Du Fu
What a magnificent scenery Mount Tai is! Out of Qilu, green peaks can still be seen.
The magical nature brings together thousands of beautiful mountains in the south and the separation between morning and dusk in the north.
Caiyun lave? My mind is free and easy, and birds fly back and forth in front of my nervous eyes. ..
Try to climb to the top of the mountain: it dwarfs all the peaks under our feet.
Full Moon is a poem with high reciting rate in China's ancient poems. In about the 28th year of Kaiyuan (740), Du Fu was twenty-nine years old and went to Yanzhou to visit his father. Then he went from Qi to Lu and wrote this poem via Mount Tai. This is one of the few early works of the poet. When people read this poem, in addition to feeling the majesty of Mount Tai, they are more likely to be infected and excited by the idea of "reaching the peak, the other mountains all appear dwarfs under the sky.", because it is not only a summary of the spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but also leaves people with profound enlightenment.
First, the overall grasp
This poem is an early work of Du Fu. In the 24th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (736), the young poet left Chang 'an to visit relatives in Yanzhou (now Shandong Province)-his father Du Xian was Sima of Yanzhou at that time. After about three or four years, he has been roaming around Shandong and Hebei and made many friends. This poem was written in this period. This poem enthusiastically praised the majestic momentum and magical and beautiful scenery of Mount Tai, and also revealed the poet's great ambition in his early years. It has always been regarded as a famous work of singing Mount Tai.
The whole poem can be divided into two layers, both of which are engraved with the word "Wang".
The first two couplets are on the first floor, focusing on the overall image of Mount Tai. "How magnificent Mount Tai is! ? Endless green spans Qilu and Qilu. He wrote down what he saw from a distance. Mount Tai was located between Qi and Lu in ancient times, with Qi in the north and Lu in the south. The "green" of Qilu is the result of the shadow of Mount Tai. " "Unfinished" means endless meaning. Here, what the poet wants to say is, do you want to know what Mount Tai looks like? Look, its green mountains cover the vast Qilu Plain. This is to use Qilu land and Qilu land to contrast the image of Mount Tai, which rises from the ground and stands tall. "The creator has endowed all the mysterious nature here with elegance, and? The day immediately enters dawn and dusk. ",this is close to see. The last sentence uses a virtual pen to write the beauty of Mount Tai. Why use a virtual pen? Because the beauty of Mount Tai is really a long story, it is better to write that the creator has a special liking for Mount Tai, which is a strong feeling of the poet and a reflection of the beauty of Mount Tai in the poet's heart. The next sentence is about the height of Mount Tai, which is a real text. " "Yin and Yang" refers to the north and south sides of the mountain. Shannan gets sunshine first, so it is easy to know; There is no sunshine in the north of the mountain, and it is still sleepy at dawn. The word "cut" is exquisite and refined. Looking from the north of the mountain, the sunlight shining on the earth seems to be cut off by a huge knife, highlighting the image of Mount Tai covering the sun.
The last two couplets are the second largest, and they also describe the scenery of Mount Tai, but they focus on the poet's feelings. "Ceng Yun, birds are flying back and forth in front of my nervous eyes." It is a real scene, but take a closer look at what you see. Mount Tai is so high that you can see clouds on the mountainside during the day. Deep, at dusk, you can see the homing birds gradually disappearing into the valley. The poet grasped the details of these two scenes to express his emotional excitement and broaden his horizons, and then naturally wrote down his heart: "Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that other mountains look short under the sky." This is Confucius' famous saying: "Climbing Mount Tai is a small world". But it has profound meaning when used here: it is not only a poet's oath to climb the top of Mount Tai, but also a poet's oath to climb the peak of life. In his early years, the poet "stole rice and made a pact" ("Chanting 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian") often took it as his responsibility to "be Yao and Shun to the monarch and then make the customs pure" ("Give Wei Zuocheng Twenty-two Rhymes"). Without such feelings, he could not write such touching poems.
Although this poem consists of eight poems, four in quadruplicate and two antithetical sentences in the middle, it is not a metrical poem, but an ancient poem. It doesn't pay attention to flat and rhyming, but is based on flat and rhyming.
