China is the kingdom of poetry. There are tens of millions of poems from ancient times to the present, except for those lost for various reasons, which can still be said to be vast. Poetry, like anything else, has a process of sprouting, producing, developing and changing. "Playing Songs" is said to be a ballad in the era of the Yellow Emperor, and it is recognized as a primitive social poem. It is the beginning of a two-character poem. The Book of Songs Youpian is the beginning of a three-character poem. The Book of Changes is the beginning of a four-character poem. Its death is related to the beginning of a four-character poem by Bao Sang. The Oracle said that rain came from the west, from the east, from the north and from the south. The Beginnings of Seven-character Poems, The Book of Songs at the Turn of October and I dare not help my friend escape from Le Yan Guest all begin with eight-character poems. The Book of Songs has a destiny, and "After two, I dare not be king" begins with these nine-character poems. Du Fu's poem "A Man Is Old Without a Name" is also a nine-character poem. Li Bai's The Yellow Emperor Casted in Jingshan's Alchemy Sand. This is a temporary job. Wife abandonment rate is high, friends are rich, and wandering abroad makes me feel old and new. Or fables, or explicit statements, or repeated statements. I didn't expect a surprise at first, and the ancient poems of Xijing were all here. "(Shi Shuoyu) During the Song Dynasty, these" archaic poems "were regarded as models of five-character poems. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long and Zhong Rong's Shi Pin in Liang Dynasty theoretically summarized and evaluated the artistic characteristics and value of "ancient poetry", and discussed its author, era and origin, which were generally recognized as works of Han Dynasty. At the same time, some authors of Xiao Tong's Selected Works call it "miscellaneous poems", while the anonymous ones are "ancient poems". Therefore, after Liang and Chen, "ancient poetry" formed a special name with a specific meaning. It is said that a five-character poem written by an anonymous person in the Han Dynasty has developed into a poetic style with the artistic characteristics of "ancient poetry". Nineteen ancient poems in literature.
The ancient poetry before the Tang Dynasty is a kind of poetry that does not pay attention to meter and has no limitation on the number of words and sentences. After the Tang Dynasty, due to the appearance of modern poetry, poets deliberately imitated the writing of ancient poems in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, and restricted them in some aspects, thus forming a fixed pattern of ancient poems in the Tang Dynasty. In this way, the completely free poetic style before the Tang Dynasty became a semi-free poem between metrical poetry and free poetry.
The number of words and lines in classical poetry;
Classical poetry has no fixed verse or style. All classical poems are classified according to the number of words in the poem. Four-character ancient poems are referred to as four-character ancient poems for short. Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five-character ancient poems for short; Seven-character metrical poems, referred to as "seven ancient poems", were adopted by people as early as the Book of Songs, but gradually declined in the Tang Dynasty, and few people wrote them. Therefore, ancient poetry is still expressed in five words and seven words.
Five-character ancient poetry is the orthodoxy of ancient poetry, written by many people.
Seven-character ancient poetry is not the mainstream of classical poetry, because it originated late. Therefore, the style of seven-character ancient poetry is greatly influenced by seven-character modern poetry.
Five-character ancient poems and seven-character ancient poems are both ancient poems with neat words. There is also a kind of ancient poetry with mixed words, and the length between the lines is different and uneven.
The word includes the following contents: in time, it refers to 1840 China's poems before the Opium War; From the perspective of meter, ancient poetry can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry. Ci is an invention of Song Dynasty, also called long and short sentences. Ancient poetry is also called ancient poetry or ancient style. Modern poetry is also called modern poetry.
Poetry in ancient style
Classical poetry is written in the style of ancient poetry. In the eyes of the Tang Dynasty, everything from the Book of Songs to Yu Xin in the Southern and Northern Dynasties is ancient. Therefore, there is no certain standard to follow the ancient poetic style. However, the classical poems written by poets are consistent in one thing, that is, they are not bound by the rules of modern poetry. In terms of words, rhymes and antithesis, it began to form in the early Tang Dynasty. This is what we call modern poetry. Modern poetry is relative to classical poetry. Poets in the Tang Dynasty and beyond still wrote classical poems. We can say that all poems that are not bound by modern meter are classical poems. Classical poetry is divided into four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems. Modern poetry is divided into quatrains and metrical poems.
