The culture of the Tang Dynasty was very prosperous, especially the poetry of the Tang Dynasty, which occupied an extremely important position in the history of literature. But what is interesting is that poetry and wine in the Tang Dynasty were very closely related. Poetry and wine seemed to be indistinguishable, forming a unique culture in which wine was included in poetry and poetry was included in wine.
Poetry is the literature of madness, and wine is the soul of madness. The culture of the Tang Dynasty, which was both poetry and wine, was a reflection of that prosperous age. In a sense, it was wine that created a large number of great poets and formed the unique poetry and wine culture of the Tang Dynasty. It not only continued and enriched my country's poetry and cultural tradition, but also gave new artistic vitality to traditional wine culture from a deeper level.
Under the favorable economic, political, and social conditions of the Tang Dynasty, the poets' passion for poetry and wine was released to the maximum extent. Bai Juyi once said: ?
But when you encounter poetry and wine, you forget about sleep and meals. This is so true!
(Poetry and wine are inseparable)
Poetry and wine culture is an organic combination of the elegance of poetry and traditional Chinese wine culture. It is the expansion of poetry culture and the improvement of wine culture. It can maximize It expresses the poet's true temperament and enhances the appeal of poetry. Wine is the soul of poetry, and singing poetry and wine is an important form for poets to show their life and express their emotions in the heyday.
Poetry during the prosperous Tang Dynasty is always rated as having the atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty by later generations. This kind of atmosphere is the spirit revealed in the poem and the wind of a prosperous age. The poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty was majestic and profound, with endless charm.
The Bliss Banquet of the Tang Dynasty in The Legend of the Cat Demon
The prosperous Tang Dynasty was the peak of the prosperity of Tang poetry. The poets drank and sang, praising youth, praising freedom and praising the times. They were filled with health, optimism, and Upward idealistic spirit.
Among the more than 1,400 extant poems by Du Fu, there are 300 poems related to wine; among the 1,050 poems and essays by Li Bai, there are 300 poems related to wine. There are one hundred and seventy songs. Li Bai's works were lost too much during the Anshi Rebellion, so he ranked second.
(Eight Immortals in Drinking)
Du Fu has a song "Song of the Eight Immortals in Drinking": Zhizhang was riding a horse as if riding a boat, and fell into a dazzled sleep in the well water. The three battles in Ruyang began to face the sky, and the road was full of curves, salivating at the mouth of the carriage, and eager to seal it to Jiuquan. The Prime Minister of the Left spends tens of thousands of money every day, drinks like a long whale sucking in hundreds of rivers, holds a cup in his mouth and enjoys being called a sage to avoid virtuous people. Zongzhi, a handsome and handsome young man, raised his glass and looked at the blue sky, which was as bright as a jade tree before the wind. Su Jin often likes to escape to Zen when he is drunk in front of embroidering Buddha in Changzhai. Li Baidou wrote one hundred poems. He went to sleep in a restaurant in Chang'an City, but the emperor couldn't get on the ship when he called him. He claimed that he was a wine immortal. Zhang Xu's Three Cups of Grass Saint Biography, taking off his hat
Hiding his head
In front of the prince, he dropped paper like clouds of smoke. Jiao Sui fought five battles with Fang Zhuoran, and his eloquent talk shocked the four feasts. ?This poem was written by eight poets: He Zhizhang, Li Jing, Li Shizhi, Cui Zongzhi, Su Jin, Li Bai, Zhang Xu, and Jiao Sui. He Zhizhang once changed his mind to wine and drank heavily. Li Jing often went to court after getting very drunk. Su Jin believed in Buddhism, but "escaped Zen" because of drinking.
Zhang Xu cannot produce works without wine. After Li Bai drank it, even the emperor ignored him. Du Fu's poem vividly reproduces the indissoluble bond between literati and wine in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and expresses their optimistic and unrestrained spirit.
Li Bai's poems are open and closed, free and unrestrained, and full of strong romantic color. His famous saying?