Second, the problem research
Wang Yue's Artistic Features
Du Fu has been to the top of Mount Tai, but he didn't write a poem about it. This is what he mentioned in the poem "Going to the Foot of the Backyard Thirty Years Later": "I traveled in Shandong and recalled playing in Yueyang. In the poor autumn, I look at the sun, and I look at the eight shortages. " "Sun View", that is, the peak view of the sun, is located in the southeast of Mount Tai, which is the best place for tourists to watch the sunrise. With Du Fu's talent, it is not difficult to write more songs, but why didn't he write them? We might as well do some speculation-from the perspective of future generations, this is probably because the poem "Looking at the Moon" has already written the shape and spirit of Mount Tai, fully demonstrating the poet's talent, and it really doesn't need to be written again. Reading this poem, we feel the sublime, profound and magical beauty of Mount Tai, and at the same time, we seem to see the poet's unique and independent image. In particular, reading his last couplets makes people think, as if they were wandering on the top of Mount Tai with poets, and further felt the spirit of Mount Tai overlooking the mountains and their ambition to help the world in their youth, just like watching a fire. Because of its profound artistic conception, this poem has always been regarded as the swan song of singing Mount Tai.
spring scenery
Du Fu
Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested.
Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate.
The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold.
Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin.
Notes on the title or background of a book.
This is a five-character poem, written in the second year of Zhide (757). The poet was captured by the Anshi Rebellion and trapped in Chang 'an.
Du Fu saw that the mountains and rivers were still broken and ruined, but the land was desolate in spring. At this time of homesickness in adversity, he couldn't help feeling deep sorrow and emotion.
Sentence solution
Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested.
Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, Chang 'an is empty, sparsely populated and densely vegetated. The first couplet focuses on the overall situation and is a tragic pen. A word "broken" makes people stunned, and a word "deep" makes people sad. The laws of nature will not change with the changes of the times. The contrast between the present personnel and the eternal time and space makes the poet feel more desolate and lonely, so that all he sees are mountains and rivers, vegetation and an empty outline. Sima Guang's "Wen Gong's Continued Poems" said: "There are mountains and rivers, and there is nothing left in Ming Dynasty; The vegetation is deep and there is no one in the Ming Dynasty. " This couplet is a description of the scenery, but it is actually lyrical, with feelings attached to objects and scenes. In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Zhenheng praised this couplet in "Tang Yin Gui Qian": "The antithesis is not refined, and it changes vertically and horizontally. The more rigid, the more subtle, the more subtle and ingenious."
Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate.
Sentimental about national affairs, in the face of flowers, tears can't help but splash, relatives are separated, birds are thrilling, and their feelings increase their resentment. Love starts from a small place, because of the scenery, and the scenery moves with the feelings. There are two interpretations of its meaning: one is Bi Xing's writing. The poet is sad for the broken country and the departure of his loved ones, so he cries when he sees flowers and is afraid when he hears birds singing. On the other hand, it is anthropomorphic with flowers and birds, which makes flowers cry and birds surprised. Both of these theories can be used to show the poet's deep feelings about time and his hatred of parting. Wonderful metaphor is really rare. Sima Guang commented in "Wen Gong Xu Shi": "It is more valuable than words and makes people think deeply."
The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold.
The continuous war has lasted for more than half a year, and there is little news from home. A letter is worth tens of thousands of ounces of gold. The first sentence on the neck joint says that the war is long, and the next sentence says that the news is isolated. Although I was talking about myself, I accurately summarized the empathy of my loved ones in the war and expressed human nature, which later became the common language for people to express their hope for a letter from home in chaos. Yu Dafu's fifth "Gift": "A paper letter from home is worth a ton of gold, Shaoling, touching." Company March, from the Anshi Rebellion in November in the 14th year of Tianbao (755) to the writing of Spring Hope, happened to be two March, so it was called Company March.
Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin.
Worried, scratching my head, my white hair is getting shorter and shorter, and my hair is falling off. It's short and few, so it won't fit in. The former couplet was about worrying about the country and the family. This couplet is about deep sorrow and tragic situation. "Whitehead" is born of worry, and "scratching" means scratching, which means being upset. "Shorter", the degree of worry is getting deeper and deeper. In addition to the destruction of the country and the death of the family, it is a kind of sadness and adds a layer of sadness. Du Yi of Wang Siyuan in the late Ming Dynasty said: "If you leave a word behind, you will want to save the world and harm yourself." "Hun desire" is simply necessary. "hairpin", a long needle used by the ancients to fix a bun or crown, later specifically refers to women's jewelry with a bun.
Comments and explanations
This is a masterpiece with profound patriotism and people's concern. Its meaning runs through but not straight, the scene is not free, the emotion is strong but not superficial, the content is rich but not miscellaneous, the meter is rigorous but not rigid, the whole poem is only forty words, but it is intriguing to read.
The first two couplets of the poem are about the defeat of Spring City, full of sighs; The last two couplets are about the situation of relatives, full of feelings of separation. The first two couplets all take the word "Wang", and the poet looks down, and the line of sight is from near to far, from far to near, and the field of vision is from the city to mountains and rivers, and then from the whole city to flowers and birds. Feelings are from hidden to obvious, from weak to strong, step by step. In the change of scenery and emotion, it seems that the poet gradually turned from eagerly watching the scenery to bowing his head and meditating, and naturally transitioned to the second half-missing his loved ones.