"Modern Style" Poetry
Modern poetry can be divided into metrical poems and quatrains. The difference between metrical poems and quatrains mainly lies in the number of sentences. There are four quatrains and eight quatrains. Eight quatrains, one or two in the first couplet, three or four in the second couplet, five or six in the neck couplet and seven or eight in the end couplet.
Here are some classic poems:
Common sense of ancient poetry:
1. rhyme: The rhyming words at the end of the verse sentence, such as the moonlight in front of Li Bai's "Thinking of a Quiet Night", will it have frost? Looking up, I found that it was moonlight and sank again, and I suddenly remembered home. Guangshuang Township is rhyme.
2. Rhyme: Poetry rhymes to make the tone harmonious and beautiful. For example, Li Bai's "Silent Night Thinking" uses rhyme.
3. The structure of metrical poems: * * eight sentences, with one or two sentences as the head couplet, three or four sentences as the parallel couplet, five or six sentences as the neck couplet, and seven or eight sentences as the tail couplet.
4. The rhythm and rhythm of ancient poetry:
Judging from the sentence pattern, the four words of ancient poetry are generally two and two; Five words are two, two and one; These seven characters are two, two, two, one,
In a sense, sometimes there are special circumstances due to ideographic needs, such as: Shila | Wuyue | Gai | Chicheng, and this is it.
Two, two, one and two types.
5. Because there is no punctuation in ancient poems (punctuation was added by later generations), one sentence per line. On the Style of Ancient Poetry —— Also on the Two Poetic Styles in Middle School Textbooks
There are many styles of ancient poems in China, and there are different views on the classification and appellation of ancient poems. Especially for Yuefu, Gu Feng and Gehang, they are more easily confused. Because, from the formal point of view, Yuefu and Gu Feng are both five-character styles, and seven-character ancient poems and songs are both seven-character styles, so it is difficult to distinguish them. However, since ancient times, people have unanimously admitted that they have expressed their content, skills and style characteristics.
In the second topic "Discussion and Practice" of Five Poems for Grade Eight in People's Education Edition, it is said that "A thatched cottage was blown off by autumn wind" and "A piece of snow farewell field-secretary Wu goes home" are both "songs" poems with free form, fluent language and unrestrained style. Please talk about the similarities and differences between the two poems from the aspects of sentence structure, narration and lyricism.
The ninth grade (1) knowledge composition "How to read" said: "Du Fu's" Shi Qu Guan "has a wide meter, which is called ancient style ..."
The appellation here doesn't conform to the habit. People are used to calling Du Fu's Caotang a seven-character ancient poem, while Cen Can's Bai Xuege is called a seven-character opera style. The editor also clearly saw the difference between the two poems, so this problem appeared. Du Fu's "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are ancient in form.
China's earliest poetic style was The Book of Songs with four characters, and then the Chu Ci style represented by Qu Yuan's Li Sao (also known as Sao Style Poetry) appeared, which lengthened sentence patterns with the conjunction "zhi" and the modal particle "xi", such as "Xi, the descendant of Emperor Levin" (Li Sao) and "Wu Gexi is wearing a rhinoceros armour".
In the Han Dynasty, Yuefu, an organization that was responsible for collecting all kinds of poems and songs, appeared. The most influential collection is folk poetry, that is, the Folk Songs of Han Yuefu, which we can still see today. Its greatest feature is its strong reality, popularity and vividness, and its form is mainly five words, such as the long song line in Grade 8 (1) and drinking horses in the Great Wall Cave in high school textbooks. That is, the authentic Han Yuefu. The content and style of folk songs in Han Yuefu influenced the poetry creation of scholars at that time and later. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were 19 ancient poems representing the maturity of literati's five-character poems, which absorbed many characteristics of Yuefu folk songs and promoted the development of ancient poetry. Especially in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and Tang Dynasty, the development of Han Yuefu evolved into two main forms.