If you are happy in life, you must have all the joy, and don’t let the golden bottle stand empty against the moon. . . . . In ancient times, all the sages were lonely, but only the drinkers left their names. ?The combination of Chinese poetry and wine brings the height of poetry to a new level.
(Poetry Immortal Li Bai)
Li Bai relied on his talent to be arrogant, free and unrestrained. If there is still a three-point rule before drinking, after getting drunk, you will show the spirit of "looking down at the princes and smiling proudly".
Only a drunk Li Bai could do such an act of contempt for power, such as Gao Lishi taking off his boots and the imperial concubine studying ink. Su Shi said that Li Bai "plays like a colleague and treats his colleagues like grass and grass", which is true.
Although Li Bai pursued fame and wealth, he was not obsessed with fame and wealth. ?Putting a thousand dendrobiums in a fine wine bottle? is his goal in life. Li Bai used wine to stimulate his poetry, and wine has become a symbol of Li Bai's poetry.
Bai Juyi likes to drink. What he pursues is the fragrance of green ant wine and the warmth of brown silk fur. ?Such a realm. Bai Juyi's ideal drinking style is like this: ?
Green ants' newly fermented wine, served in a small red clay stove. It's snowing in the evening, and I can't help but drink a cup. ?
(Bai Juyi)
Wang Han has the opposite style from Bai Juyi. He likes to drink heavily in the desert and pursues the true nature of a man. ?
The luminous cup of grape wine reminds you immediately if you want to drink Pipa. Don't laugh when you are lying drunk on the battlefield. How many people have fought in ancient times. Du Mu's "Smoke gathers in the cold water, the moon cages the sand, and I park in Qinhuai at night near a restaurant" describes the feasting and feasting on the banks of the Qinhuai River, and expresses the emotion of the rise of dynasties. Wang Wei's "The morning rain in Weicheng is light and dusty, and the guesthouses are clear and the willows are new." I advise you to drink a glass of wine and leave Yangguan in the west without any old friends. ?Write the scene of borrowing wine to say goodbye. Luo Yin’s: There is wine today and you will be drunk today, and you will be worried tomorrow. ?, Li Shangyin's ? Longchi gave wine to open the cloud screen, the sound of Jiegu drums was high, and everyone stopped. ? Gao Shi's ? ?, Han Yu's "Wujiang's wine with old friends is not as good as Shi Youfeng's". ?All in the poems, people can feel the poetry and wine culture of the Tang Dynasty.
Wine and poetry are companions and have a long history. Cao Cao wrote in "Dan Ge Xing": "Why is Du Kang the only one who can relieve worries?" For poets, wine is a kind of taste and a kind of thought.
Tasting wine, discussing poetry, and singing about wine are all touching the poets' souls. Poetry and wine are an inevitable combination and blend, a perfect combination of people, wine, and poetry.
(Brew-making industry in Sui and Tang Dynasties)
After the Sui Dynasty unified the world, Yang Jian worked hard to govern. According to the "Tongkao of Documents": "No one in ancient and modern times is richer than the Sui Dynasty." ?The Sui Dynasty was a prosperous dynasty. In the third year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty ordered that the wine tax be exempted.
This is the first time since the third year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that wine has been exempted from tax. In the previous Northern Zhou Dynasty, when the government set up wineries to collect profits, the wine tax was too high and the people were strongly opposed. Therefore, the Sui Dynasty exempted the wine tax and encouraged the development of the private winemaking industry, making wine a drink in people's daily life, and gave birth to the winery. Poetry and wine culture?.
The imperial examination system of the Sui and Tang Dynasties hit those noble families, and culture was no longer monopolized by the noble families.
Countless students from poor families were able to advance to official positions through the imperial examinations, more and more scholars were educated, poetry, painting, music, etc. flourished, and the literary world blossomed.
The prosperity of the economy, the broadening of horizons, and the inclusiveness of ideas created the spirit of the Tang literati who were heroic, confident, open, tolerant, and independent and enterprising. The poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty has a high-pitched, bold, vigorous, vigorous and clear style. Poets do not shun the world. Their ideal is to rule Yao and Shun and to help the world.