Among them, the tie, because it tells the same feelings as future generations under similar circumstances, has become a famous sentence that has been told through the ages.
Appreciation of poetry and prose
From Tang Suzong to Deyuanzai (756), in June, An Shi Rebellion captured Chang 'an, Tang Dou. In July, Du Fu heard that Tang Suzong had acceded to the throne in Lingwu, so he settled down in Qiang Village of Langzhou and went to Su Zong. On the way, he was captured by rebels and taken to Chang 'an. He was not imprisoned because of his humble position. Hope in Spring was written in March of the following year.
The first four sentences of the poem are all written in defeat and full of sighs; The last four sentences are about the situation of relatives, full of feelings of separation. The whole poem is calm, sincere and natural.
"Although the country is divided, the mountains and rivers remain forever, and the vegetation turns green in spring." At the beginning, I wrote what I saw in spring: the capital fell and the city was broken. Although the mountains and rivers remain the same, the grass is littered with trees, and the word "broken" makes people stunned. Then a word "deep" makes people sad. Sima Guang said, "There are mountains and rivers, but there is nothing left in Ming Dynasty." : the vegetation is deep and no one is there. "("Wen Gong Xu Shi ") The poet here clearly writes about scenery, but actually expresses his feelings, places his feelings on things, and entrusts his feelings to scenery. It creates an atmosphere for the whole poem. This couplet is ingenious, mature, natural and poetic. "The destruction of the country" is opposite to "the spring of the city". The ruins of "National Destruction and Death" are in sharp contrast with the wealthy businessmen in "Spring in the City". "The country is broken" followed by "there are mountains and rivers", which means the opposite and is unexpected; "Spring in the City" was originally a beautiful scenery, but the suffix "deeply planted" is ridiculous and contradictory, one after another. In the Ming Dynasty, Hu Zhenheng spoke highly of this couplet, saying: "Duality is not refined, but it changes vertically and horizontally, becoming more and more stereotyped, heavy and implicit, and taking justice from nature. Tang Yin Guiqian Volume 9
"Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sorrows." The general explanation of these two sentences is that flowers and birds are originally recreational things, but they hate parting because of their feelings, which makes the poet cry. Another explanation is that flowers and birds personify people and feel sad when they leave. Flowers also splash tears and birds are heartbroken. Although their theories are different, their spirit can be interlinked, one is touching the scene and the other is feeling deeply, which shows the richness of good poetry.
The first four sentences of the poem are all in the word "Wang". Poets look at it from near to far, from far to near, from cities to mountains and rivers, and from cities to flowers and birds. Feelings are from hidden to obvious, from weak to strong, step by step. In the change of scenery and emotion, it seems that the poet gradually turned from longing for the scenery to overlooking and thinking about the scenery, and naturally transitioned to the second half-missing his loved ones.
"After three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold." Since the Anshi Rebellion, "fire is hard to learn, and letter is hard to believe." Until now, at the end of March, the war is still going on. How I look forward to hearing from my relatives at home. At this moment, a letter from home is really better than "tiger balm"! "A letter from home is worth a ton of gold" wrote the long-awaited anxiety of news isolation. This is the idea in everyone's mind, which naturally makes people * * * sound, thus becoming a famous sentence that has been told through the ages.
"I stroked my white hair. It has become so thin that it can no longer hold hairpins. "There are bonfires everywhere, and my family doesn't trust me. I miss the tragic image in the distance, and I look at the decadent scene in front of me. I don't feel bored either. Scratching my head makes my hair thin and short. "White hair" is caused by worry, "scratching" is an action to relieve worry, and "shorter" indicates the degree of worry. In this way, in addition to the grief of national demise and death, sighing and aging will add another layer of sadness.
This poem reflects the poet's good sentiment of loving his country and his family. The meaning is not straight, the scenery is not free, the feeling is strong but not floating, the content is rich but not miscellaneous, the meter is rigorous but not rigid, and it rises and falls with the five laws, so it has been circulated for more than 1,200 years. (Xu Yingpei, Zhou Rongquan)
Li Shihao
Du Fu
At dusk, officials arrested people at night.
The old man climbed over the wall and left, while the old woman went out to watch.
Why are officials angry? Why do women cry?
After listening to his wife, he said, "Three men are guarding Yecheng.
One man attached a book, and two men died.
Those who drag out an ignoble existence are dead!
There is no one in the room, only a baby and a grandson.
And grandma didn't go, and there was no skirt in and out.
Although an old woman is weak, please come back at night.
If you are in a hurry to serve Shirley in the river and Yang, you might as well prepare the meal in the morning. "
The night is long and silent, like crying and choking.
Dawn will rise into the future, leaving the old man alone.