One is "Ancient Yuefu" (also called "Old Yuefu"), which was created by literati with simulation. It borrows the title of Han Yuefu and writes new contents, just like old bottles and new wine, such as Cao Cao's Out of Xiamen (Part VII), Yang Jiong's Joining the Army and Li He's Wild Goose Gate. However, it has something to do with the original title. For example, Joining the Army has something to do with the military, and Wild Goose Gate Satrap has something to do with the frontier fortress. In form and technique, we should learn from its vulgarity and elegance, add literati color and improve artistic taste. "Ancient Yuefu" has two forms: five words and seven words. The earliest seven-character ancient Yuefu that can be seen today is Ge Yanxing written by Cao Pi in the Three Kingdoms Period, and it was not until Bao Zhao of Qi Liang in the Southern Dynasties that he made great efforts to write It's really difficult to travel (650 is generally long in terms of content and length, and he recited it in one breath. It can freely change the rhyme, making the content changeable, the structure turning, magnificent and colorful. This kind of poem is suitable for carrying large ideological content and expressing warm feelings. It has the characteristics of popular and lively ancient Yuefu, mainly composed of seven-character quatrains, with occasional miscellaneous words, and its literary talent is flying.
The other is based on the narrative characteristics and simple and popular expression characteristics of Han Yuefu, which reflects the social reality at that time and attracts people's attention to society. It no longer borrows the original title of "Han Yuefu", but is named according to the different contents of the events. The so-called "that is, life, no reply". In the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu cared about state affairs and reflected "An Shi" with his pen. He has written many such poems, such as "An" in Chedian (Senior High School), Three Officials (Tongguan Official, Xin 'an Official, Official) and Three Farewells (Farewells, Resignation, Homelessness), which describe the disasters brought to the people by the militaristic frontier war in the Tang Dynasty. There is no difference in form from a five-character poem. Later poets such as Yuan Jie and Gu Kuang also wrote such poems. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, realistic poets such as Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen used poems to reflect the shortcomings of social reality, which attracted the attention of rulers. So they strongly advocated these poetic forms of Du Fu and Yuan Jie, named them "New Yuefu" and launched the "New Yuefu Movement". There are five words and seven words in form. For example, Bai Juyi's "Guan Mo Mai" (the ninth part), selling charcoal Weng, Xinfeng folding arm Weng, CuO and so on. , are popular narrative "new Yuefu style". "bamboo forest question and answer" says: "ancient poetry is divided into Yuefu.
There is another situation in the study of Han Yuefu by literati, which mainly introduces the popular characteristics of Yuefu poetry into lyric classical poetry, reflecting the characteristics different from the previous five-character classical poetry. The masterpiece is Li Bai's "Ancient Style" (58 pieces). From the formal point of view, "ancient style" is not different from five-character ancient poems, but there are differences in lyric content and way. In response to the difference between Yuefu and classical poetry in the sound spectrum of Zhao Zhixin in Qing Dynasty, he said: "Sound and emotion are completely different, and it is half a thought to realize here." (Qing Shihua 132, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1963) "Sound and emotion" refers to the differences in content and emotional charm. Shihua in Oubei. Therefore, there are also many works about husbands complaining about wives saying goodbye to injuries, but they are all implicit and ancient ... They are the direct heritage of national customs. Shaoling has no such taste. "(Continued Poems in Qing Dynasty 1 142, 1983) can be seen, although they are both Han Yuefu.
There are also two situations when the seven-character song style developed to the Tang Dynasty. Because "metrical poetry" (also called "modern poetry") appeared in the Tang Dynasty, one is to introduce some syntax and skills of metrical poetry into classical poetry, and the other is to avoid it. Traditionally, people call the former.
