The "New Yuefu Movement" is an important event in the literary history of the middle Tang Dynasty. The History of China Literature, edited by You Guoen and others, explains: "The name' New Yuefu' was put forward by Bai Juyi ... The so-called new Yuefu is Yuefu poetry with current events as its new theme. There are three points to explain here: first, it uses new topics, so it is also called' new topic Yuefu'. The second is to write current events; ..... Third, the new Yuefu is not measured by whether it is in music. ..... This is just the name of Yuefu musically; But as far as literature is concerned, it is a real Yuefu, because it embodies the spirit of Han Yuefu. " Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen and others played the most important role in this "New Yuefu Movement". In addition, Zhang Ji, Wang Jian and others are also important participants. Bai Juyi (772-846) was born in Xinzheng, Henan Province. He is an official of the Minister of Punishment, but later generations often call him Bai Fu or Bai Taifu, because he has always been an official and a prince with little wealth. His life stories can be found in Old Tang Book (166), New Tang Book (1kloc-0/9), Chronicle of Tang Poems (50), Talented Persons of Tang Dynasty (6) and Preface of Yuan Zhen's Changqing Collection. Bai Juyi is a young genius. /kloc-when he was 0/6 years old, he wrote the famous farewell to ancient grass: "The vast grass crosses the plain and comes and goes with the four seasons. Wildfire can't burn it out, but the spring breeze can revive it. Weeds and wild flowers are all over the ancient road, and the end of the grass in the sun is your journey. Oh, my friend's prince, you left again, and I heard them sigh behind you. " He was deeply appreciated by the famous poet Gu Kuang at that time. In 800 ad, he was admitted to the Jinshi; Six years later, he started as a small county magistrate. It was the county commandant, an official who had to deal with the people all day, who made him feel the sufferings of the people personally and accumulated a lot of life materials for his later creation of "New Yuefu" poems. However, at this stage, the most famous poem he wrote is Song of Eternal Sorrow, which tells the love tragedy between Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei: "The emperor of China, whose lust may shake the beauty of an empire, has been in office for many years and has never found it. Until a child of the Yang family grew up in the inner room, almost before she grew up, no one knew her ... If she just turned her head and smiled, a hundred spells were cast, and the powder and pigments in six palaces disappeared without a trace ... There were other ladies in his court, with 3,000 rare beauties, but his preference for 3,000 was concentrated on one body ... Yu Yang's encouragement came. He was shocked by the colorful feathers ... all the troops stopped, no one moved, and died without returning to Emei ... He was poor and depressed, and there were no two places in the world ... In heaven, he wanted to be a lovebird, and on earth, he wanted to be a branch. The earth endures, and the sky endures; One day both will end, and this endless sorrow will continue forever. " In 808, Bai Juyi was appointed as an admonition officer and began to write satirical poems represented by New Yuefu. Among them, many famous poems, such as "Shang Yang's White-haired Man", describe an old maid-in-waiting in her sixties ... and spend her life in an empty room ",while" Xinfeng Folding Arm Weng "describes a" helpless conscription in Tianbao, and a family of three doesn't know the depth of heaven and earth ... late at night. At this point, the old man who suffered from heavy rain and cold nights until dawn sent a message: "Do you know the satrap of Xuanzhou? "A foot carpet, one thousand two hundred silk. I don't know if cold people need to be warm, so I don't want to trade other people's clothes for lichen. " The charcoal seller "attacked" a load of charcoal, more than a thousand Jin, and the palace envoys would not cherish it. "Half a horse's red yarn is a piece of silk, which is the charcoal plundered by the court to fill the cow's head. In addition, Qin Zhongyin's ten poems also express a similar meaning, such as "Light Fat": "There is a drought in the south of the Yangtze River, and people in Quzhou eat people", such as "Buying flowers": "A bunch of dark flowers makes ten households blessed". These works, as Bai Juyi himself said in the Preface to New Yuefu: "In short, for the monarch, for the minister, for the people, for things, for things, not for writing. "-he is really worthy of his declaration. White poetry was very popular at that time. He proudly wrote in "Nine Books of Yuyuan Garden": "From Chang 'an to Jiangxi, there are often rural schools, Buddhist temples, poets who travel around and go boating; Scholars, monks, widows and virgins often have servants who sing poems. Yuan Zhen also said in the preface to Bai Changqing's Collection: "In the past twenty years, the provinces, temples, postal services and walls have been forbidden, and princes, concubines, cattle and horses have all spoken. "These poems, which are concerned about people's sufferings and full of humanitarian care, are still deeply loved by people. In addition, Bai Juyi also has a poem "Flowers are not flowers" that deserves attention: "Flowers are not flowers, and fog is not fog. It came in the middle of the night and left at dawn. When did a short and beautiful spring dream come? There seems to be nowhere to find it. "What he wrote was flowers, fog, dreams and things. It was really confusing, and it was the earliest' misty poem'. At present, a better reader is Zhu Jincheng's Notes on Bai Juyi (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1988 edition), and a better selection is Bai Juyi's Selected Poems (People's Literature Publishing House, 1963 edition). (1999 May 2 1 09: 44) According to legend, Yuan Zhen was closely related to Xue Tao, a famous prostitute and poet in Chengdu in the Tang Dynasty. During his tenure in Sichuan, he often had private meetings with Xue Tao. However, Yuan