Name: Boccaccio
Nationality: Italy
Year: 13 13- 1375
Position: Humanist writer
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), an outstanding representative of the Italian Renaissance, was a humanist. Decameron, the representative work, criticizes religious conservatism and advocates that "happiness lies on earth", which is regarded as the declaration of the Renaissance. He is called "three outstanding literary figures" together with Dante and Petrarch. [Edit this paragraph] Boccaccio is the illegitimate son of a Florentine businessman Boccaccio and a French woman. There is a lack of exact information about his birthplace. It is said that he was born in Florence or Cital near Paris. My biological mother died when I was a child and came to Florence with my father. Soon, his father remarried, and he spent his childhood in the cold of strict father and his stepmother.
Later, I was sent to Naples by my father, and I barely learned to do business in a trading company where my father had shares, and I got nothing. His father asked him to study law and religious regulations, but he was not interested in business or law. He loved literature since he was a child, and began to teach himself poetics and read the works of classic writers. This period of life enabled him to personally experience the life, thoughts and feelings of citizens and businessmen, and to integrate them into his later decameron.
During his life in Naples, Boccaccio had the opportunity to enter and leave the court of King Robert of Angelo. Here, his repressed personality and wisdom are fully displayed. He made friends with many humanist poets, scholars, theologians and jurists, and came into contact with the life of noble knights. This enriched his life experience, broadened his cultural and artistic horizons, and further restored his interest in classical culture and literature. He met Robert's illegitimate daughter Maria at court and fell in love with her. This romantic experience also left a deep impression on his literary creation, and Maria can be seen in some female images created in his future literary works.
/kloc-in the winter of 0/340, Boccaccio's father suffered setbacks in his business activities and his economic situation deteriorated. Boccaccio could not maintain his original leisurely life and returned to Florence. In the sharp and fierce political struggle in Florence, he always stood firmly on the side of the government and opposed the feudal aristocratic forces. He participated in the guild, held the position of managing finance, and was entrusted by the government for many times to go to other Italian city-states and the Holy See as a special envoy to carry out diplomatic missions.
1350, Boccaccio met the poet Petrarch. The following year, he was entrusted to invite Petrarch, who was exiled, to return to Florence to preside over academic discussions. Since then, these two outstanding humanists have established close friendship.
Boccaccio devoted himself to studying classical literature and became a learned humanist. He translated Homer's works and made great contributions to the collection, translation and annotation of ancient books. In his later years, he devoted himself to the interpretation and interpretation of the Divine Comedy, and presided over the discussion of the Divine Comedy at the University of Florence.
1373, 10 year1October 23rd, Boccaccio gave his last speech at the seminar of Divine Comedy at the University of Florence. The next year, the death of his good friend Petrarch gave him a great mental blow. 1375 65438+February 2 1, Boccaccio died in Cital. Boccaccio was a brilliant, diligent and prolific writer. He is not only famous for his short stories and legendary novels, but also good at writing narrative poems, pastoral poems and sonnets, and has also made outstanding achievements in academic writing.
The legendary novel Philo Kolo is Boccaccio's first work, written around 1336. Based on the Spanish court and medieval legends, this paper tells the love story of a young Christian woman and a young pagan. They broke through all kinds of obstacles, and everything will be fine if they have a good ending. Two stories in decameron are adapted from this work. Philo Kolo is an early novel in Europe.
The narrative poems Philo strato (about 1338) and Teseda (1340- 134 1) extract themes from Troy's legend and Virgil's Aeneas, respectively. They praise pure love and noble friendship. These two works are the first of the eight-part poem.
Amito's pastoral legend "The Divine Comedy" (also known as "The Divine Comedy of Florence", about 134 1) imitates Dante's "New Life" in form, and creates a three-rhyme poem with prose. Boccaccio used mythological themes to describe that under the influence of love, Amato changed from a rough shepherd boy to a noble man, in which seven goddesses were interspersed to tell her love experience.
The long poem Phantom of Love (1342-1343) was influenced by Dante's Divine Comedy. It is written in three-rhyme sentences and has the characteristics of metaphorical poetry. Boccaccio described a moral journey, combining the praise of virtue with the praise of pure love.
The Goddess of Essola (1343- 1354) is another poem with eight lines, in which the goddess and the shepherd fall in love, which offends Di Anna and is punished. A pair of lovers turned into two rivers, but in the end they both flowed into the Arno River and got together. Elegy of Fei Rometta is an important work after decameron. Written between 1343 and 1344, after Boccaccio returned to Florence from Naples. This legendary novel describes the experience of Fiammeta, a woman abandoned by her lover, and describes her love and hate, hope and pain in detail, expecting her lover's return. It is the earliest psychological novel in Europe.
