Explain the characteristics of European and American literature in content and form in the early twentieth century. Dear, you can help me.

homework 1. 1. 2. short answer 1. what are the basic characteristics of European and American realistic literature in the 2th century? First of all, humanitarianism and democracy are still important ideological weapons for writers. In the first half of the 2th century, "Roland Doctrine" was the basic position of realistic writers. They lashed out at the inhuman social reality, criticized the alienation of people by society, condemned the cruelty of rulers and the atrocities of fascism, sympathized with the insulted and damaged lower class people, sympathized with the proletarian revolution, and yearned for a better future without oppression. However, due to taking "fraternity" as the starting point and the end point, preaching "love can save everything" and taking equality between the rich and the poor as the ultimate goal, it essentially inherited the tradition of the 19th century and failed to reach a new height. Secondly, writers always adhere to authenticity, the basic principle of realistic literary creation. Taking the realistic, concrete and changing people's spiritual world and life experiences as the description object, this paper discusses the life details from the relationship between people and the surrounding environment and makes a real aesthetic reflection. They look at the complex and cruel reality with great enthusiasm and critical eyes, and show the development process of the objective world historically, trying to answer the problem of "always existing but unable to solve" through the artistic summary of characters' personalities, destinies and environments, and convincingly revealing the irretrievably declining trend of the old system and old life. Many works, in reflecting the reality, place their hopes on changing the reality, and make the political color of the works very distinct. Third, the description focuses on introversion and subjectiveness, and the artistic form is eclectic and inclusive. "Digging into the inner century" is a trend of European and American literature and aesthetics in the 2th century. Writers constantly innovate in synthesis, which not only combines the objective realism of naturalism, but also absorbs the artistic skills of modernism such as symbolism and stream of consciousness. Such as inner monologues and dream descriptions. Subconscious expression, sexual psychological description, time sequence inversion, absurd deformation, multi-angle plot development and multi-level structural forms, etc., which were not adopted or even rejected in traditional realism, have become commonplace in realistic works in the twentieth century. Fourthly, the characterization emphasizes the multiplicity of personality and downplays the description of typical personality. The loss of rational belief is a fundamental feature of western culture in the 2th century. Realistic writers, on the other hand, always face life directly. In the process of investigation and analysis, they strengthened their objective and pragmatic stance and alienated or abandoned their idealized and simplistic way of thinking. Therefore, in their works, the tall and perfect heroes gradually disappear, and the protagonists who replace them can be roughly divided into two categories. One is positive people, who have a persistent pursuit of life goals and a high sense of social responsibility, but their inner world is complex, and the other is ordinary people with defects and weaknesses, who are low-energy, clumsy, fragile and sometimes timid; A little confused about life, maybe a little cynical; But they are good people. They don't do evil, and they don't harm others' interests. Instead, they actually do a lot of things that are ignored and despised but beneficial to society. The world is made up of them. What are the differences between thomas mann's realism and traditionalism? Symbolic characters; Metaphorical description of details; The expression of stream of consciousness; Non-plot of the novel; In addition, he also used psychoanalysis, implicit irony and even absurd details to interweave reality with dreams, reality with hallucinations, and memory with impressions. What is the main content of Brecht's "narrative drama" theory? What are the artistic characteristics of "narrative drama"? In Brecht's view, v. drama emphasizes drama conflict and drama, which is a drama based on Aristotle's theory of fate tragedy. That is to say, by imitating what causes fear and pity, the audience's thoughts produce fear and pity, thus being morally purified. Brecht's narrative drama, on the other hand, aims to arouse the audience's interest in thinking, stimulate their desire to change reality, and convince them that the century is changeable, thus cultivating their positive attitude towards life. The artistic features of narrative drama, including the technique of "defamiliarization", make the audience observe and understand common things with new eyes. In this way, directors and actors consciously create an emotional distance between the stage and the audience, so that the actor is both the actor and the judge of the role, and the audience becomes a sober bystander and treats the events on the stage with an exploratory and critical attitude. 