to 1940s, critical realism became the mainstream of European literature after romanticism. Gorky called it "/kloc-a major, most magnificent and beneficial literary school in the 9th century". France is the birthplace of critical realism. Stendhal laid the foundation of this literary trend of thought with the novel Red and Black, and Balzac's Human Comedy became the highest achievement of critical realism. In addition, Flaubert, Merimee, Zola, Mo Bosang, Dodd, Dumas and romain rolland all poured into the literary world with their novels shining with the edge of critical realism, forming a magnificent torrent of critical realism art in the19th century. Throughout that era, writers came forth in large numbers, great works were numerous, and the literary world was magnificent. In Britain, Dickens and Thackeray also represented the interests of the middle and small bourgeoisie at that time, exposing and criticizing the evil and corruption of capitalist society. Dickens' novels include david copperfield, Hard Times and A Tale of Two Cities. Vanity Fair is Thackeray's masterpiece. In addition, Charlotte Brontexq, Mrs Gaskell and others also joined the ranks of critical realism writers with their excellent literary works. Marx called them "a group of outstanding novelists in modern Britain" and pointed out: "They revealed more political and social truths to the world in excellent and vivid books than all professional politicians, political critics and Taoists combined."
After the 1960s, critical realism in western Europe began to decline, and the emergence of naturalism in European literary world marked the decline of this bourgeois artistic trend of thought. The center of critical realism shifted from Britain and France to Russia. At this time, after Pushkin and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, Turgenev, lev tolstoy and Chekhov entered the world literary world, representing new achievements in critical realism literature.
/kloc-the great achievements of critical realism in Europe in the 0/9th century revealed human civilization.
realism
According to your own evaluation, describe your own customs, thoughts and times, that is, accurately and faithfully describe the current social environment.
Realism is an abstract and idealized antonym. Realism is generally interpreted as describing one's thoughts, appearance, social environment and customs of the times correctly and faithfully according to one's own evaluation. It also refers to the daily life of the poor class and describes the activities of low-income people or ordinary people. Realism developed after romanticism. 1830 s, due to the industrial revolution, the economic boom at that time was an era when the emerging citizen class grasped substantive dominance. Appreciators in the art world, that is, buyers of works, have expanded from court nobles to ordinary citizens. Since 1833, the number of painters with improved painting level has increased sharply, and the number of exhibits in salons has also increased from 2,000 to 3,000, and in many cases it is even close to 5,000. The painter's choice of subject matter focuses entirely on the daily reality around him, which reflects that the new diners in the society, such as the citizen class, are more interested in real food than traditional classical self-restraint.
Modernist school
Since the 20th century, various artistic schools and ideological trends with avant-garde characteristics have parted ways with traditional literature and art, also known as modernism.
The development of modernism can be traced back to impressionism in France. From 65438 to 1980s, French post-impressionism, neo-impressionism and symbolism painters put forward the concepts of "independent value of artistic language itself", "painting should not be a servant of nature", "painting should get rid of dependence on literature and history" and "art for art's sake", which are the theoretical basis of modernist art system. Therefore, P Cezanne, a French post-impressionist painter, pursued something in his works.
The obvious modernist painting style first appeared in the works of French fauvism painters. A group of young painters, represented by H. Matisse, exhibited a number of works with wild style, exaggerated artistic language, deformation and expressive force at the Paris Autumn Salon in 1905. They were called "beasts" by people, hence the name "brutalism". 1908, another group of young painters, represented by P Picasso and G. Brague, introduced Cubism to France. The principle of cubism first appeared in Picasso's oil painting The Girl of avignon. This painting is regarded as a watershed between traditional art and modern art, and cubism uses the structural relationship of blocks to analyze objects, showing proper overlapping and staggered aesthetic feeling, which is the goal pursued by cubism. Both animism and cubism have absorbed nourishment from African sculpture, and artistic language has also deviated from traditional rules, which indicates that modernism has entered the stage of self-establishment. At the same time, expressionist societies such as the Bridge Club organized by 1905 in Germany and the Young Knights Club established by 1909 rose. Their aesthetic goals and artistic pursuits are similar to those of fauvism in France, but they have a strong Nordic color and German national tradition. If expressionism is influenced by industrial technology and expresses the static beauty of objects, then futurism, which originated in Italy, is stimulated by modern industrial technology and uses the method of decomposing objects to express moving scenes and feelings. They are also keen to describe a series of overlapping shapes and continuous levels with lines and colors, and try to describe light and sound with lines.