The similarities and differences of these works are all about love, drawing lessons from ancient Greek and Roman poems, myths and legends, showing traces of medieval traditions and chivalrous literature, but getting rid of stereotypes, full of the pursuit of human life and happiness and condemning asceticism. In his later years, Boccaccio devoted himself to the study of classical culture, burying himself in the genealogy of pagan gods (1350- 1375) and the biography of Dante. The former narrates the origin of gods and heroes with rich historical materials and shows the foundation of myth, while the latter is one of the earliest academic works on Dante in Italy. Boccaccio criticized the defamation of poetry by the church in his theoretical works and put forward the view that "poetry is theology"; He advocated that poetry should imitate nature and reflect life, and emphasized the great role of literature in enlightenment and education. Poets are required to draw nutrition from ancient Greek and Roman culture and stress fiction and imagination. Although Boccaccio did not completely get rid of the concept of medieval theology, his literary theory laid the foundation for the development of poetics in the Renaissance. [Edit this paragraph] decameron 1348, a terrible plague happened in Florence. Every day, even every hour, a large number of bodies are transported outside the city. From March to July, more than100000 people died of illness. In the past, the beautiful and prosperous city of Florence became a graveyard full of bones, which was terrible. This incident had a profound influence on Boccaccio, a great Italian writer at that time. In order to record the disasters on earth, he wrote decameron, the most famous collection of Italian short stories at that time, with the plague as the background. At that time, decameron was called "Renqu", which was a literary work as famous as Dante's Divine Comedy, and was also called the companion of Divine Comedy.
Decameron tells the story of 1348, when young men and women took refuge in the countryside and entertained themselves by singing, dancing and telling stories. Each of them told a story in 10 days, and * * * got 100 stories. Humanism runs through this story set like a red line. The author points his criticism at religious theology and the church, reveals that canon is the evil root of monks' treachery and hypocrisy, mercilessly unveils the sacred veil of the church, and bitterly ridicules Rome, the residence of the Vatican, as the "root of all evil". Love stories play an important role in decameron. The author believes that asceticism is against the laws of nature and human nature, and people have the right to enjoy love and secular happiness. In many stories, he praised with great enthusiasm the struggle of young men and women to break through the feudal hierarchy, despise money and power and strive for happiness. Decameron also criticized feudal privileges and maintained social equality and gender equality. Many stories tell that the lowly man defeated the noble man with wisdom and perseverance. The author also advocates the ideal of all-round development and emphasizes that people should be healthy, handsome, smart, brave, versatile and develop in an all-round and harmonious way.
Boccaccio, with his rich knowledge of life and great artistic strength, created hundreds of characters of different classes, three religions and nine streams, with distinctive personality, which showed the broad picture of Italian social life in the early Renaissance and expressed his free thoughts. He skillfully connected 100 stories with a frame structure, making it a particularly complete work in thought and art. These stories absorbed the characteristics of folk spoken language, and the language was concise, fluent, playful and vivid, creating a unique artistic form of European short stories. Decameron has a profound influence on European literature. Many writers in Britain, France, Spain and Germany imitate decameron or draw creative materials from its stories. [Edit this paragraph] The opera of the same name is a three-act comic opera with historical celebrities as its theme. Jill and Dini wrote the play together. They are adapted from the Beggar's Student by Morica, and the protagonist is Boccaccio, the author of decameron, an Italian poet of14th century. Su Pei composes music. 1 978 February1premiered at Karulu Theatre in Vienna, Austria. 193 1, metropolitan opera, USA, the lines were changed to recitative and staged in the style of grand opera. 1992 performed in London.
Su Pei himself once said that Boccaccio was the most successful of all his works in his life. It was performed 65,438+000 times in the year and eleven months after its premiere in Vienna, and soon it was sung in English in the United States, which was also very popular. However, this opera is more suitable for performing in a relaxed and happy way. This song is full of approachable songs and melodious works, which can be called Su Pei's best masterpiece.
Play time:
Overture: 7 minutes Act I: 52 minutes Act II: 30 minutes Act III: 17 minutes.
Characters in the play:
Giovanni Boccaccio Poet Tenor
Leonet student Bedric's lover baritone.
Prince Biedo Palermo baritone
Luo Tian Kyrgyzstan cooperative tenor
Isabella Luo Tianji's wife mezzo-soprano.
Rambertuccio grocer tenor
Bellon La Rambotuccio's wife contralto.
