The first part is the cognitive revolution.
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There have been three revolutions in the history of Homo sapiens: cognitive revolution, agricultural revolution and scientific revolution.
Chapter 1 Man: There are no special animals.
The emergence of human beings is only an accident, and Homo sapiens is just a race of human beings. Under the scouring of history, the law of the jungle is the only law in this world. Thanks to thinking, walking upright and the use of fire, human beings stand out from animals and become the top of the food chain.
Other races were exterminated by Homo sapiens during the migration.
Homo sapiens finally "occupied" the world, and the most likely reason for conquering the world is that Homo sapiens has a unique language.
A striking person [something]
1. Tolerance is not the characteristic of Homo sapiens. Even in modern times, just because of the subtle differences in skin color, dialect, religion and so on, Homo sapiens are enough to fight and kill each other.
Culture and language allow homo sapiens to cooperate with each other, and also allow them to be tolerant because of an idea and idea.
feel
The appearance of human beings is only a moment, and the history of 5 thousand years is only a small wave in tens of thousands of years.
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Chapter II The Tree of Good and Evil
70,000-30,000 years ago, there was a cognitive revolution in the history of Homo sapiens, which made Homo sapiens quickly dominate the world.
The new language brought by the cognitive revolution enables Homo sapiens to discuss fictional things and have imagination. Unlike other animals, Homo sapiens acts because of genes. It is because of the cooperation of countless strangers that Homo sapiens can dominate the world.
A striking person [something]
1. Homo sapiens has been living in a double reality since the cognitive revolution. On the one hand, we have such real objective reality as rivers, trees and lions; On the other hand, we also have fictional realities like God, country and enterprise.
Language leads to culture, and culture changes the world. People believe in fictional reality, and the power of faith is extremely powerful. If you believe that the banknotes in front of you are worthless, just piled up one by one, and countless people believe that there will be no such thing as banknotes. The disappearance and establishment of things exist in people's beliefs. Money in front of us is money and a pile of waste paper. Peugeot cars, limited companies and religions are all like this ... there is nothing, and there is nothing.
Homo sapiens are mainly gregarious animals, and social cooperation is the key to our survival and reproduction.
Only with social cooperation can we survive and multiply. A person can choose to be alone, but a group of people must have communication and cooperation to survive.
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Chapter III The Days of Adam and Eve
Many modern problems in human society come from the fact that human beings have kept the thinking of hunting and gathering tens of thousands of years ago.
Modern scholars want to understand the ancient hunting and gathering life through the existing cultural relics. One of the ways to solve this problem is to study the gathering society that still exists. Learn from it:
1. The hunter-gatherer society is the first rich society. Yao Shunyu's era? The Datong era that Laozi and Confucius have always remembered.
2. Ancient collectors generally believed in pantheism.
3. Understand its social and political norms.
4. Trends in war violence
A striking person [something]
1. If a gathering tribe splits every 40 years, the new tribe will move eastward 100 km, and arrive in China from East Africa about 1000 years later.
2. Now some explorers have traveled long distances to the Siberian tundra, the desert in central Australia and the Amazon rainforest, thinking that they have entered a primitive environment where no human beings have set foot. But this is just an illusion. Even the thickest jungle and the most desolate wilderness, in fact, ancient collectors have been there long ago, and the environment has changed a lot.
With the expansion of the number of Homo sapiens tribes, Homo sapiens constantly "split" and migrated to all parts of the world, even in the coldest Arctic region. We walked the road that our ancestors walked, and we found the scenery that our ancestors had seen. Only by escaping from the earth can we see things that people have never seen before. The discovery of America's "new continent" is not the beginning of discovery, but the real beginning through Galileo's telescope.
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Chapter IV Human Flood in Destroyer Conan
The arrival of human beings has changed the local ecosystem. The three waves of expansion of gatherers, farmers and industrial activities led to the extinction of giant animals living in the local area, and human beings were the culprit.