4. What is socialist realism? "Socialist realism" is the basic method of Soviet literary creation and criticism formulated at the first Soviet writers' congress held in August 1934. "Socialist realism" requires artists to describe the reality truly and historically from the revolutionary development of reality. At the same time, the authenticity and historical concreteness of artistic description must be combined with the task of ideological transformation and education of working people with the spirit of socialism. Socialist realism ensures that artistic creation has a special possibility to give full play to the initiative of creation and choose various forms, styles and genres. "It not only embodies the self-renewal mechanism of realism in the period of socialist Soviet Union, but also gives birth to the way that the 2th century realistic novels belong to the Soviet Union alone. At the same time, it also restricts the space of realistic novels because of the exclusive position of socialist realism. This situation changed after the fifties and sixties. Third, analyze the image of gregory Malekhov, the hero of The Quiet Don? First, gregory's personality characteristics Gregory is a Cossack who was born on the beautiful prairie. He loves labor, is simple and enthusiastic, and has a kind heart. When mowing the grass, he accidentally injured a duckling, and "a sudden feeling of great pity occurred in his heart". He used to live a quiet life, but the war broke out, followed by the Great Revolution. "People became worse than wolves and were surrounded by hatred." However, Gregory tried to maintain people's self-esteem and self-confidence, never lost his conscience and sympathy, and never degenerated into a beast. The first time he chopped an Austrian soldier, his heart was greatly shaken, and his deep pain made him "thin." He sympathized with the people who were miserable in the war, especially felt angry and sad at the indiscriminate killing of prisoners and anti-humanity behaviors dominated by blind hatred and intolerance. Therefore, when a Cossack brutally chopped the prisoners, he shot him in a hurry; Cossack soldiers gang raped Polish girls, and he came forward to rescue them out of indignation. Stepan, a rival in love, fell on the battlefield and was in distress. He risked his life to save the man who deliberately killed himself several times. When the Red Army officer Potterkov shot and killed the White Army officer without trial, he was shocked and left the Red Army. As a rebel leader, he led a team to kill the Red Army crazily, but his heart was extremely distressed. Not only did he never rob himself, but his subordinates were forbidden to rob him. Even his father was reprimanded for taking the opportunity to make a profit. He defied the orders of his superiors, released the imprisoned Red Army, protected their wives and children, and called the sister-in-law who killed the Red Army soldiers a "vicious bitch". Although the cruelty of life once confused him and danced with wolves, he didn't become a wolf. In the era of the extinction of human nature, he was dependent on human nature and obsessed with truth, goodness and beauty, which showed his personality charm. More and more, he felt that the slaughter of the Red Army was an unforgivable evil act and issued a sad cry: "Cut me!" " It is the sympathy and sense of justice that the war can't destroy in the hero's body that makes us see the brilliance of Gregory's humanity and the dignity of being a man. Gregory presented before us is complex and contradictory, both resisting the old traditional ideas and compromising with the Cossack traditional consciousness. Cossack, a special military peasant class in the imperial Russian era, has the characteristics of diligence, courage, independence and uninhibited, as well as ignorance, conservatism and patriarchal clan system. Gregory, a Cossack, cannot be defined by beauty or ugliness, goodness or E Lai. He is kind and upright, but fierce and violent. He loves freedom, yearns for justice and dares to explore the truth, but he swings from side to side. He boldly pursued love and was loyal to it, but at the same time he succumbed to his father's orders to marry Na Dalia. After marriage, he was cruel to her and not without debauchery in sexual relations. He not only worked for the revolution, but also slaughtered revolutionaries. He has a noble personality that is closely related to ordinary working people. However, his level of ideological understanding remains at the primitive level. The good, evil, beauty and ugliness of his character are not simply juxtaposed or separated from each other, but interdependent, transformed and set off each other. The hero's heart is a battlefield, where God and the devil fight. Gregory envied the staunch revolutionary Cosay Woyi and the reactionary White Army officer Liszt Nitzky. "They knew everything from the beginning, but I still smeared everything up to now." In fact, this is exactly where he stands out. Through the image of Gregory, sholokhov reveals the versatility and richness of human beings. Truth and falsehood, good and evil, beauty and ugliness are intertwined. It is difficult to judge whether it is right or wrong, but it needs a soul of its own. This is the charm of personality. Second, the typical image of gregory gregory is a typical exploration and pursuit. This kind, hardworking and simple Cossack has all the good qualities of Cossack workers. He has all kinds of prejudices of the Cossack era. Cossacks are a special group of Russian people. In the long-term historical development, they have formed the characteristics of loving labor, advocating freedom and being rough and good at fighting. Under the policy of the tsar's ignorance, the Cossack class has retained many medieval life characteristics and customs, and a blind sense of superiority is embodied in Gregory. On the one hand, we can see the excellent qualities of the middle and lower classes of Cossacks, such as bravery, enthusiasm, honesty and compassion. On the other hand, he was influenced by the Cossack's backward tradition and moral prejudice, blindly worshiped the honor of soldiers, and put the