Yu Luosheng
(1) Love.
The future is locked.
Memory has a lock.
Her image has been included in a concentric lock;
Pure heart and joy merge into a river.
Single-minded love merges into a river.
Having her life is a glorious rebirth river!
Picturesque love
This is a radiant spring.
A forest covered with fallen Englishmen
Deep red thoughts piled up in front of my eyes-
Poetic love
This is an exciting chord.
Maybe it's a beautiful fairy in the forest
I have finished reading the wishes in my heart!
(2) Chrysanthemum Flower God
Moonlight through the clouds
Drifting in the chrysanthemum garden
Think about it.
The universe contains mysterious forces.
Can turn back the clock
Back to-
A night that went down in history
Plump chrysanthemum
The same moonlight
Burning incense, praying, there is a woman.
Eyebrows like geese, graceful.
Devotion, hope-
Ah! Man is brighter than the moon.
The story of dixin moon. oh
The wind is clear and the clouds are light.
The smell is far away.
My imagination is like a mermaid.
On the edge of Xinghai
cruise ......
(c) water regeneration
When it just melted from the glacier,
Be fascinated by freedom
Although he is the son of a mountain.
But to the sea.
Because the sea is-
Immortality of water
A big river flows happily!
The company commander can't see the source of its loneliness every day.
Whether it's cloudy or not tomorrow.
Or the howling sea breeze.
Today's waves
They all rush with jumps.
Show off its ownership
(4) farewell
I feel a little heartbroken that you are going to travel far away.
I didn't expect to see you off on a rainy day.
We will all embark on a bleak future.
Prepare for a stormy life.
I will write to you. ...
I won't ask you on the way.
Does the sky ring or not?
There is no wind around;
Just asking you about the trip.
Do you have an umbrella in your hand?
Is there a rainbow in the sky? ...
I .[ Definition and Classification of Poetry]
Poetry is a literary genre that uses rich and novel imagination and rhythmic language to highly praise life and express feelings.
This lyric style can be said to be produced at the same time as human language. The trinity of early human poetry, music and dance profoundly influenced the lyricism of poetry style and the musical composition of poetry language. For thousands of years, the style of poetry has experienced the evolution from simple to diverse, from single to complex. Today, people have gained the following knowledge when classifying diverse and complicated poetic phenomena.
(A) lyrics and narrative poems
According to the content and expression of poetry, poetry can be divided into lyric poetry and narrative poetry. Lyric poetry is a poetic style that expresses subjective feelings in the author's tone. The author regards social life as "subjective" and "self-directed", and all poetic images have undergone personalized deformation due to the transformation of the author's mind. It has no complete character image and event process, even if a few character images and event images appear, they are fragments of the author's strong subjective feelings. Generally speaking, the space is short, and often with the help of subjective lyric artistic techniques, a strong emotional self-image is created. The basic forms of lyric poetry in history are landscape poetry, object-chanting poetry, love poetry and philosophical poetry. Cao Cao's Looking at the Sea, Li Shangyin's Untitled and Bing Xin's Spring Water are all examples of the above lyric poems. Narrative poetry is a kind of poetry that depicts characters and narrates events in a narrator's tone. Compared with lyric poetry, it has a more complete event plot and can use various techniques to describe characters; Compared with novels, plays and movies, it has simple plot, simple characters, few details, general narrative language and full of passion. The narrative poet "is not telling a story, but singing a story" (He Qifang: Talk about writing poetry, see writers talk about creation, Huacheng Publishing House, 198 1 edition, 174 page). The basic styles of stereotyped narrative poems in history are epic, poetic drama and general. The Iliad in ancient Greece, Peacock Flying Southeast in ancient China and modern Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang are all representatives of this kind of poetry.
(B) metrical poems and free poems
Poetry can be divided into metrical poems, free poems, folk songs and prose poems.