A striking person [something]
1. On this road, we must first learn how to resist the extreme cold in northern Siberia, where winter is always night and the temperature can drop to -50 degrees.
The spirit of human exploration and adventure is unimaginable. The brains, minds and bodies of Homo sapiens stayed in the African savannah during hunting, and they were able to leave Siberia by inventing new weapons and hunting skills. Today, they have not changed. They discovered the new continent and landed on the moon. Human nature struggles in the stability left by agricultural society.
2. Homo sapiens who came to America are by no means loyal men and women. They created a scene of rivers of blood and countless victims.
In the flood, the humans who boarded Noah's ark escaped, and most of the animals on board became human meals. People are like floods.
Part II Agricultural Revolution
P77-95
Chapter V The biggest scam in history
Homo sapiens learned to domesticate animals and plants and started the agricultural revolution. However, the agricultural revolution did not make mankind happy. On the contrary, farmers lead a hard life and produce privileged elites.
In fact, Homo sapiens did not domesticate wheat, but wheat domesticated Homo sapiens. In the agricultural society, the life of Homo sapiens is more difficult than that of the gathering society, because the population is increasing and the burden of Homo sapiens is heavier.
For domestic animals (cattle, sheep, chickens, etc. ), the agricultural society is the beginning of suffering. Domesticated by Homo sapiens, blindly satisfying the thirst of Homo sapiens, life is extremely miserable.
A striking person [something]
1. The successful evolution of a species depends on the number of copies of its DNA in the world. ..... 1000 copies of DNA is always better than 100 copies. This is the real essence of the agricultural revolution: let more people live in worse conditions.
Like modern cows, sheep and chickens, although there are many, their lives are extremely miserable.
Evolution depends only on quantity, and quality is not guaranteed. People can tolerate more and more bitter conditions, but the number is rising and the conditions will get worse. The suffering of a group of people.
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Chapter VI Building Pyramids
From the collection society to the agricultural society, the scope of farmers' agricultural activities has narrowed, and what farmers have here firmly binds him. Farmers began to worry about the future, continued to farm, and were finally squeezed by an elite.
Human beings lack the instinct of large-scale cooperation, but fictional imagination can make human beings cooperate on a large scale. The Babel of the Bible, even God is afraid of the power of group cooperation, and the empire relies on the order constructed by imagination. For the sake of order, we need strong power to maintain it. This power is not only an imaginary concept, education and fashion, but also an objective army and scenery. Therefore, it is impossible for human beings to break away from the order constructed by imagination.
A striking person [something]
1. It is difficult for humans to leave these artificial islands. Giving up all the houses, fields and barns may bring great losses. In addition, with the passage of time, they have more and more things, which are inconvenient to carry and tied up.
China's thought of settling down in rural society originated from this, refusing challenges and attempts, which was different from nomadic people.
2. History only tells us what very few people are doing, and the life of most people is to keep carrying water to plow the fields.
History is written by a few people, and most people choose to obey.
3. The birth of an individual is just a blind evolutionary process without any purpose. So "what the creator gave" is actually just "born".
People are born with no purpose, and meaning is found in their own lives. People are born without freedom, equality and rights, which are all imagined by human beings themselves, and it is the meaning of life to pursue these imaginations and find pleasure and satisfaction. Belief in freedom, equality and rights is the foundation of social stability-order. For the sake of order, there are police, prisons and troops.
As human beings, it is impossible for us to break away from the order constructed by imagination. Every time we think that we have broken the high wall of the prison and moved towards the front of freedom, in fact, we just went to another bigger prison and slightly expanded our activities.
Life is always burdened with shackles, just like the bridle of a horse. It is impossible for human beings to break away from the imaginary order, just like the progress of history, which is irreversible.