The above thoughts and movements, especially futurism, are reflected in the field of sculpture. Futurist painter and sculptor U. boccioni signed a manifesto on sculpture art in April 19 12, and applied the principles of futurism to his own works, showing as "continuous shapes in space" (19 13). The corresponding modernist artistic trend of thought was also quite active in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Except for some societies influenced by cubism and futurism, Russian constructivism has made a unique contribution to modern art in exploring how to express industrial beauty.
Abstract works of art first appeared around 19 10. Russian painter W Kandinsky, who participated in the activities of the German Young Knights Club, was the first to engage in abstract art creation. He uses the combination and composition of point, line and surface, and refers to the expression language of music to convey thoughts and emotions with painting. His works Spirit in Art (19 12) and Point, Line and Surface (1923) laid an abstract theoretical foundation. As a practitioner, he is mainly engaged in the creation of lyric abstract paintings, but at the same time he also explores geometric abstraction. Russian painter K.C. Malevic founded supremacism around 19 13, which belongs to the category of geometric abstraction. The supremacist efforts in plane composition are meaningful in exploring the emptiness, emptiness and nothingness of art, and it is de stijl (or Neo-Modelism) founded by Dutch painter P mondriaan that really lays the theoretical foundation of geometric abstraction and makes outstanding contributions in artistic practice. Throughout the 20th century, abstractism basically followed the development of lyric abstraction and geometric abstraction, but changed at various stages.
Kandinsky: The First Abstract Watercolor Painting
During the First World War, a Dadaist society appeared in Zurich, Switzerland, and its influence spread to European and American countries. There are Dada art societies in France and Germany. Dadaism opposes war, authority and tradition, as well as art and everything. As a society, it is bound to move towards a state of self-denial. Dada's nihilism and anti-traditional spirit run through the whole process of western modern literature and art. It is Dada's contribution to modern art to apply collage in graphic painting and contingency and contingency in artistic creation.
Surrealist societies are different from Dadaism. It treats artistic creation with a constructive attitude to replace the destruction and challenge of Dadaism. It directly draws ideological nourishment from Freud's subconscious theory and takes Freud's theory as the guiding ideology of this artistic movement. Surrealism artists draw inspiration from children, mental patients and dreams, and devote themselves to exploring the transcendental level of human experience, trying to break through the concept of realism and combine the concept of realism with the experience of instinct, subconscious and dreams, thus reaching an absolute and surreal realm. Surrealists often use unexpected accidental combinations, unconscious discoveries and ready-made things. Realistic and abstract languages are found in their works. 1924 to the end of 1930s, surrealist art was active. After 1930s, as an art movement, surrealism gradually faded, but many important surrealist painters were still active in European and American painting circles.
Powys: Explain the picture to the rabbit.
Abstract expressionism (also known as action painting or new york painting school), which came into being in the United States after World War II, is a school that combines expressionism, abstraction and surrealism, and is also the peak of modernist painting that attaches importance to individuality and style. Abstract expressionism emphasizes the freedom, automaticity and aimlessness of the creator's behavior, and raises the creative behavior itself to an important position, which has given birth to the factor of using the creator's behavior as the media of art communication.
Duchamp: Dry bedpan
Hard-edge abstraction and post-painting abstraction after abstract expressionism are the changes and development of geometric abstraction in the new situation, and also show the change of art from emphasizing subjective feelings to paying attention to objective expression. This change is more obvious in pop art, which is completely opposite to abstract expressionism. The rise of pop art indicates the transformation from western modernism to post-modernism. Of course, western art historians also have different views on the concept of postmodernism. Postmodernism, first used in architecture, is of course a relative, vague and controversial concept. Strictly speaking, postmodernism cannot be completely divorced from modernism. Many methods and principles advocated by postmodernism have been tried and tested in modernist art, but individual methods and principles have been extremely developed and exaggerated in post-industrial society. Postmodernism is indeed a backwash of modernism in some aspects. However, the aesthetic principles of modernism still strongly influence contemporary western artists. The rise of new expressionism, new surrealism and new abstraction in the 1980s explained this problem to some extent. In the changes of artistic thoughts of modernism and postmodernism, it seems that subjectivity and objectivity, rationality and sensibility, humanity and * * *, the strengthening and disappearance of style characteristics, humanity and machinery, Chun Xue and chin beauty, aesthetic and anti-aesthetic of art always confuse artists and drive them to explore. In the historical process of art development, there are often changes or changes, especially in industrialized and post-industrialized societies. The reason why post-modernism thoughts such as conceptual art are so shocking is that they not only run counter to traditional art, but also challenge modernism. However, history itself seems to show the fact that the development of art has an objective law that is independent of human will. The process of art itself, like the process of society itself, has a power of self-adjustment, and it should seek a balance between the above two poles. Of course, balance is temporary, temporary, and imbalance is absolute and permanent. Only when it is unbalanced and full of contradictions can art develop continuously. Even though the development process is full of contradictions and twists and turns, the whole trend is forward. In this sense, modernist art should be regarded as a powerful supplement to realism. In other words, modernism is a new artistic expression system, which is different from realism and more in line with the rhythm of modern industrial society. At least it gained the strength to coexist with realism.
