There are many kinds of art, and most people usually only understand art as painting and sculpture. In fact, the scope of art should include painting, sculpture, arts and crafts and architectural art, because they are all made of certain materials (drawing paper, cloth, board, pigment, etc.). ); Carve with wood, stone, mud, copper, etc. Arts and crafts and architectural arts use a wider range of materials), creating a visible plane or three-dimensional image, reflecting the objective world and expressing the author's feelings about the objective world. Therefore, art is also called plastic arts, visual arts or space arts. Of course, this is their * * * similarity, but each art form has its own particularity, which constitutes the main characteristics of painting, sculpture, arts and crafts and architectural arts. From the perspective of art appreciation, this paper introduces the main characteristics of painting, sculpture, arts and crafts and architectural arts respectively.
draw
Painting is the most important art form in fine arts. It uses tools such as pen, knife, ink, pigment, etc., through lines, colors, light and shade, perspective and composition, to create an artistic image that can be directly seen on the plane with fixed shape, volume, texture and sense of space, such as paper, textiles, boards and walls. This artistic image is not only a reflection of real life, but also the author's feelings about real life, reflecting the painter's thoughts, feelings and world outlook. At the same time, it also has a certain sense of beauty, from which people can receive education and enjoy beauty.
As far as the types and forms of painting are concerned, painting is one of the most colorful art forms in the whole art category.
It can be divided into Chinese painting, oil painting, printmaking, watercolor painting, gouache painting, sketch, sketch and so on. Some of these paintings can be divided into many styles because of the different materials, tools or expressions used. For example, Chinese painting can be divided into mural painting and scroll painting. In terms of performance characteristics, it can be divided into. Meticulous painting, freehand brushwork and concurrent writing; Prints can be divided into: woodcut, copperplate, lithograph, silk-leaking print, offset printing, etc. Among them, woodcuts can be divided into black and white woodcuts and color woodcuts. Due to the different production techniques of woodcuts, there are watermark woodcuts and mimeographed woodcuts.
According to the social function and manifestation of painting, it is customarily divided into poster, New Year picture, cartoon, comic book, group picture, illustration and other painting genres. These paintings can not be limited to the use of certain materials, materials and tools. For example, you can make posters with oil paintings and gouache, and you can also draw posters with paintings such as traditional Chinese painting and printmaking. So are others.
According to the theme of painting, painting is generally divided into portrait painting, genre painting, historical painting, landscape painting and still life painting. Similarly, these kinds of paintings are not limited to one kind of materials and tools, that is, oil paintings can draw portraits, genre paintings, historical paintings, landscape paintings and still life paintings, and most other paintings can also be used to draw the above paintings. In addition to the above methods, Chinese paintings with a long tradition can also be divided into "hand scroll", "hanging axis" and "picture album" according to their unique mounting forms.
Painting is not only rich in types and forms, but also has obvious differences in artistic forms, means of expression and artistic styles among different countries and nations due to different social, political, economic and cultural traditions. It is generally believed that oriental painting developed from ancient Egyptian, Persian, Indian, China and other oriental civilizations and western painting with Europe as the center developed from ancient Greek and Roman paintings are the two most important painting systems in the world. They have influenced each other in history and made their own important contributions to human civilization.
However, both oriental painting and western painting, as an important art form, have their own characteristics. This is mainly manifested in that it reflects life and expresses the painter's feelings about objective reality through concrete artistic images that can be directly seen. In shaping concrete and intuitive artistic images, it is more concrete and vivid than novels and poems, and more easily accepted by the masses. However, because a painting can only show a relatively static moment, it cannot show the development process of characters and events like novels, poems, movies and dramas, nor can it introduce characters and events from dialogue or general explanation like novels and dramas, so it has certain limitations. In order to overcome this limitation, excellent paintings are good at choosing the most general and expressive moments of people or events. Although the image of this moment is fixed on the screen, because the characters provided by painting are concrete and can be seen directly, as long as they are well portrayed, they can also have fascinating artistic charm. Many famous paintings at home and abroad can illustrate this point.