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Chapter VII Memory Overload
The key information needed to maintain order does not exist in DNA, and it is defective to remember it only by brain, but it can be remembered and passed on to future generations through words. Only by using written records can we file, catalog and retrieve, and can we effectively run the mechanism system. Digital language accelerates the speed of storage, dissemination and processing, and also brings a modern and more revolutionary writing system-computer binary programming language, which opens up the field of artificial intelligence.
A striking person [something]
Fictional imagination also needs the support of objective reality-words to guide the cooperation of large-scale people and complement each other.
1. The first text in human history is not only a philosophical ingenuity, a poem, a legend, a law, or even a tribute to the royal family, but a boring financial document, recording all kinds of taxes, debts and property ownership.
Without the romance of human imagination, everything belongs to life, plain and practical.
2. Concepts such as poverty, happiness and honesty can be translated into one number after another and become "poverty line", "subjective happiness" and "credit rating".
Numbers, especially binary languages, have changed the world and entered a new era.
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Chapter VIII History has never been fair
Class system and discrimination constructed by the imagination of human social existence. The elite used class to consolidate their rule. The consciousness of "class" system is in a vicious circle all over the world: racial discrimination and gender discrimination.
Among them, racial discrimination prevails in India and the United States. In sexism, it is fictional stories that define the roles, rights and responsibilities of men and women. It is a common phenomenon that men are superior to women. Patriarchy has no biological basis, but is based on unfounded fictional concepts.
A striking person [something]
1. The evolution of organs has no unique purpose, and the use of organs is constantly changing.
It's just a coincidence, but how to use it is ever-changing
The third part is the integration and unification of human beings.
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Chapter IX Historical Trend
After the agricultural revolution, human beings relied on culture and cooperated seamlessly. But culture will change, because there are internal contradictions, such as chivalry and Christianity, freedom and equality. It is precisely because of contradictions that culture is wonderful.
Breaking the barriers of the world, cultures are constantly merging. Mankind tries to integrate the world through economic and monetary order, political empire order and religion global religion.
A striking person [something]
1. Almost from birth to death, human beings are surrounded by various fictional stories and concepts, which make human beings think in a certain way, act according to certain standards, want something and abide by certain norms.
2. If we want to ensure "equality", we must limit those who are more prominent; And if everyone can be "free", it will inevitably affect the equality of all people.
Equality and freedom are actually contradictory!
It's only a moment to get together for a long time, and it's the constant trend to get together for a long time.
Dispersion is only temporary, and the world will eventually be unified and integrated. Once upon a time, it developed from a small world to a huge world. You can eat American tomatoes in Italy and Spanish steak in Argentina. Like the small world of the Ganges, everyone is a small world.
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Chapter 10 The Taste of Money
In the Asian-African world, the power of money makes Christians and Muslims forget religious differences.
Due to the limitation of barter, human beings invented the concept of "money".
It is precisely because of the concept of money that the transformation, storage and transportation of wealth become easier and cheaper.
People accept the imagination of "money" and make it valuable and usable.
Money flows around the world, across all cultural gaps, so that people you don't know can work together. People want money to break through the region, but at the same time they should guard against and limit money.
A striking person [something]
1. No money, no trust. When money permeates and washes away the dams built by society, religion and country, the world will become a huge and ruthless market.
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Chapter 11 Vision of the Empire
What is an empire? Empire is a political order that rules many different nationalities, and its territory can be flexibly adjusted. After the collapse of the empire, subjects of different nationalities may not be independent. Its culture stays in elite culture and modern culture.
The spread of ideas, population, goods and technology is more convenient and faster within the empire than in different political regions.
There is no pure civilization in the world, and the country will be affected except for the foreign culture of the empire.
Nowadays, the world is merging into one, and more and more people believe that the real political authority comes from all mankind. National independence is disappearing, and eventually a unified global empire will emerge.
A striking person [something]
1. History has no justice.
Justice is written by people. There is no right or wrong in the world. Only when there are more people talking can there be a standard evaluation.