Metric poetry is a poetic style created according to a fixed format and strict rhyme. This poetic style has a format and composition that cannot be arbitrarily violated in terms of the number of lines per poem, the number of words per line, the rhythm of a poem and the rhyme of a word. In the early days of poetry, in order to facilitate reading and singing, people formed the musicality of poetry language through certain metrical patterns. In the long history of poetic style development, there are differences between ancient metrical poems and modern metrical poems. Ancient metrical poems, quatrains, words and songs are the specific styles of ancient metrical poems. There are only eight metrical poems and four quatrains, all of which are confined to a fixed level and flat rhythm, and there is a strict antithesis between the four sentences in the metrical poem. There are many fixed aphorisms and tunes in lyrics and songs. Although their poems vary in length, their flat and even meter is stricter than metrical poems and quatrains. These strict formats have formed the musicality of poetry singing three sighs and harmonious rhythm. The formal norms of modern metrical poetry are being explored. Wen Yiduo put forward the formal norms of modern metrical poems in 1930s, and He Qifang put them into creative practice. Today's authors have also experimented with the forms of modern metrical poems, such as "the same body" (such as nine-character poems), "the same body" (such as three-line poems), "antithesis" and "flat lines" (five steps per line, without rhyme), but China has not yet produced truly influential modern metrical poems. Judging from the lyricism and musicality of poetry style, China's contemporary poetry needs the full development and expansion of modern metrical poetry. Modern metrical poetry has a vast world for writers to explore in drawing lessons from the successful experience of foreign metrical poetry and inheriting the excellent tradition of China's ancient metrical poetry.
Free verse is relative to metrical verse. Refers to a relatively free poetic style in poetic language that is not limited by metrical forms. There is no fixed format for the number of words per line, the division of each poem and the rhythm of each poem. Generally speaking, it arranges the poetic images and the rhythm and melody of the poetic language according to the ups and downs of the author's inner feelings. This freedom, which is not bound by the form of poetry, makes it the most popular poetic style in contemporary times, and it is also a poetic style that poetry lovers are more willing to accept. Guo Moruo's Heavenly Dog, Ai Qing's Ode to Light and Shu Ting's To Oak are all excellent works of free verse.
(3) Folk songs and prose poems
Folk songs are poems created collectively by the people and passed down from mouth to mouth. Folk songs are lively and lively, unlike free verse, which is not bound by fixed style and rhythm. Poetic language has a strong flavor of life. Bixing and exaggeration are often used to create poetic images, which embodies the poetic style of rich imagination, simplicity and vividness, and easy to remember and sing.
Prose poetry is a poetic style with the characteristics of lyric poetry and lyric prose. It is the product of the ingenious fusion of some expressive elements of poetry and some reproducible elements of prose. It uses free and flexible prose forms to convey exquisite poetic images. Although it is not arranged and rhymed like poetry, its language still has an inherent sense of rhythm and musical beauty. It uses metaphors and symbols in artistic techniques, and in just a few hundred words, it integrates poetry, painting and philosophy into a poetic scene of scenes. Tagore's Crescent Poetry School, Lu Xun's Weeds and Guo Feng's Ye Di are all excellent prose poems.
Second, the aesthetic characteristics of poetry
(A) condensed and summarized lyricism
Compared with prose and novels, the artistic image of poetry is highly concentrated and general. Cang Kejia's "Three Generations" summed up the unchangeable tragic fate of farmers in old China from generation to generation in six lines. This kind of concentration and generalization requires that the people, events, scenes, events and theories involved in poetry must be typical and refined, and their artistic connection and combination are leaping and economical. It does not have the realism of novel images and prose images, nor does it have the plot branch and scene environment of narrative literature. Most of the resources of the artistic image of poetry come from the poet's subjective mind, which is the concrete material of the poet's subjective feelings, and embodies a expressive aesthetic feature of summarizing life, surpassing life and transforming life.