On the basis of inheriting the magnificent poetic style of Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, some poets in the early Tang Dynasty tried to introduce the sentence patterns and antithesis of seven-character rhythmic poems into their singing style, resulting in such famous works as Lu's Ancient Meaning Chang 'an, Luo's Poems on the Palace and Zhang's Moonlit Night on the Spring River, which are magnificent in length and momentum, and their scattered sentences are mixed with metrical and antithesis, reflecting the vast society. The seven-character song style, known as the "early Tang style", has taken on a new look. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Gao Shi and others wrote a large number of frontier poems on this theme, such as Gao's Travel, Cen's Bai Xuege Farewell to Wu Gui (eight times), and Ben Ma He Song Farewell to Feng, the general of the Western Expedition (nine times), which gave full play to the characteristics of "early Tang style, bold content and rich feelings". It's exciting to read. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and others incorporated narrative elements into this style and wrote such famous works as Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa. Until the early Qing Dynasty, Wu (No.Meicun) wrote Yuan Yuan Qu, He Yong Palace Ci, Xiao Shi Qing Men Qu and Listening to Women in this style. Formed a colorful and varied artistic style, beautiful and touching, popular, and even raised the seven-character swan song to a new height, known as "Mei Village Style". By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Wang Guowei and others had written poems such as The Summer Palace Ci in this style.
On the other hand, poets such as Du Fu and Han Yu consciously avoid the syntactic sentences of the seven-character Yuefu physical rhythm poems to reflect the quaint and simple style characteristics, and often adopt loose sentences and three-level endings (such as "San Mao", "Changlinding", "Sink Pool" and "Sigh"). This kind of poetry is often based on realistic themes and deep depressed feelings, which is different from the romantic color of the previous genre. However, paying attention to the grandeur of content, the unrestrained emotion and the changeable structural transition conform to the overall characteristics of the seven-character style, such as Du Fu's Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage (eight times), Li Yi's Going to the Temple of Heaven to See the Sea at Night, and Han Yu's Rock.
There are many discussions about the difference between seven-character ballads and seven-character ancient poems. In Liu Xizai's Outline of Poetry, these two characteristics are distinguished as follows: "Seven ancient styles can be called ancient styles, which are nearly two. The style of closeness is called parallelism, harmony, beauty and softness; The ancient style is simple, awkward, thin and energetic. An elegance, a muscle. This is the difference between Qi Liang and Han Wei, which is the difference between the early Tang Dynasty and the prosperous Tang Dynasty. " (Continued on page 2436 of Qing Poetry) The "ancient" here refers to the seven-character ancient style similar to "the hut was blown by the autumn wind", which inherited Han Wei's ancient poems. "Jin" refers to the seven-character quatrain style developed from the "early Tang style" and inherits the characteristics of seeking beauty skillfully in Qi and Liang Dynasties. It can be said that this is the fruit of two different flavors on the seven-character Yuefu poetry tree in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties.
The above is probably the basic overview of China's ancient poetry, which, together with the modern poetry with strict meter in the Tang Dynasty, has become the basic form of China's ancient poetry.
There are many classic poems in "Moistening Things Silently". The ancient poetry is like this.
On the Poetic Style of Ancient Poetry —— Also on Two Poetic Styles in Middle School Textbooks
There are many styles of ancient poems in China, and there are different views on the classification and appellation of ancient poems. Especially for Yuefu, Gu Feng and Gehang, they are more easily confused. Because, from the formal point of view, Yuefu and Gu Feng are both five-character styles, and seven-character ancient poems and songs are both seven-character styles, so it is difficult to distinguish them. However, since ancient times, people have unanimously admitted that they have expressed their content, skills and style characteristics.
In the second topic "Discussion and Practice" of Five Poems for Grade Eight in People's Education Edition, it is said that "A thatched cottage was blown off by autumn wind" and "A piece of snow farewell field-secretary Wu goes home" are both "songs" poems with free form, fluent language and unrestrained style. Please talk about the similarities and differences between the two poems from the aspects of sentence structure, narration and lyricism.
The ninth grade (1) knowledge composition "How to read" said: "Du Fu's" Shi Qu Guan "has a wide meter, which is called ancient style ..."
The appellation here doesn't conform to the habit. People are used to calling Du Fu's Caotang a seven-character ancient poem, while Cen Can's Bai Xuege is called a seven-character opera style. The editor also clearly saw the difference between the two poems, so this problem appeared. Du Fu's "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are ancient in form.