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Chapter XII Religious Law
Religion endows social order and class superman with legitimacy and ensures social stability. The emergence of religions with universal and promotive characteristics has made great contributions to the unity of mankind.
The original religious significance of the agricultural revolution was to change animals and plants from creatures equal to human beings into human possessions, and polytheism replaced pantheism. Compared with monotheism, polytheism also has many advantages.
Monotheism is gradually derived from polytheism, and polytheism continues in monotheism. Polytheism also gave birth to dualism. Later, religions that believed in other gods appeared, such as Buddhism.
Today, people have changed from worshipping God to worshiping human nature, that is, humanistic religion.
A striking person [something]
1. Therefore, Christians generally believe in monotheistic gods, dualistic demons, polytheistic saints and pantheistic ghosts.
Even the belief in God is combined with many other beliefs.
By showing the killer's humanity, everyone remembered the sanctity of human nature. So order was restored. Only by protecting the murderer in this way can we change what the murderer did wrong.
China pays attention to an eye for an eye, while western society pays attention to order.
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Chapter 13 The Secret of Success
People can easily explain how historical events happened, but they can't explain why many things happened without inevitability, let alone fatalism, why they happened ... Many things happened for no reason, history is unpredictable, and it is not for the benefit of mankind, because there is no objective measure of "interest".
A striking person [something]
1. Every time in history is like a crossroads. Although there is only one-way street from the past to the present, there are countless forks in the road in the future. Some of these roads are relatively wide and flat, and the road signs are relatively clear, so they are also relatively possible choices. However, history sometimes chooses some completely unexpected paths.
The torrent of history breaks through all obstacles and flows freely, and no one can be sure.
This is one of the characteristics of history as a discipline: the more thoroughly you know about a certain era, the more difficult it is to explain why this event happened instead of that one. However, if you have only a little knowledge of a certain period, it is easy to be influenced by the results and only see the possibility of finally coming true. ..... In fact, the people who really understand the situation at that time (that is, the people who lived at that time) are the people who can't see the historical trend the most.
Being in it, the authorities are fascinated.
3. The second-order chaotic system means "it will change under the influence of prediction", so it can never be predicted accurately.
Unlike physics or economics, the purpose of history is not to make accurate predictions. The reason why we study history is not to know the future, but to broaden our horizons. Understand that the present is not "natural" or inevitable. The possibility of the future is far beyond our imagination.
5. There is no evidence that history is progressing for the benefit of mankind; The reason is that there is no objective measure of "benefit" ... Winners always believe in their own definitions. Cultural communication does not consider the interests of human beings.
6. There are too many possibilities in history, many of which have not been realized in the end.
Part IV Scientific Revolution
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Chapter 14 Discover your ignorance
The scientific revolution has made great contributions to the progress of mankind. There are three major differences between modern science and the previous knowledge system: 1. Admit your ignorance (scientific dogma emphasizes new observation and new experiment) 2. Focus on observation and mathematics iii. Acquire new abilities (knowledge is power, and new technologies promote human progress). Humans believe that all problems can be solved by using new technologies. Scientific research must be combined with certain religions and ideologies in order to flourish.
A striking person [something]
1. At present, it is generally believed that we still don't know what the best economic model is.
There is no truth in the world, and the truth is in people's mouths.
Modern culture is more willing to admit its ignorance than any other culture in the past. One of the reasons why modern society can be maintained is the trust in science and technology and scientific research methods, which has almost become a religious belief and even replaced the belief in absolute truth to some extent.
Science has become a new religion.
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Chapter 15 Marriage between Science and Empire
The scientific revolution is closely related to modern imperialism. Why did Europe lead the scientific revolution and the new global order? The answer is that Europe has nurtured modern science and capitalism. The conquest of Europe was to seek territory and new knowledge. Advocating "exploration and conquest", Europeans completely dominated America, Oceania, Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean, and finally defeated various empires and dominated the world. Science is a new religion brought by Europeans, and only a stronger system can replace it.