The history of the development of poetic style proves that poetry is a good carrier for human beings to express and vent their emotions. In the specific writing process, the poet chooses and refines the poetic images for the purpose of expressing subjective feelings, and creates and sets the poetic mood. Various techniques used in poetic language are also aimed at expressing feelings more accurately, meticulously and ironically. Without the motivation of human lyricism, there is no motivation for the emergence and development of poetry.
The emotion expressed by poetic images is concrete and personalized in form, which directly comes from the author's personal experience of poetic beauty. The aesthetic quality of excellent poetry embodies the deep emotional state of people and the deep emotional experience of human nature in this personalized emotion. People of different times like to chant Li Shangyin's love poems, because the poetry of "It is difficult to meet each other, the east wind rises and a hundred flowers bloom" summarizes an unforgettable emotional experience of human beings, such as lovesickness, painful parting and loyalty. The poet expresses the emotion of "self", but the fundamental reason for the eternal spread of poetry art is to go to the field of "self" of human beings.
(B) bold and magical imagination
Although the emotions conveyed by poetic images are general and typical, they must be concrete and vivid in artistic expression. The key to the art of poetry is to turn intangible emotions into tangible images, to turn abstract concepts into vivid images and to visualize the author's emotions. The visualization of this emotion is realized through poetic images. The smallest artistic unit of poetic artistic conception is poetic image. Poetry image is the image in the author's mind, and it is a unique image recreated by people, events, scenes, things and theories from outside through the author's emotions. It is a concrete image with strong subjective color, but completely different from the image of life, which can be perceived in people's minds through imagination. Its basic characteristics are the unity of objectivity, subjectivity, uniqueness and generality. Focusing on the number of poetic images, a poem can be mainly composed of one image, or it can be composed of multiple images juxtaposed. Around the essence of poetic imagery, imagery can be divided into descriptive imagery and figurative imagery. Descriptive image is the concrete manifestation that the objective image is greater than the subjective emotion when the author's emotion is combined with the objective image. Full of the author's emotions (sometimes using various rhetorical methods) to describe the image of life in real life, the image form is basically unchanged. The concrete image is the image produced by the subjective abstract emotion materialization of the author. It is not a sensory impression, but a psychological impression. It is the reconstruction of the representation in the author's memory under the influence of emotion, and it is a deformity beyond the truth of life.
No matter what kind of images, poets need to use bold and magical imagination to combine them into a specific poetic mood. Under the influence of bold and magical imagination, poetic image combination is not a coherent combination that reflects causality like novels, nor is it a scattered combination that highlights the author's personality like prose. Poetic imagery is a flying combination that highlights the author's emotion. This flying combination has neither the connection of time clues nor the attachment of spatial position, and arranges the combined images completely according to the needs of the author's lyric expression. There is a huge drop between images, and there is a rapid conversion between images. This combination of flying and falling has formed a specific poetic artistic conception.
(C) Branch arrangement and refined beautiful language
Poetic images have more remarkable characteristics in language presentation. As far as the appearance of language is concerned, poetic images are expressed in the form of rows and columns. The grades of poetic language summarized by contemporary poetics theory are as follows: The Grade of Arrangement with 9 words and 4 sentences, represented by Wen Yiduo's Dead Water; The long or short "uneven team" represented by Guo Moruo's Tianjie; There is a "progressive parade" represented by He Jingzhi's "Singing aloud"; Dai Wangshu's Rain Lane is the representative of "the ranks of circles". The form of ranks produces a unique sense of rhythm and rhythmic beauty of poetic language. In terms of language connotation, poetic language pays special attention to refined connotation when materializing images. It takes a lot of effort to refine words and sentences in order to perfectly accommodate highly summarized content in a small space. With such representation and connotation, poetic language has formed a novel and beautiful aesthetic feature different from novels and essays.
Second, the aesthetic characteristics of poetry
Third, the writing of poetry.