China's earliest poetic style was The Book of Songs with four characters, and then the Chu Ci style represented by Qu Yuan's Li Sao (also known as Sao Style Poetry) appeared, which lengthened sentence patterns with the conjunction "zhi" and the modal particle "xi", such as "Xi, the descendant of Emperor Levin" (Li Sao) and "Wu Gexi is wearing a rhinoceros armour".
In the Han Dynasty, Yuefu, an organization that was responsible for collecting all kinds of poems and songs, appeared. The most influential collection is folk poetry, that is, the Folk Songs of Han Yuefu, which we can still see today. Its greatest feature is its strong reality, popularity and vividness, and its form is mainly five words, such as the long song line in Grade 8 (1) and drinking horses in the Great Wall Cave in high school textbooks. That is, the authentic Han Yuefu. The content and style of folk songs in Han Yuefu influenced the poetry creation of scholars at that time and later. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were 19 ancient poems representing the maturity of literati's five-character poems, which absorbed many characteristics of Yuefu folk songs and promoted the development of ancient poetry. Especially in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and Tang Dynasty, the development of Han Yuefu evolved into two main forms.
One is "Ancient Yuefu" (also called "Old Yuefu"), which was created by literati with simulation. It borrows the title of Han Yuefu and writes new contents, just like old bottles and new wine, such as Cao Cao's Out of Xiamen (Part VII), Yang Jiong's Joining the Army and Li He's Wild Goose Gate. However, it has something to do with the original title. For example, Joining the Army has something to do with the military, and Wild Goose Gate Satrap has something to do with the frontier fortress. In form and technique, we should learn from its vulgarity and elegance, add literati color and improve artistic taste. "Ancient Yuefu" has two forms: five words and seven words. The earliest seven-character ancient Yuefu that can be seen today is Ge Yanxing written by Cao Pi in the Three Kingdoms Period, and it was not until Bao Zhao of Qi Liang in the Southern Dynasties that he made great efforts to write It's really difficult to travel (650 is generally long in terms of content and length, and he recited it in one breath. It can freely change the rhyme, making the content changeable, the structure turning, magnificent and colorful. This kind of poem is suitable for carrying large ideological content and expressing warm feelings. It has the characteristics of popular and lively ancient Yuefu, mainly composed of seven-character quatrains, with occasional miscellaneous words, and its literary talent is flying.
The other is based on the narrative characteristics and simple and popular expression characteristics of Han Yuefu, which reflects the social reality at that time and attracts people's attention to society. It no longer borrows the original title of "Han Yuefu", but is named according to the different contents of the events. The so-called "that is, life, no reply". In the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu cared about state affairs and reflected "An Shi" with his pen. He has written many such poems, such as "An" in Chedian (Senior High School), Three Officials (Tongguan Official, Xin 'an Official, Official) and Three Farewells (Farewells, Resignation, Homelessness), which describe the disasters brought to the people by the militaristic frontier war in the Tang Dynasty. There is no difference in form from a five-character poem. Later poets such as Yuan Jie and Gu Kuang also wrote such poems. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, realistic poets such as Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen used poems to reflect the shortcomings of social reality, which attracted the attention of rulers. So they strongly advocated these poetic forms of Du Fu and Yuan Jie, named them "New Yuefu" and launched the "New Yuefu Movement". There are five words and seven words in form. For example, Bai Juyi's "Guan Mo Mai" (the ninth part), selling charcoal Weng, Xinfeng folding arm Weng, CuO and so on. , are popular narrative "new Yuefu style". "bamboo forest question and answer" says: "ancient poetry is divided into Yuefu.