A striking person [something]
1. The European Empire believes that it is necessary to know the language and culture of these people in order to rule more effectively ... Without their knowledge, Britain could not have mastered, oppressed and exploited so many Indians in two centuries.
It is the empire that created the world as we know it, and it also contains the ideology we use to judge the world.
Modern social ideology is based on European creation.
For many elites today, it is almost always cultural differences in history, not biological differences in race, to compare and judge the advantages and disadvantages of different groups. We no longer say "this is their blood", but "this is their culture".
Racial discrimination in disguise
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Chapter XVI Theory of Capitalism
Human beings invented the concept of money in credit and promoted economic growth.
Adam Smith overthrew the traditional idea that wealth and morality are opposites, but profits can only be regarded as capital if they are put into production.
Modern science is closely linked with capitalism, which has influenced the emergence of European imperialism. During the period of geographical discovery, western Europe developed a complex financial system to support the development of European imperialism, and western governments became synonymous with capitalism.
The greed of capitalism led to the Atlantic slave trade and the exploitation of workers. Only after the birth of capitalism did capitalism converge. Capitalism believes that the future will be better and better if the shortcomings of the past are removed. What's the truth?
A striking person [something]
1. What really makes banks (and even the whole economy) survive, or even make a fortune, is actually our trust in the future. Trust is the only backing of most money in the world. Can only exist in peacetime.
Adam Smith overthrew the traditional idea that wealth and morality are opposites.
There used to be only one cake, and the rich got more, so the poor became smaller. Traditionally, wealth and morality are opposites. Now that the cake is bigger, your piece will be bigger, and mine will be bigger. Mutual benefit will make wealth stand on the commanding heights of morality and make society more proud of wealth.
Greedy capitalists started the Atlantic slave trade, which was almost completely free of slavery in Europe in the past.
4. Is it possible for this economic pie to grow indefinitely?
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Chapter 17 The Great Wheel of Industry
The industrial revolution increased the raw materials available for economic growth, changed the world by transforming energy, and made the productivity of human beings develop explosively.
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Chapter 18 An eternal revolution
Through the industrial revolution, human beings reduced their dependence on the environment, but it led to the deterioration of the ecological environment and caused many "side effects". The industrial revolution also changed people's lives and led to the collapse of families and communities. The collapse of families and communities also makes society no longer respect its elders. More people gain rights, and the country strengthens national feelings through imaginary communities. The society is constantly changing, and the war mortality rate of modern people is much lower than in the past. The disintegration of the empire, at the same time, because of the high cost of war and the high profit of peace, wars have become less and less frequent in modern times.
A striking person [something]
1. As human beings try to fight against nature with their own strength and suppress the whole ecosystem to meet their own needs and impulses, it may cause more and more unpredictable and dangerous side effects.
2. Traditional agriculture focuses on natural time and organic growth ... Modern industry can be said to be completely indifferent to sunshine and seasons, and it pays more attention to the pursuit of accuracy and consistency.
The industrial revolution not only brought the concepts of timetable and production line to human beings, but also extended these concepts to almost all human lives. From factories to all social strata, the power of the industrial revolution.
In the traditional agricultural economy, there is almost no surplus food to feed government officials, police, social workers, teachers and doctors. Therefore, most regimes will not develop large-scale welfare, medical care or education systems. money
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Chapter 19 Live happily ever after
The scientific and industrial revolution has changed people's living habits, social order, daily life and psychology, but it has not made people happier now than in the past. How to make people happy? Is it money or comparison? The only reason to make people happy is the pleasant sensory feeling in the body. Human beings are still in the primary stage of knowing themselves and studying happiness.
P389—406
Chapter 20 The End of Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens began to transcend the limitations of biological factors, and the law of natural selection began to be broken and replaced by the law of intelligent design. Intelligent design may replace natural selection through biological engineering, bionic engineering and inorganic life engineering. The future is unimaginable, is it destruction or existence?