Les: French-style scene
Features Modernist art is the product of the second industrial revolution after the West entered the monopoly era. It inevitably reflects the important changes in politics, economy and spiritual and cultural life in this era, and reflects people's extremely complex and rich thoughts and feelings and profound philosophical thinking in this era. Different from realism, modernist art is unbalanced and distorted in dealing with the relationship between society, man, nature and self. In this way, modernist artists seem to be divorced from society and nature. They do not directly describe society and life (except a few artists), but their works allude to society and life, and the language used is absurd, moral or abstract. In their works, we can feel that these artists show the mental trauma and abnormal psychology of modern people (including the artists themselves), feel their negative, pessimistic and disappointed feelings about real life, and feel their strong nihilism in thought. It is these characteristics of modernist works of art that make them have social, historical and aesthetic values that cannot be ignored. Because they are important aspects of modern western society and modern spiritual life.
Modern industry and science and technology have played an important role in the development of modernist art, and modernist artists' psychology and attitude towards modern science and mechanical civilization are complicated. In the practice of some artists (such as cubism, futurism and constructivism), they try to reflect this profound change in society, while in most artists' works, they take an evasive and detached attitude towards industrial civilization. They are dissatisfied with the depreciation of human nature and the appreciation of machinery in industrial society. But this does not mean that the mainstream of modernist art is contrary to the process of industrial society. In fact, industry and scientific and technological civilization have greatly changed the face of modern society and effectively promoted the rapid spiritual changes of modern art.
Modernist art first draws nutrition from Kant's arsenal of transcendental idealism, and at the same time is strongly influenced by modern philosophical thoughts, especially the philosophy and psychology of Nietzsche, Freud, Bergson, Jung and Sartre. Nietzsche's theory not only promoted the German expressionism movement, but also had a great influence on the whole modernist literature movement. In particular, he denies authority, advocates creativity based on human will and instinct, despises middle-class civilization and hypocritical morality, respects unconsciousness and instinct, and is pessimistic about the future of the world, which is reflected in the theory and practice of various schools of modernism. Freud's subconscious theory is the theoretical pillar of surrealism movement, which holds that "unconsciousness is the real existence of spirit". It is under the guidance of Freud's theory that artists of surrealism and other schools use various methods to explore the depths of people's spiritual world, which on the one hand opens up new areas of artistic expression, and on the other hand makes artistic language absurd and weird. Many works of nature have created a new realm of absurdity and strangeness.
Compared with traditional art based on realism and imitation, modernist art has the characteristics of symbolism, expressiveness and abstraction. Many schools of modernism flaunt themselves as anti-tradition, but in fact they may completely abandon tradition. What it tries to deny and reject is the realistic tradition with academic characteristics since the middle of19th century. In dealing with historical heritage, they paid more attention to the study of primitive social art, Egyptian and Mesopotamian art, Greek antique art and European medieval art. After Impressionism, western artists began to turn their attention to the expression language of paintings and handicrafts in China, Japan and India and explore freehand brushwork. Barbarism,
Cubist artists benefit directly from African sculpture. At the same time, Islamic art in the Middle East and the artistic heritage of Oceania are also the research objects of modernist artists. The above-mentioned artistic heritage in human history has provided beneficial nourishment for modernist artists.
Generally speaking, since the 20th century, western modernist art has adapted to the needs of people in modern society and created a number of works that can be incorporated into the classic culture of mankind. However, the theories of all schools and ideological trends are beyond reproach, not to mention the ideological tendencies of some of them are worth studying. It is not advisable to praise modernist art blindly without analysis, but it is even more stupid and sad to regard modernism as a scourge, shut it out and prevent people from contacting and understanding it. The prosperity and activity of China's artistic creation and theory since 1980s is not unrelated to the main factors such as social and economic promotion, but also related to the rich information provided by foreign literature and art, including western modernism.
superrealism
Surrealism is a literary trend of thought of the western bourgeoisie in the early 20th century, which developed from Dadaism and claimed that Dadaism was its pioneer. Surrealism originated in France and dominated the French literary world during the two world wars, which had a wide influence, including Belgium, Czech Republic, Yugoslavia, and even the United States, Japan and Mexico. His creation is mainly poetry, which affects prose, novels and plays, and is also manifested in painting.
