In the 1920s and 1930s, works describing workers' lives appeared in Switzerland, some of which were autobiographical and reflected the situation of the working class, such as the experience of a waitress's daughter (1879~ 1934). Some take the economic crisis in 1930s as the background, reflecting the experience of St Gallen workers, such as the novel Embroidery Worker by Elizabeth Gelter (1895~ 1955).
Robert wall (1878~ 1956) was the most important Swiss writer in the early 20th century. He is autobiographical, using modern novel techniques and incoherent plots to describe the lives of small employees, showing the social relations of alienation of modern capitalism. His works have vague meanings, which attracted the attention of critics after World War II and became a model of modern western novels.
In the early 1920s, Zurich was the center of the fierce anti-traditional art "Dadaism" in Europe, and it was also the residence of many foreign exiled writers before and during the Second World War. Zurich Theatre was the most important anti-fascist theatre in German-speaking Europe at that time. In modern Swiss literature, Max Frish (191~) and Friedrich Dürrenmatt (192 1~) have won world fame for their unique artistic achievements. Frish is good at describing the alienation of modern capitalist society through his own personal experience, which has attracted the attention of literary critics. Durham Matt's plays depict a strange life picture with historical pessimism by grotesque means, and reveal some essential characteristics of modern capitalist society. Frish's plays and essays in the form of diaries, as well as Durham Matt's novels and radio plays which are good at describing crimes, occupy an important position in modern Swiss German literature.
Swiss French literature
In the transitional period from the end of 19 to the 20th century, the spiritual life of French-speaking Switzerland has shown a new trend. Ferdinand de Saussure (1857~ 19 13) made a new exploration in linguistic research. He described language as a system of binary states and made a systematic study of the structures of different states, thus setting a precedent for structuralist epistemology. Later, the famous psychologist jean piaget (1896~ 1980) applied his method to the study of epistemology, and elaborated it in detail in his book Structuralism (1968).
From 1903 to 1904, the cultural life in French-speaking Switzerland has a tendency of "localization". René Morax (1873~ 1963), a folk poet in Wozhou, established the "Zola Theatre" in the hinterland of Lausanne, which fostered the tradition of festival drama performance and also staged the works of modern playwrights. At the same time, the literary magazine Curtain of Latin advocates Latin civilization and opposes the tendency of "pan-Germanism in French". Later, Gonzag de Reno (1880~ 1970), a famous poet in Fribourg, published The Chronicle of Wo, advocating local patriotism in Wo. Encounter, published in 1950s, tries to break through this localism tendency and strengthen communication with other countries with different languages.
Huschard Ferdinand Lamu (1878~ 1947) pioneered modern narrative literature in French-speaking Switzerland. His works, with obvious regional color, are devoted to describing the beautiful scenery of the mountainous areas in Wozhou, the traditional crude customs, the difficult life of farmers and the love stories in the countryside. As a journalist and writer, he traveled all over the world and was exposed to various modern thoughts. His works have obvious cosmopolitan tendencies. In addition, the writer Jacques Sesykes (1934~) described the crime and punishment of Calvinism, while George Haldas (19 17~) and gaston Xie Piluo (1925~) described the workers, citizens and other lower classes.
Swiss Italian literature
Italian Swiss literature began with the famous writer and educator Francisco Chieza (187 1~ 1973). His main achievements are poetry, prose and novels, and his Spring in March is a popular reading for students. The writers in the minority literature group with him as the core all have the characteristics of conservative thinking and artistic style, and mostly describe the idyllic rural and adolescent life. Angelo Nesi (1873~ 1932) has humorous style, exquisite writing and decadent content, among which the novel Chip is the masterpiece. Pietro Bianconi (1899~)' s most famous work Genealogy (1969) describes the tragic social situation in detail in the form of letters from ancestors who emigrated to the United States.
George O 'Reilly (192 1~), the most important Swiss Italian writer in the 20th century, is regarded as the best poet in modern Italy. His satirical poems, pastoral poems, proverbs and a collection of short stories, A Day in My Life (196 1), are all good at brevity and vividness. O 'Reilly is also a famous critic. In the book Oral Confirmation (1978), he commented on the important Italian writers in ancient and modern times, such as Dante, Petrarch and Montalais. As a poet and critic, O 'Reilly represents the highest level of modern Swiss Italian literature.
Italian novelists in Switzerland are mostly influenced by Italian novels. The Bread of the Twentieth Century and The Widow of the Poor by Felice Filippini (19 17~) have some relations with naturalism. The novels of Plinio Martini (1923~ 1979) and Giovanni O 'Reilly (1928~) reflect the contradiction between man and nature, farmer culture and modern science and technology, and the transition from the small world of farmers to the industrial consumption society. O 'Reilly established his prominent position in new Ticino literature with his social critical novels.
Swiss Reto Romantic Literature
/kloc-the documents in the romance of Leto before the 9th century, mainly historical books and bibles, such as the New Testament translated by Yasham Biflund (/kloc-6th century) and the Hymn of David translated by Duris imperl (/kloc-0th century), had an important influence on the formation of the romance of Leto. By the beginning of the19th century, literary creation had developed in three different dialect areas, namely Ngadin, Suserva and Suserva. These three dialect areas were generally similar, but each had its own characteristics in expression and theme.
Swiss ngaddin literature
Since the 20th century, significant changes have taken place in A Ding's literature. Pedro Lanser (1863~ 1943) criticized the conservative tendency of sticking to the old ways and standing still. Under his influence, the poet Joan Guidong (1892~ 1966), the novelist Simon von Moss (1868~ 1940) and the playwright Laurian Grant (1847).
Susselva, Switzerland
Susava literature, which developed in19th century, is more emotional and patriotic than Ngardin literature. Its earliest literary works are the epic and narrative poems of Gion Anthony Hongde (1824~ 1867). Most of his poems praise the virtues and customs of villagers and attack foreign influences. In addition, Maurus Kano (1846~ 1935), the elder of Disentis Monastery, made this monastery the cultural center of Suselva with his achievements in poetry and education. Suseva's realistic narrative literature developed earlier than that of A Ding, and its important representatives are Gaqin Michel Nye (1860~ 1920), Ji 'an Feng Tana (1897~ 1935) and others.
The literature of Susaiwa dialect developed late, and Susaiwa dialect has been written for nearly 30 years. Alexander Rosa (1880~ 1953) was the first poet to write in this dialect.