Secondly, the materials and tools used in painting, such as paper, boards, pens, ink, pigments, knives, etc. , has more special functions than other arts (such as literature). This is mainly manifested in: although some material materials (such as pens, ink and paper) are also used in literary works, they only play the role of a tool, which is inseparable from the artistic image to be created by the works. However, painting is different. The materials it uses not only serve as tools, but also have their own inherent characteristics, which is also an important factor in creating artistic images, especially in forming aesthetic values. For example, the brushwork and interest of Chinese painting, the brushwork and rich color sense of oil painting, the knife method of woodcut and the "wood taste" and so on. , not only has an inseparable relationship with artistic image, but also has aesthetic value.
In addition, the subject matter of painting is wider than other arts. For example, novels and dramas can't mainly describe natural scenery or still life, but in painting, landscape painting and still life painting are completely independent painting genres, which once became the main body of painting art in history. It is precisely because painting has a wider range of materials than other arts that painting is one of the most colorful art forms in the whole art and even the whole art category.
carve
Sculpture, also known as sculpture, is named because it mainly adopts carving and plastic production methods. The important feature of sculpture is the use of various plastics (such as clay) or materials that can be sculpted and copied (such as stone, wood, metal, etc.). ) to create a variety of specific artistic images that occupy a certain space, thus reflecting real life and expressing the artist's aesthetic feelings and ideals. Therefore, concrete, vivid and expressive forms are the most important means of sculpture art, or the language of sculpture art. This is beyond the reach of other art forms.
However, just as any art form has its limitations, sculpture art also has its limitations compared with other art forms. For example, sculpture can't directly and meticulously describe people's living environment like painting. Except for some reliefs with plots, it is generally not suitable to directly reproduce the process and development of people and things. In order to overcome this limitation, sculpture art especially needs sculptors to reflect real life more strongly and generally, and requires rich ideological content in simple artistic images to achieve the unity of opposites between simplicity and richness. For example, the masterpiece Thinking by Rodin, a modern French sculptor, carved a girl's head deep in thought on a rough stone base. This very simple image can arouse people's rich associations. Another example is the modern sculpture Hard Times, which shows the hardships of the Red Army soldiers. It does not describe the Red Army's charge, nor does it describe how the Red Army overcame difficulties and hardships. It is only through a simple artistic image, in which an old Red Army soldier and a young Red Army soldier play the flute while resting on the March, to express the lofty theme that Red Army soldiers always yearn for a better future despite their hard work and fatigue. The ideological content of the two figures in this sculpture is no less than a large-scale historical painting with many figures. At the same time, sculpture, especially large-scale monument sculpture, attaches great importance to the "image" of sculpture, that is, the three-dimensional outline of sculpture. This image stands out clearly, attracting the audience at once, which is the best artistic expression.
In addition, sculpture is to shape a specific shape with a certain material, which is not only related to human vision, but also related to human touch. The two senses of vision and touch can make the materials used in sculpture have aesthetic value. Rodin once said when talking about the world famous sculpture "Wiener of Milos": "Touching this statue will almost make you feel warm". This sense of touch from the statue of Venus depends on the psychological factors caused by the visual association of the viewer. However, this association is mainly due to the beauty of the statue itself and the white marble it uses. If you use another material, such as bronze, to make the statue of Venus, it will be a completely different feeling. Therefore, an excellent sculptor knows which material to use according to the content of the work and the artistic effect he wants to achieve. It can be seen that the material of sculpture, in addition to the aesthetic value when combined with artistic image, often determines the production method and artistic effect of sculpture.
Of course, the above are just a few outstanding features of sculpture art, and they are also in a general sense. Because there are many forms of sculpture, it is generally divided into two types: round carving and relief. Circular sculpture refers to a completely three-dimensional sculpture that is not attached to any background and can be viewed from all angles. Relief is a kind of sculpture that carves raised images on a plane. According to the thickness of surface bumps, it can be divided into two types: high relief and shallow relief. In addition, there is another kind of sculpture between the round sculpture and the relief, that is, on the basis of the relief, the background part of the building is empty, some are single-sided and some are double-sided. According to the purpose and purpose of making sculptures, the above three types of sculptures can be divided into shelf sculptures (such as figures or animals displayed in general art exhibitions), monument sculptures (such as Liu Hulan Monument sculptures), garden sculptures (such as Mo Chounv statues in Nanjing Mochou Lake Park) and practical decorative sculptures. Coupled with the different artistic traditions of different countries, all kinds of sculptures have their own different characteristics, which need to be analyzed in detail.