The purpose of surrealists is to leave reality, return to the primitive, deny the role of reason and emphasize people's subconscious or unconscious activities. The intuitionism of French subjective idealist philosopher Boeggering and the "subconscious" theory of Austrian psychiatrist Freud laid the philosophical and theoretical foundation of surrealism.
The word "surrealism" comes from Guillaume Pohlner, a French cubist poet at the beginning of this century (1880- 19 18). In his letter to Telme at 19 17, he said, "After careful consideration, I really think surrealism is better than supernatural. The word surrealism can't be found in The Edge, and it is more convenient to use than the word supernatural. This word has long been used by philosophers and gentlemen. " Thus, Pohlner's original intention of creating surrealism is to replace the term supernatural. Its original meaning is to seek various unknown phenomena beyond reality, including life, society, ethics, spiritual civilization and so on. Andre Brodon thought this term could best express the purpose of this literary school, hence its name.
1923, after Dadaism held its last rally and collapsed, many members fell to the ranks of surrealist writers. 1924, French writer Broden published the first surrealist manifesto in Paris; 1929, Broden published the second surrealist manifesto, which elaborated the artistic thought of surrealism in detail. 1930, Desnos published the third declaration of surrealism. In this way, the artistic program of surrealism is fully and completely reflected.
Broden gave a classic explanation of surrealism in his first surrealist manifesto: "Surrealism, masculine noun. Pure mental unconscious activity. Through it, people express the real function of ideas orally or in situations or in other ways. It only accepts the enlightenment of thought, without any rational control or any aesthetic or moral prejudice. " "Surrealism is based on the belief in the omnipotence of dreams and the unbiased activities of thoughts. It will eventually destroy all other mechanisms and replace them to solve the main problems in life.
Surrealists claim that human instinct, dreams and subconscious are the source of literary creation. It is believed that people's psychological activities should be liberated from the bondage of logic and reason. Rationality, morality, religion, society and simple locusts' daily life experience are all fetters to human spirit and essential needs. Only human unconsciousness, dreams and insanity are the real activities of human spirit. The words and deeds of children and lunatics are examples of true freedom, without any control. Therefore, in poetry creation, they deliberately use naive language and morbid images to oppose the traditional view of beauty. In painting, use chaotic lines and colors to smear at will. In the play, brutal music and rude dancing are advocated, and bicycle bells are used to beat boxes and washbasins rhythmically as accompaniment.
Surrealism creation adopts the methods of "F conscious writing" and "automatic writing". They hold that writing should be absolutely true, a purely unconscious activity process, without artistic processing or any form of logical thinking. When a poet writes, as long as he quickly records what comes to mind, the words depend on an accidental combination; If there is no ready-made vocabulary expression at the moment, you can even replace it with a letter or symbol at will. Anti-logic is a major feature of his creative method. Most of these functions are difficult to understand and do not conform to the laws of grammatical structure and logical thinking, and some become word games.
The emergence of surrealism in literature and art reflects the fear of reality and the frantic and restless mental state of the younger generation of European bourgeoisie after World War I.. Writers who participated in the surrealist group included Broden, Su Bo, Zara, painters Alp and Ma Song. Due to the positive influence of the proletarian revolutionary movement, some writers belonging to this genre, such as Luis Aragon and Paul Lourde, later turned to the front of progressive literature. After World War II, surrealism prevailed in the United States, and the so-called "new surrealism" school appeared, which became the propaganda tool of imperialism.
Surrealism has many literary functions. 192 1 year, The Magnetic Field, co-authored by Broden and Su Bo, was the first experimental work of surrealism, which first raised the issues of unconscious writing and automatic writing. However, the typical surrealist works came into being after 1924. For example, Brodon's novels Soluble Fish 1924 and Najia (1928) are representative works of surrealism. The essays published by Aragon 1926, Ai Lvya's poems, The City of Pain and The Insider of Life all belong to surrealism.
Abstract art is a name relative to figurative art, and it can also be called non-figurative art. It is characterized by the lack of description, expression of concepts, and painting by perceptual methods, which basically belongs to expressionism and was first seen in Kandinsky's works. It combines various anti-traditional artistic influences, especially those from Fauvism and Cubism.