Zhen returned to Beijing to work and dared not take Xue Tao with him, so they separated. Yuan Zhen once sent a poem to Xue Taoyun: "... clever words steal parrots' tongues, articles get phoenix feathers ... After parting, acacia is separated by smoke and water, and calamus flowers are as high as five clouds" (Friends of Cloud Creek, Volume 9). Case: Xue Tao, please refer to the article "Three Poets". This incident can well represent the characteristics of Yuan Zhen: on the one hand, he is open-minded, on the other hand, he is always bound by "ceremony"-this is almost a common phenomenon in the Tang Dynasty. For example, in Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying (see Legend of the Tang Dynasty (I)), Zhang Sheng's experience is actually his own portrayal. At the end of Biography of Yingying, Zhang Sheng finally abandoned Yingying, and made such remarks as "good repentance", which often aroused the dissatisfaction of later generations. As everyone knows, this is the contradiction of the Tang people, not as hypocritical as Song Confucianism. Yuan Zhen (779-83 1) was born in Luoyang, Henan. His life stories can be found in Old Tang Shu (166), New Tang Shu (174), Chronicle of Tang Poetry (37), Talented Persons in Tang Dynasty (5) and Yuan Zhen's Epitaph by Bai Juyi. Maybe there have been too many such emotional experiences. Yuan Zhen's love poems are well written. After reading them, people often recall their youth and their hazy and innocent first love feelings, such as "White Clouds Clothes": "Lotus-root silk blouse and willow skirt, empty agarwood and slow fire. By laughing at Zhou Fang on the screen, I wasted my efforts to draw clouds. "For example, Miscellaneous Notes IV:" The cold light around the cloister is shallow at night, and flowers and darkness are indistinguishable. Remember to play hide-and-seek before and after the small building. Such as "Five Thoughts": "Water springs flow around the steps, and thousands of trees and peach blossoms reflect the small building. Don't get up when reading a book, comb your hair under the crystal curtain. These poems made the poet Pan Deyu heartbroken: "Yingying, Li Si and Bai Yi all wrote, born and died" (Poems of Yang Yizhai). However, Mr. Chen Yinque said: "With unparalleled talent, he expressed the sadness and joy of the parting between men and women, which is not only rare in Tang poetry, but also has a great influence on later writers" (Bai Yuan's Poems). The poems referred to by Teacher Chen also include Yuan Zhen's mourning poems. Yuan Zhen's wife, Wei Cong, is the daughter of Wei, a guest of Wang Wei. When Wei chose Yuan Zhen as his son-in-law, Yuan Zhen abandoned Yingying. After Wei Cong married Yuan Zhen, Yuan Zhen was humble and financially embarrassed, but she had no regrets. After her death, Yuan Zhen's official career gradually flourished, so she often felt sad for her hard life and virtue, and wrote many famous mourning poems for her, which were shallow and affectionate, making people sad to read. For example, "the fourth poem of five thoughts": "once the sea was difficult for water, it was amber forever. Lazy looking back at flowers, half the sky is cultivated, and half the sky is a gentleman. For example, "Three Sorrow Poems": "Xie Jia is the youngest woman. She married Qian Lou Pepsi with pity. I have no clothes to find. I cheated you of your gold hairpin to buy wine. You eat your food with wild vegetables, but your food is sweet. You cook with dead branches with leaves. Now that the money is over one million, it is a feast of camps. " "In the past, the meaning behind jokes came to the front today. The clothes you have worn have been given away, and I can't bear to open your sewing box. Because I miss you, I love girls very much, and many of your dreams, I will burn paper for you. This is a sorrow that all mankind must know, but not as those who have been poor together know. ""I'm sitting here alone, mourning for both of us. How many years do I still need when I'm seventy? . No offspring is fate, and Pan Yue just mourned his dead wife in vain. Even if you can bury it, you can't tell a passion. What an illusory hope the fetters of the afterlife are. I will only open my eyes all night, and I will never show my eyebrows in my life. "Three hundred Tang Poems" said: "Those who can't reach the scope of these three poems have mourning poems in ancient and modern times, so don't ignore them shallowly. "Of course, Yuan Zhen's most important contribution is that he and Bai Juyi promoted the development of the' New Yuefu Movement' in the Tang Dynasty." In the past, the general history of literature only regarded him as the equivalent of Bai Juyi's theory, underestimating his historical position ... The literary thoughts of Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi influenced each other, so it cannot be considered that Bai advocated Yuan Sui (Chapter 13 of the History of Literature in the Tang Dynasty, Wu Gengshun, etc.). For example, Yuan Zhen first noticed Li Shen's "New Poetry Yuefu" and responded positively, creating similar works and starting the "New Yuefu Movement" in the Tang Dynasty. Yuan Zhen's new Yuefu poems mostly describe the sufferings of the people, such as "Tian Jia Ci": "May the officials win the enemy early and return early, and the peasants will never be sent to the army because of lack of food", and the peasants are written in a state of slavery by irony; For example, "Pearl Picking Journey": "The sea is bottomless, and pearl pickers are sentenced to death", describing the hardships of pearl pickers risking their lives to collect pearls; For example, the husband's expedition: "The wife who saw her husband off cried again, and she didn't see him off even if she cried to death. "Husband's expedition, the expedition does not have to keep the Great Wall, and I don't know life and death when I go out." It's sour after reading it. In addition, his short poems are also well written, such as "Palace": "In the faded old palace, the peony is red, but no one comes to see it. The ladies-in-waiting are already white-haired and sitting around talking about Xuanzong. "