Sopono, adopted daughter of Fiammada grocer.
Calka barber baritone
Sopono, wife of Bedri Ziska Cha.
Buss the bookseller
Guanjia baritone
Keck beggar perch
The duke disguised himself as a strange man.
Villagers, students, etc.
This story happened in Florence, Italy, in the14th century.
Plot introduction:
There was a brisk overture before the opening ceremony.
Act I The square in front of the church in Villa San Mariano
On the left of the stage is the Catholic Church of Villa San Mariano, and on the right is calka Barber Shop, with a fountain in the middle.
Today is Saint John's Day, the patron saint of Florence. Beggar Keke arranged begging places for his partners, encouraging each other that today is a good day to make money, and he must pretend to be poor. When Berdridge's husband, Ska, found out that he was not at home, Leonet took the key she gave him and sneaked into the barber's house.
People flocked to the square one after another, singing happily to celebrate the festival. At this time, the bookseller on the truck full of new books shouted, "New books, new books are published"! This is a novel written by Boccaccio that satirizes men. Very popular with women, women around to buy. But the man said angrily that all women who read this guy's books will become ghosts. When the bookseller pulled the van out of the square, everyone followed.
Boccaccio and others wanted to meet Fiomada after everyone had left, so he quietly walked into her house. Then, Luo Tianji and Lamber Tuqiao appeared together. Calka came back unexpectedly when they scolded Boccaccio to pieces and turned an enemy into an enemy. He said that he missed his wife very much during the trip, so he went home one day early. By chance, they met more Prince Palermo who wanted to come to Florence, so they went together. He knocked on the door, but there was no reply at all. Thinking that his wife was still sleeping, he serenaded.
Frightened by her husband's sudden return, Bedrich quickly figured out a way to run out of the house and shouted "Help". When she ran to her husband, she turned blue and cried, "What a terrible thing! A man fled home and told me that he was about to be hunted. I told him to hide. In a flash, he rushed to another man, waving his sword angrily. By this time, the two men were already fighting in the house! "
While these four neurotic men were hesitating in fear, two young men wore masks and walked out of the house while fighting. Calka was frightened, and quickly took his wife into the house and locked the door. Luo Tianqi and others also ran away. When everyone dispersed, the two friends took off their masks and laughed heartily. Boccaccio told the assembled students that a novel theme was added at this time, and he sang the aria "A Young Man Standing there".
After the students were separated, calka reminded his wife that the gate must be locked at any time, and then went to the square and walked to the church. Then, Luo Tianji, his wife Isabella, the grocer and his wife Berrone took their adopted daughter Fiammada to the church. At this time, Fiamma's eyes were looking around, hoping to see the young people she met every time she went to church. Boccaccio quietly went to Fiya Motor in order not to be discovered by Bolong.
At this time, Bolong told his adopted daughter: "The gentleman who sends alimony every month says that you will get married soon." Berrone said that she hated marriage without love, so she sang If He Loves Me (love is a tender wild flower).
Boccaccio suddenly appeared in front of them and gave the holy water to the surprised Fiya Motor. Berrone said, "You are a pious young man" and took her daughter to church. At this time, the Prince of Palermo appeared more and more. He said to himself, "Although I decided to marry the daughter of the Grand Duke of Florence, I really want to experience the love with the Florence girl described by Boccaccio in the novel.
When Leonet, a student, came out to talk with Boccaccio, he was very happy that the most famous Italian novelist was close at hand, so he went to him, gave him a pen name and asked to accept him as an apprentice. Unexpectedly, Boccaccio said that if you want to experience love instead of writing novels, then Leonet is the most suitable teacher, and then he ran away.
Leonet said, "If you want to experience it for yourself, what about that woman?" At the same time, he pointed to Isabella, the wife of Cuppucci who had just come out. Bi Yiduo said happily that such a beautiful woman was of course satisfied, and then couldn't wait to go to her and make an appointment for a tryst tomorrow. When Bi Yiduo wanted to report to Boccaccio and ask Leonet where he lived, Luo Tianji and Lamber Tuqiao happened to pass by and heard it. They mistakenly thought Bi Yiduo was Boccaccio, so they decided to punish him, so they chased Bi Yiduo.
Then Boccaccio appeared disguised as a beggar, approached Fiammada, who had just come out of the church, and poured out his love to her. As soon as she heard the voice, she knew it was Boccaccio. She summoned up her courage and sang a beautiful duet with him. After she left, Leonet ran to warn Boccaccio to escape, so they disappeared. When Luo Tianji and others chased him, they said with regret that these ghosts and spirits had escaped again, so they sang in unison to find Boccaccio who spread evil to the city and let him suffer.