(A) to cultivate the ability to discover and capture poetry images and poetry inspiration
The smallest artistic structure unit of poetic artistic conception is image. Poetry writing often begins with the first image obtained by the author from his unique poetic beauty experience of someone, something, a landscape, something and a truth in life. The inspiration of poetry creation is the poet's sudden epiphany, realizing that emotion can be visualized and subjective emotion can be written. Invisible emotions suddenly have a tangible image, and abstract ideas suddenly have a concrete image, which makes the poet's psychological structure and language structure suddenly reorganize and update. The writing inspiration of this kind of poetry has the characteristics of transience, mutation and non-repetition. Long-term hard literary accomplishment and active artistic conception are the basis for the outbreak of inspiration in poetry writing.
After poetic inspiration appears, it is necessary to visualize the content of inspiration in time, quickly and accurately; After experiencing images, inspiration should be transformed into poems and songs in time and accurately. These are the three stages of poetry writing: inspiration-finding images-finding words. Quite a few people can't complete this three-stage process of writing poetry. Although some people have experienced inspiration, they failed to transform poetic beauty into poetic images in time; Some people have formed poetic images in their minds, but they can't translate them into words and words in time and accurately. Such poems are still active in the author's mind and cannot be formed. Therefore, discovering, experiencing and conveying the beauty of poetry is a psychological structure and language ability that a poet should have. This psychological structure and language ability are not innate. Although it has something to do with people's poetic talent, it is mainly cultivated and improved through acquired study and training. Beginners learn poetry writing, study and recite excellent poems repeatedly, exclude some utilitarian contents in daily life, quietly put their feelings into chewing life, and strive to cultivate a perceptual expression ability that visualizes abstract emotions, visualizes inner experiences and lexicalizes inner images, so that the three stages of poetry writing of "inspiration-finding images-finding words" can be successfully connected.
(B) convey poetic images in novel and delicate language.
What is used to convey poetic images in poetry writing is not the familiar language in people's daily life, but the novel and exquisite deformed language. The biggest obstacle to beginners' poetry writing lies in the weakness of this poetic language ability. We can cultivate and improve the poetic language ability from the following aspects.
1, select verb
When the poetic language conveys the beautiful images of poetry, the first thing it can do is to carefully temper the verbs that express dynamic images. Dynamic images can attract readers' aesthetic attention more than static images. A beautiful and accurate verb often adds a lot of color to the image of poetry. Ai Qing's poem: "Snow falls on the land of China, and cold blocks China." Ruan Shi: "Layers of green trees and heavy fog, heavy mountains and clouds break the road." A "blockade" and a "fracture" make the poetic image stand very clearly on the paper.
2. Grafting vocabulary
Compared with other languages, Chinese has the freest morphology and the least fixed part of speech. Poets can make use of this feature of Chinese to change the nature of words in some poems and make poetic images appear novel and unfamiliar. Love, a poet in Taiwan Province Province, wrote: "The shoe print on the left is only afternoon/the shoe print on the right is dusk." Taiwan Province poet Zi Rong's poem: "Every time the west wind passes, it always hurts homesickness." "Afternoon, dusk" was originally a term for time. At this time, when it is grafted into a verb, the whole image becomes lively. Because of the "walking" in his poems and the grafting of "stepping on pain" in the next ten days, the image is novel and unique.
3. Polysemy
In order to avoid ambiguity, the language of novels and essays usually only shows one meaning, while in the language of poetry, poets deliberately create polysemous poems in order to create polysemous images and rich connotations. Ye Zhang's "Young Time" wrote: "You are standing far away again/smiling at my piano sound/will you always remember the piano sound at the beginning of practice?" On the surface, the poem talks about "the sound of the piano at the beginning of practice", but its other meaning is "the love sound of the first love". One word obviously implies two different meanings, which is implicit and affectionate.
Step 4 skip and omit
Because the language of novels and essays focuses on the reproduction of images, their language forms are relatively plain and fine, and the lines between sentences are clear. Poetic language should focus on expressing subjective mind, and due to the limitation of space, it is necessary to skip some procedural narratives and omit some indispensable conjunctions and turning words in novel and prose language by means of jumping and ellipsis, so as to create a poetic language of "meaningless conjunctions" to arouse readers' rich free association.