Drinking
Under the stimulation of wine, they wrote down their confidence, optimism, contempt for authority, and fearless spirit of breaking through all barriers. Even in adversity, they still use poetry and wine to fight. They believe that there will be a time to ride the wind and waves, and hang sails directly across the sea. They can go out and look up to the sky and laugh. How can we be the people of Penghao? This kind of self-confidence and The passion overflows in the writing, which is not found in other eras.
The winemaking technology of the Tang Dynasty made a qualitative leap compared to the previous generation. Under the policy of "public and private operations", the wines of the Tang Dynasty were rich in aroma and delicious.
The people of the Tang Dynasty also advocated "fine wine served in expensive vessels". What? "luminous cups" and "glazed bells" appeared one after another, reflecting the ultimate aestheticism tendency and the optimistic and energetic spirit of the times in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Liquor in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into three categories: grain wine, fruit wine, and prepared wine. Grain wine is further divided into clear wine and cloudy wine. It is brewed with cereals, millet, rice, corn, yellow rice, glutinous rice, etc. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, food was abundant. During the Tianbao period, the per capita food could reach more than 700 kilograms. Just like what Du Fu said in his poem: "The rice is dripping with fat, the corn is white, and both the public and private warehouses are abundant."
The abundant grain provides ample raw materials for brewing grain wine. After Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, the popularity of Hu wine, represented by wine, further enriched the varieties of wine in the Tang Dynasty.
''The luminous cup of grape wine reminds you immediately if you want to drink Pipa''; ''Looking at the green duck head of Hanshui from a distance, it looks like the first splash of grapes''. In addition, Changan also has Hu wines such as Longzhao wine and Sanlejiang wine, as well as medicinal health wines such as pine leaf wine, pine flower wine, and cypress leaf wine. It can be said that there are complete categories, and different choices are prepared for all kinds of people.
Grape wine luminous cup
After the Anshi Rebellion broke out in the 14th year of Tianbao, the country was in war and the government was financially strapped. During the reign of Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty, the government re-imposed a wine tax. The 180-year-old wine tax-free situation in the Sui and Tang Dynasties came to an end. Although the imperial wine tax revenue reached 1.5 million yuan, the "poetry and wine culture" of the Tang Dynasty also declined. From this we can also see that only in prosperous times can the poetry and wine culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty emerge.
"History of Chinese Literature" sets AD 763 as the end of the Tang Dynasty's literature. In the literature of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, those gorgeous poems were almost always written in the company of wine.
Hanshan’s? A volume full of poems by gifted scholars and a pot overflowing with saintly wine. At this time, he sucked two cups and recited five hundred poems. ?Zhang said: ?The ultimate happiness after being drunk is better than being drunk before. The movements and facial expressions are all dance, and the words are all poetry. ?
It is a reappearance of the combination of wine, poetry, and culture during the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and it is also the swan song of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Among the more than 50,000 existing Tang poems, more than 6,000 directly sing about wine, and there are countless others related to wine. Although geniuses like Li Shangyin and Du Mu also appeared in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the vigorous and enterprising spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty can no longer be seen in their poems.
Although Li Shangyin loved wine, he could only write the implicit and difficult-to-understand "Untitled"; and Du Mu's?
May I ask where the restaurant is? The shepherd boy looked at Xinghua Village in the distance ?What stands out is a feeling of heartbreak and soul-breaking. There is no longer the momentum and optimism of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
In 763 AD, a prosperous age came to an end, and so did the era of "poetry and wine culture". Du Fu wrote in "Reminiscences of Li Bai in Spring": When does a bottle of wine change the focus and detail of the essay? It is a sigh that the prosperous times are gone, and it is an expectation for the next era of "poetry and wine culture".
The Sad Du Fu
When we read Tang poetry in the prosperous age, we appreciate the wildness, heroism and frankness of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. We seem to have returned to the Tang Dynasty in that prosperous age, enjoying unparalleled poetry. , the domineering beauty. This is the essence of Chinese culture, the romanticism of unfettered freedom and individual liberation, and the joyful song of a prosperous age.