When calka, the barber, was left alone, a group of students came up and clamored for a haircut. He said he didn't want to open a shop now, but he refused. At this time, Luo Tianji and others pulled Bila, who was mistaken for Boccaccio, up, and then everyone punched and kicked. Seeing this scene, calka also ran out of the store. Seeing that Bobby was beaten more, he immediately shouted at everyone's atrocities and told them that this man was the Prince of Palermo who came to Florence with him. Only then did everyone understand that the wrong person, and because the other person was a prince, knelt on the ground in fear and begged for mercy, the prince could only painfully forgive this group of savages.
At this time, the mysterious bookseller appeared again, and Luo Tianji angrily incited everyone to burn all these books. The students protested that even if the book was burned, the shadow still existed. It's like someone set fire to it and someone robbed it. It's a mess.
Act II Lambert Tujo's backyard and the square next to Luo Tianji's factory
Boccaccio, Leonet and Piedo appeared together. Not only Isabella is the target, Boccaccio wants to have a tryst with Fiomada, but because the foster mother Veron is in the way, she asks Leonet to distract her. After that, the three serenaded under the windows of different targets.
At this time, because Luo Tianqi came back, the three men quickly hid. Luo Tianji began to make barrels and sang "The Song of Making Barrels" with his disciples. Luo Tianji said that he would send the cask to the hotel, and then he went with his disciples and drank it by the way. The three men immediately presented the love letter to their lovers, and the women excitedly read the love letter and sang this "Letter Trio".
First Beecher sneaked into Isabella's house, but since the owner came back soon, she introduced this as a customer who came to buy a bucket. Because the leak-proof asphalt in the vat has not been coated, when the husband climbed into the bucket to work, the two took the opportunity to flirt. On the other hand, although Ray Leonet tried his best to court Veron La, he also went into hiding because of his master's return.
At this time, Boccaccio, disguised as a farmer, said that he was entrusted to harvest olives in the yard. He came in, but when he saw these trees, he shouted, "Great, these olive trees are evil!" " "Surprised Lamber figure Joe retorted," impossible, and then climb the tree to see. Using this gap, Boccaccio held Fiya motor tightly in his arms, and Veron was also embraced by Leonet. At this time, calka's roar came from a distance: "Boccaccio in disguise sneaked into this home!" The three young men quickly hid.
Kalca, who came in, told Rambertuccio, who came down from the tree, that the news was overheard from the students' conversation, so it can't be wrong. They acted as watchmen, just around the house. At this time, a stranger was pulled in, and everyone thought he was Boccaccio, so they began to beat him again. However, Lamber Tujo told everyone that he had come to deliver Fiomada's alimony, and everyone was embarrassed to apologize to him.
The man said that he would take Fiya Motor away today, and the sedan chair was waiting outside. Fiamma was afraid and sad, but when she heard Boccaccio's voice coming from her hiding place, she pulled herself together and followed the crowd to the sedan chair. Then Boccaccio and others rushed out disguised as demons and shouted "We are demons", scaring away the people in the sedan chair.
Act III Florence Grand Palace
Mr. and Mrs. Rambotuccio were summoned to court, and they were surprised to learn that Fiammada was the illegitimate daughter of the Grand Duke. Bi Yiduo knew about Boccaccio's love affair with Fiammada for a long time, so he specially asked Boccaccio to write a script to celebrate their wedding. On the other hand, Boccaccio wrote a joke about how he molested Isabella, Kupacchi's wife, and how he fooled Kupacchi, and hinted that Fiomada fell in love with Boccaccio. Hearing this, Biya said to Boccaccio, "I am not interested in marrying the daughter of the Grand Duke now." Then he turned and left.
At this moment, Fiamma appeared, saw Boccaccio and said, "Are you Boccaccio who wrote those indecent novels?" He quickly swore to her: "The content of novels in the future depends only on imagination, not on personal experience." Fiammada said happily that this was good and promised to plead with her father. At this time, they sang a duet of love, "There are so many beautiful women in Florence", and she left first after singing.
Then Lamber Tuqiao and others came out to condemn Boccaccio with one voice, but the novelist was not to be outdone, and in turn laughed at them as hypocrites. At this time, Prince Pido appeared with Fiomada and announced to everyone: "I have decided to promote your marriage!" " Boccaccio was appointed as a professor of university literature. The people at the wedding banquet ended the comedy with chorus praise and humor. "