There is another situation in the study of Han Yuefu by literati, which mainly introduces the popular characteristics of Yuefu poetry into lyric classical poetry, reflecting the characteristics different from the previous five-character classical poetry. The masterpiece is Li Bai's "Ancient Style" (58 pieces). From the formal point of view, "ancient style" is not different from five-character ancient poems, but there are differences in lyric content and way. In response to the difference between Yuefu and classical poetry in the sound spectrum of Zhao Zhixin in Qing Dynasty, he said: "Sound and emotion are completely different, and it is half a thought to realize here." (Qing Shihua 132, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1963) "Sound and emotion" refers to the differences in content and emotional charm. Shihua in Oubei. Therefore, there are also many works about husbands complaining about wives saying goodbye to injuries, but they are all implicit and ancient ... They are the direct heritage of national customs. Shaoling has no such taste. "(Continued Poems in Qing Dynasty 1 142, 1983) can be seen, although they are both Han Yuefu.
There are also two situations when the seven-character song style developed to the Tang Dynasty. Because "metrical poetry" (also called "modern poetry") appeared in the Tang Dynasty, one is to introduce some syntax and skills of metrical poetry into classical poetry, and the other is to avoid it. Traditionally, people call the former.
On the basis of inheriting the magnificent poetic style of Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, some poets in the early Tang Dynasty tried to introduce the sentence patterns and antithesis of seven-character rhythmic poems into their singing style, resulting in such famous works as Lu's Ancient Meaning Chang 'an, Luo's Poems on the Palace and Zhang's Moonlit Night on the Spring River, which are magnificent in length and momentum, and their scattered sentences are mixed with metrical and antithesis, reflecting the vast society. The seven-character song style, known as the "early Tang style", has taken on a new look. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Gao Shi and others wrote a large number of frontier poems on this theme, such as Gao's Travel, Cen's Bai Xuege Farewell to Wu Gui (eight times), and Ben Ma He Song Farewell to Feng, the general of the Western Expedition (nine times), which gave full play to the characteristics of "early Tang style, bold content and rich feelings". It's exciting to read. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and others incorporated narrative elements into this style and wrote such famous works as Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa. Until the early Qing Dynasty, Wu (No.Meicun) wrote Yuan Yuan Qu, He Yong Palace Ci, Xiao Shi Qing Men Qu and Listening to Women in this style. Formed a colorful and varied artistic style, beautiful and touching, popular, and even raised the seven-character swan song to a new height, known as "Mei Village Style". By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Wang Guowei and others had written poems such as The Summer Palace Ci in this style.
On the other hand, poets such as Du Fu and Han Yu consciously avoid the syntactic sentences of the seven-character Yuefu physical rhythm poems to reflect the quaint and simple style characteristics, and often adopt loose sentences and three-level endings (such as "San Mao", "Changlinding", "Sink Pool" and "Sigh"). This kind of poetry is often based on realistic themes and deep depressed feelings, which is different from the romantic color of the previous genre. However, paying attention to the grandeur of content, the unrestrained emotion and the changeable structural transition conform to the overall characteristics of the seven-character style, such as Du Fu's Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage (eight times), Li Yi's Going to the Temple of Heaven to See the Sea at Night, and Han Yu's Rock.
There are many discussions about the difference between seven-character ballads and seven-character ancient poems. In Liu Xizai's Outline of Poetry, these two characteristics are distinguished as follows: "Seven ancient styles can be called ancient styles, which are nearly two. The style of closeness is called parallelism, harmony, beauty and softness; The ancient style is simple, awkward, thin and energetic. An elegance, a muscle. This is the difference between Qi Liang and Han Wei, which is the difference between the early Tang Dynasty and the prosperous Tang Dynasty. " (Continued on page 2436 of Qing Poetry) The "ancient" here refers to the seven-character ancient style similar to "the hut was blown by the autumn wind", which inherited Han Wei's ancient poems. "Jin" refers to the seven-character quatrain style developed from the "early Tang style" and inherits the characteristics of seeking beauty skillfully in Qi and Liang Dynasties. It can be said that this is the fruit of two different flavors on the seven-character Yuefu poetry tree in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties.
The above is probably the basic overview of China's ancient poetry, which, together with the modern poetry with strict meter in the Tang Dynasty, has become the basic form of China's ancient poetry.
There are many classic poems in "Moistening Things Silently". The ancient poetry is like this.