1, narrative 2, description 3, lyric 4, discussion 5, explanation
(1) narrative. Narration is the most basic and common expression in writing. It is the author's narration and explanation of characters experience and events, and the transformation of scene and space. Widely used in writing articles.
(2) description. Description is an expression that describes the appearance and form of an object and reproduces it to readers. It is one of the main forms of narration, especially literary creation. It is sometimes used as an auxiliary means in general lyricism, discussion and elaboration. If the description is used well, it can be vivid and vivid, so that readers can see this person, hear his voice, feel at home, and get a strong artistic infection from it.
(3) lyric. Lyric is to express and express the author's feelings. It is the main expression in lyric style, and it is often used as an important auxiliary expression in general literary works and narratives.
(4) discussion. Discussion refers to the author's comments on a discussion object to show his views and attitudes. Its function is to make the article clear and profound, with strong philosophical and theoretical depth. In argumentative writing, it is the main expression; It is often used as an auxiliary means of expression in general narrative, expository or literary works.
(5) description. Description is an expression that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some explained objects are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, flowers, trees, buildings, utensils and so on. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, technologies, etc.
As the formal elements of an article, five expressions must serve the content expression. Writing something in different ways can produce different effects. This is the so-called expression function.
According to their functions, these five expressions can be divided into two categories, namely, objective category and subjective category.
Reproduce objective categories, including narration, description and explanation; The similarity lies in reflecting the objective image, that is, what happens in one place is written down and then conveyed to people in another place, and the achievements created by one industry are passed on to other industries. When observing, thinking and expressing, the author adopts an objective attitude and strives to truly express objective things.
Express subjective categories, including discussion and lyricism. Characterized by expressing subjective spirit. Discussion expresses the author's views on objective things, and lyrically expresses the author's subjective feelings. Generally, argumentative writing is written after the author observes life and finds problems of social significance. In the process of experiencing life, the author has a unique understanding and feeling, and after feeling, he wrote a lyric article. In a word, subjective things are transformed and transmitted outward, which is called performance.
First, the knowledge reserve of poetry appreciation
Poetry appreciation involves complicated contents, such as the author's writing background, common allusions, cultural customs, styles and schools, ideological content, common expression skills and so on. In addition, a considerable number of candidates do not have a clear understanding of some terms such as poetry style and expression skills, which brings certain difficulties to review, so the best way is to classify them by examples.
1. Language style: refined, implicit, simple, fresh and lively.
2. Ideological content: lyrical description of scenery, lyrical expression of ambition, frontier battles, sentimental feelings about things, nostalgia for the past, vagrancy, cherishing and hurting spring, in my heart forever's poems, patriotic poems, love poems, homesick poems, etc. Thoughts and feelings include infatuation, sadness, melancholy, loneliness, sadness, loneliness, boredom, calmness, leisure, joy, admiration, anger, adherence to moral integrity, and concern for the country and people.
3. Expression skills: The expression methods include narration, discussion, lyricism, description and explanation. The focus of the examination is lyricism and descriptive. Among them, lyricism can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism (borrowing scenery to express feelings, blending scenes, and supporting things to express feelings); Description can be divided into dynamic and static combination, dynamic contrast, scenery knot, music scene writing mourning, mourning scene Syaraku, contrast between light and shade, bold outline and detailed description; The order of description is: look, listen and feel; Changes in sensation, hearing, vision, taste and touch; Vision, close-up, up and down; The combination of reality and myth, etc. The methods of expression include rendering, contrast, contrast, application, combination of reality and falsehood, combination of positive and negative aspects, combination of reason and reason, suppression before promotion, arrangement, suggestion, humor, symbol, association and imagination. Some commonly used figures of speech are metaphor, allegory, enlightener, metonymy, personification, duality, exaggeration, parallelism, rhetorical question, rhetorical question, foil, repetition, irony, euphemism, intertextuality, allusions, translation, reduplication and so on.
4. Personal style of poetry: generally speaking, there are two kinds of realism and romanticism. Each poet presents different characteristics in his own creative practice and forms his own artistic style. For example, Tao Yuanming is simple and natural, Du Fu is depressed and frustrated, Li Bai is bold and elegant, Bai Juyi is easy to understand, Du Mu is beautiful and handsome, Wang Wei's poetry and painting are integrated, Wang Changling is lofty and broad-minded, Li Shangyin is lofty and tragic and desolate, his writing is gorgeous and fragrant, and Li Qingzhao's tearful and thin suburban island. In addition, there are graceful and unconstrained words and popular and humorous songs. Generally speaking, the characteristics of poetry songs are "poetic village", "charming words" and "vulgar songs" respectively.
5. Text structure: The commonly used terms are layered, echoing from beginning to end, always with main points, appropriate details, clever transition, bedding, bedding, exhibition of grand plans, and seeing the big from the small.
Second, master the problem-solving ideas
The main contents of poetry appreciation are: language, image, expression skills, ideological content and the author's views and attitudes. Because it is a short answer, limited by the number of words, candidates must carefully examine the topic requirements and accurately summarize the main points when answering questions. Note when answering questions:
1, closely related to the original poem. The purpose of the proposer's examination in this respect is to see whether the examinee really understands the poem. Therefore, the appreciation of ideological content and expression skills must be combined with the specific content of the original poem, and should not be divorced from the fuzziness of the original poem, otherwise it will be difficult to show that candidates understand the poem.
2, point and surface combination. If we study and appreciate the ideological content or expression skills of poems, we can briefly analyze the couplets of individual poems while summarizing their expressions.
3. The combination of ideological and expressive skills. If you appreciate the ideological content or expression skills of the whole poem, they are often expressed in combination, and it is difficult to answer one of them in isolation. In other words, when you ask to appreciate the ideological content or one of the expressive skills of a poem, you can answer it from both the ideological content and expressive skills.
4. Use standard terminology. When answering questions, candidates should try to use the nouns and terms mentioned above to answer.
The difference between expression and expression.
About expressions:
(1) expressions are classified into narrative, descriptive, explanatory, lyrical and argumentative expressions;
(2) An article can be based on one expression and use other expressions;
(3) There are also related expressions in the composition requirements of hot topics-you can choose one expression and use other expressions comprehensively.
Taken together, "expression" should be the method and form used to express thoughts and feelings with language, art, music and action.
About the technique of expression:
Expressing objects, expressing ambitions, writing scenery, lyrical narration, expressing feelings, telling stories, flashbacks, narrative contrast, setting off the symbol of Zhang Xianzhi, setting off the imagination, associating with caring feelings, setting off the scenery, setting up sadness, combining the virtual with the real, combining the dynamic with the static, paving the way, setting up suspense, setting up profile description, describing the positive, and expressing emotions directly and indirectly, and so on. Unlimited quantity.
On rhetorical devices;
Metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question, quotation, comparison, metonymy, irony, thimble (truth), intertextuality, analogy, allegory, rhetorical question, euphemism, allusions, translation, synaesthesia, etc.