"Abstract" art does not exist in Picasso's view. He thinks that only some people emphasize style, while others emphasize life. In Michelle Sefer's view, abstract art is: "I call all art without any reminder of reality and any memory, regardless of whether this reality is the painter's starting point or not."
In fact, Fauvism and Cubism promoted the independent development of form and color. It was Kandinsky who further discovered its mystery. 19 10 years, he painted the first absolutely abstract watercolor painting, which was a vivid overlapping color point with no specific desire. Kandinsky's creative invention was to get aesthetic inspiration from music, and then Kupka of Czech Republic got inspiration directly from music to create abstract art. He was called the originator of musicalist painters, and later they formed the abstract school together.
Divide the style of works from the similarity between the image of works and natural objects.
The concept of lattice. Abstract art refers to the great deviation or complete abandonment of artistic image.
The appearance art of natural objects; Figurative art refers to artistic images and natural objects.
The original meaning of the term basically similar or very similar artistic abstraction refers to human beings.
Abandon the non-essential factors of things and extract the essential factors. be suitable for
In the field of art research, abstract art and concrete art constitute a pair of interrelated concepts.
Reading.
Images in abstract art are not very similar or completely similar to natural objects.
Location. Some artistic styles, such as calligraphy and architecture, are characterized by their styles.
This determines that they are abstract as a whole. Some original works of art and
Most arts and crafts works also belong to abstract art. As a kind of consciousness
Abstract art movement rose in Europe and America in the early 20th century. big
Some modernist art schools were influenced by this movement, such as painting.
Such as expressionism, cubism, Tahitism, action painting, etc.
Modern abstract art can be roughly divided into two categories: the first category is natural.
The elephant's appearance is reduced, refined or reassembled; The second is to abandon it completely.
Natural objects are created in pure form, so they are called pure abstraction.
The first kind of abstract art includes two tendencies: ① such as P Cezanne and P G.
Artists such as Li are often based on their own ideas about things. In their creation,
The appearance of cutting objects is considered as a secondary and accidental form factor, which makes art
The image display of surgery is considered to be the prototype of essence. (2) Other artists,
For example, pissarro often based on individual and special natural objects, from its
The mode of extracting artistic image from natural representation. So is the second kind of abstract art
There are two tendencies: ① Some artists' works have obvious directness.
Feeling expresses nature, so it is called romantic, organic or hot abstract art.
Art, many works by W. Kandinsky and J. Miro are of this creative tendency.
On behalf of. (2) works by artists such as K.C. Malevich and P. mondriaan.
What is shown in the film is some calm and regular geometric composition, which does not contain straightness.
The following emotions express meaning, so they are called classical, geometric and cold.
Abstract Art Modern abstract art movement is a simulation of the whole Europe.
However, the traditional rebellion has had a wide impact on the development of modern and contemporary art.
Abstract art, figurative art and abstract factors and tools in works of art
Image factors are two different concepts. The latter is based on images, images and
Based on the careful analysis of the relationship between natural objects, any image of similar objects
It is also impossible not to include some deviations from the object. Therefore, metaphor
Art also contains more or less abstract factors; Similarly, many abstract concepts
Images in works of art are also related to natural objects to varying degrees.
Departments contain specific factors, and the first modern abstract art mentioned above is an example.
The concepts of abstract art and concrete art are macroscopic and intuitive; Abstract reason
The concepts of elements and concrete factors are microscopic and analytical. For these two categories, there are no
The confusion of concepts of the same nature will lead to the concepts of abstract art and concrete art.
The disintegration of.
If the concepts of abstract art and figurative art are colorful.
In the phenomenon of human art, we can see that they are like the poles of a magnetic bar.
Many works of art are located in purely abstract art and those similar to natural objects.
Metaphor between arts. For example, the decorative patterns of some painted pottery in the Neolithic period in China,
Primitive wood carvings and masks of many African tribes, some cases in medieval Europe
Teach painting and some China literati freehand brushwork. This kind of work of art or
Specific objects are boldly deformed and decorated, or different objects are
Proper combination of local features will bring objects into abstract programs.
Make it deviate from the original appearance, the abstract factors and tools contained in the artistic image
The image factors are relatively harmonious, so it is difficult to simply add up these concepts.
Divide it. China artists "learn from nature, learn from nature" and "beauty lies in it"
Between similarity and dissimilarity, from the creative process and image characteristics.
Pingping described the attitude of traditional artists in China towards this issue.
References:
www.artgallery.com.cn/art/moder/abstract.htm。 org/neirong 1/04/042.htm