5. Extraordinary combination
The purpose of choosing verbs and polysemous words is to give full play to the multiple contents of a word as much as possible, and skipping ellipsis is to increase the connotation from the perspective of deleting a word. Extraordinary combination is a deliberate violation of general language conventions. Using the changeable part of speech and combination relationship of Chinese words, some irrelevant words are skillfully embedded in a poem. This connection can be the connection between concrete verbs and abstract concepts, or the interlacing of sensory words with different meanings. With this strange and deformed poem, the poetic image conveys the poet's subtle emotional experience. Cang Kejia wrote in "Spring Birds": "Singing/Like a star in a dark sky/The more you listen, the more brilliant you become." Is a typical example.
6. Grammar is changeable
This is a means to create a sense of novelty in the word order and sentence pattern of poetry. For example, Xu Zhimo's inverted sentence sequence of "I left gently/just as I came gently" changed the normal sentence pattern and expressed the poet's unique inner feelings with defamiliarization effect.
(C) the combination of poetic imagery and rich and magical imagination
When the poet lexicalizes the images, he should also consider the poetic image system that combines the images with imagination. What kind of poetic image system will produce what kind of specific poetic artistic conception and convey what kind of poetic beauty experience. Due to the intervention of magical imagination, the combined image method of poetry writers is freer, bolder and more unexpected than the combined methods of other styles. Many images that are difficult for ordinary people to find are wonderfully connected and combined into an artistic structure under the experience of the poet's unique subjective mind, resulting in amazing poetic artistic conception. Although the combination of poetic images is ever-changing and varied, as the basic laws and types of poetic artistic conception, the following main combination types can be used for reference by poetic writers.
1, combined in parallel
Zou Huofan wrote a poem called Bud: "A young smile/a hidden love/a jar of good wine/an unfinished ideal/a burning heart/"The poet juxtaposed five images in one breath to describe the charm of Bud. Poets regard flower buds as "laughter", "love", "wine", "ideal" and "heart", which is a very unique poetic beauty experience. When the poet juxtaposes them as an image system, the concrete flower buds are associated with some abstract emotions, and the juxtaposition of five images highlights a kind of praise for youth. This juxtaposition is to combine images that seem to jump a lot on the surface and are generally considered irrelevant, and connect them through the poet's internal emotional experience. This combination begins with an image and ends with an image. It is difficult for readers to directly read the poet's hidden deep feelings, and it is necessary for readers to chew their profound meanings through these juxtaposed image systems. This is a common combination of modern misty poetry and imagery poetry.
2. Staggered combination
This method also needs to combine many images, but the poet deliberately combines completely opposite and contradictory images to form an image system of one positive and one negative, one flat and one strange, which has produced unexpected and thought-provoking aesthetic effects. This combination of images is very common in China's ancient poems. "The wine in Zhumen stinks, and the bones freeze to death on the road" (Du Fu) and "Half of the frontline soldiers are dead and half are alive, and there are beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the camp" (Gao Shi) are typical poems. This combination is also common in the writing of new poems. Why Ling wrote in "Change": "Flowers in the field/people who love her/boats locked in enamel bottles/rapids/waves frolicking on the golden beach/in a human comedy/in a human tragedy/"Flowers grow in the field and are locked in vases, and the boats run aground. These contradictory images are intertwined, giving people more enlightenment than the general statement.
3. Sudden trans combination
This method also needs to combine many images. The poet starts with a core image and combines some similar images around it. After the rendering of poetic images is completed, an opposing image is finally introduced to form a poetic situation, which is first promoted and then suppressed, first empty and then real, and the final image is the real purport of this poem. In Taiwan Province poet Zheng Chouyu's Wrong, there are three lovely girls waiting for me to relive the old dream for the first time, but the last image "I" is just a passer-by passing by Jiangnan. This accident infected readers with the sadness caused by "beautiful mistakes". This method of combining images has its special aesthetic taste.