struggle for the Cossack's right to subsistence and self-control above everything else. Gregory's falling into gangs is the embodiment of historical tragedy in Gregory and the extension and deepening of Cossack's tragic tortuous road in the civil war, and this historical tragedy has historical inevitability. It is historical inevitability that Gregory resolutely left the gang. Because of this, it is difficult for him to know the truth and accept the revolution. His fantasy of finding the middle way has repeatedly hit a wall in real life. In less than five years, Gregory joined the Red Army twice, joined the White Army and the rebels three times, and had conflicts with representatives of various social forces. Gregory's contradiction and pain are obviously inseparable from the specific group to which he belongs. Through his tragic fate, it is reflected in the fate of the framework of some Cossack peasant realism in the construction of Soviet regime. Third, gregory's tragic roots gregory's tragic roots mainly come from two aspects, social roots and family roots. To a great extent, gregory wants to transcend and resist the surrounding environment, because this environment belittles the meaning of life and ignores the dignity of life. He kept pursuing, but he was always in a state of self-denial. Love and hate for people, hatred and doubt for what he has done, support and resistance for historical events, avoidance and devotion all dominate his soul and crush his heart. Gregory, as an individual, has a beautiful personality, and his yearning and exploration reflect the value and significance of human beings. However, Cossack's strong sense of self-consciousness, wholeness, cohesion, superiority and exclusivity formed by the unique position of the Don River area and military life have always influenced him, making it impossible for him to completely surpass him. He has been trying to integrate himself into the struggle of the times and the torrent of the people in his drift from place to place, but his stubborn individualism and his position of doubting everything made him unable to achieve the combination with the people in the end. His final failure in the struggle not only reflects the life tragedy of an individualist, but also reflects the distance between ideal and reality. He has infinite enthusiasm and desire for life, but this desire is nowhere to be found. After experiencing all kinds of hardships in life, Gregory exhausted his original passion and failed to find a spiritual home. In his personal life, gregory wavered between his wife Natalya and his lover, Cuoxinia. He returned to his wife twice and fell in the arms of his lover three times, which made the two women who both loved him feel extremely miserable for him. Natalya hated her husband's infidelity and died of abortion without permission. However, she still forgave him and still loved him so deeply before she arrived, but the novel did not arrange the final farewell between gregory and Natalya. On the other hand, on the way to escape, Cuoxinia and Gregory thought that they could tide over the difficulties and escape to another place to live a good life, but they were shot. Sholokhov finally lost two of the most important women in her life. Such a love ending is really heartbreaking. Gregory's tragedy lies in his kind heart. Yes, he used to be a very cold, cruel and rude cossack boy. However, he loved the people so deeply, which directly led to his tragedy. The war shown in the novel is extremely cruel, and the Cossacks living in the war can only do so. In order to survive, they live between life, between hatred and love, between laying down their weapons again and again, but they are forced to pick up their weapons again and again by the circumstances at that time. Admittedly, in such an independent and aloof world, the result can only be a tragedy. 4. gregory's Charm of Humanity Since the first novel The Quiet Don came out in 1928, people's interest in Gregory, the hero of the novel, has been enduring. The reason is mainly due to the unique personality charm of this image. In 1957, sholokhov revealed in an interview: "For a writer, the first thing he needs is to express the movement of human mind. I want to show this charm in Gregory Malekhov. " After reading The Quiet Don, we realize that the writer doesn't just want to describe the tragic life of a nobody with a strong handwriting, but more importantly, he wants to express something through the hero Gregory, which I think is the core theme of this paper. Reflect the charm of human nature through the fate of the characters, and reflect the theme of this article with the tragic life of the little people. The author makes it clear that the charm of people should be reflected through the "spiritual movement" of this image, and the tragic character and personality charm are organically intertwined, which constitutes the unique color of this image. Gregory's charm lies in his painful resistance to the corrosion and distortion of his human nature caused by the war, and in his personality strength surpassing others. This is because the historical ethical standards are suspended here and replaced by aesthetic standards. What are the basic characteristics of expressionist literature in short answer questions? The origin of the concept of expressionism: it was first used in the criticism of painting, and then used in the literary criticism. Expressionism is an anti-traditional modernist school, which has different manifestations in painting, literature, music, movies and other art forms. Characterized in that: (1) Typed characters; A dreamlike plot; Express inner passion; Strong contrast; Use unconventional means of expression. 2. How is the multiplicity of The Castle expressed?