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brief introduction
Latin scientific name: loquat
Named by: (Thunb. )Lindl。
English name: loquat
Also known as Lu ju
Classification of families and genera: Rosaceae, Loquat.
Small evergreen trees, up to 10 m; Branchlets densely rusty or grayish brown tomentose. Leaf blade is leathery, lanceolate, obovate or oblong, with a length of 10-30cm and a width of 3- 10cm. The tip is sharp or tapered, the base is wedge-shaped or tapered into a petiole, the edge is serrated, the surface is wrinkled, and the back and petiole are rusted. Panicle flowers are numerous and dense; Pedicels, pedicels, and pipes are rusted; The flowers are white and fragrant, with a diameter of 1.2-2 cm. Petals have fluff inside and claws at the bottom. Pear fruit is nearly spherical or rectangular, yellow or orange, with rust-colored fur outside, and then falls off. The size and shape of fruits vary from variety to variety. The flowering period is 10 ~ 12, and the fruiting period is from May to June of the following year. Named for its shape like a pipa.
There are wild plants in China, Sichuan and Hubei, and now they are cultivated all over the country; Loquat is widely distributed in our province, but as an economic cultivation, it is limited to Dongting East, Xishan, Guangfu, Nantong, Haimen and Yangzhou in Suzhou. The output of Dongting East and Xishan Mountain accounts for more than 90% of the whole province, and it is one of the famous loquat producing areas in China.
There are many varieties of loquat, which can be divided into red sand loquat and white sand loquat. The former has long life, strong tree potential and high yield, but its quality is not as good as the latter. The famous varieties are round varieties and egg red. The growth and yield of Baisha loquat is not as good as that of Hongsha loquat, but its quality is excellent. The famous varieties are round planting, breeding and egg white. Seeds can be used to make wine and extract alcohol; Wood materials are tough and can be used to make wood combs, wooden handrails and other materials; Medicinal leaves and fruits have the effects of clearing away heat, moistening lung, relieving cough and resolving phlegm; Also steamed its leaf dew, named "loquat leaf dew", which has the function of clearing away heat and relieving summer heat and harmonizing the stomach; It is also an excellent nectar source plant. Among honey, "loquat honey" is of high quality. The leaves contain Gleditsia sinensis Roxb. 20, bitter almond 20, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, tannin, vitamin B 1, vitamin C, etc.
The key point of propagation and cultivation is sowing and propagation, and grafting can also be used. Seeds can be sown after they are collected in June. Grafting is generally based on cutting, which can be carried out in mid-March or April-May. Rootstocks can be loquat seedlings and heather. Colonization can be carried out in late March to early April before germination, and in May-June or 10 in Menan period. Planting seedlings needs to bring more fibrous roots and soil to facilitate survival. It is best to plant it in the south where there is little wind.
Related poems
Su Dongpo said: "When guests come to tea, nothing happens, but Lu Juyangmei is still sour." . Someone asked him: What kind of fruit is Lu Ju? He said, "loquat also". Later, some books also said "loquat, an orange." I think this is mostly because of Sue's "taking it for granted". Because, in Sima Xiangru's Shang Fu Lin, it is said that "Xia Luju is ripe, Huang Gan orange, loquat persimmon and pavilion is magnolia". State several things side by side. It can be seen that Lu Ju is Lu Ju and Loquat is Loquat, and the middle cannot be equated. Li Shizhen said: "It is wrong for people who note the Selected Works to regard loquat as an orange." Quite right.
Yang Wanli wrote a loquat poem: "big leaves and long ears, one end is full of plates." Litchi has many stones, but kumquat is not sour. Rain leaves and branches are low in weight and the pulp is cold. Whether Changqing is here or not, don't send him as a garden official. " The first six sentences describe the character of loquat fairly accurately, but they are not poetic. Although Confucius said that you can learn more about the names of birds, animals and plants by reading poetry, poetry is not a textbook for plants after all. Guo Moruo's "Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom" is a failed example. Yang Wanli's loquat poem seems to be the first of its kind. As for the last two sentences, I don't know what he said. Although Sima Xiangru wrote loquat in Shang Fu Lin, it didn't show the appearance of drooling, and there was no record that Sun Monkey ate flat peaches secretly. What does it matter whether he is a gardener or not?
There is also a jingle about loquat, saying that someone sent loquat to others, with a letter saying: Yunyun sent two baskets of pipa. The recipient then wrote a poem: "Loquat is not this pipa, because I didn't know much about it." If the pipa can blossom and bear fruit, the flute in the city will blossom. "Although the poem is joking, it makes people feel distressed while eating the loquat sent by others. There are so many Chinese characters that it is difficult to write a few typos. If you make a mistake, you must write a poem. Such poems can be said endlessly. I remember it was in the early 1930s. Liu Bannong is the marking officer in Peking University. Because the examinee wrote a few typos, he became very excited and made several poems to mark the paper, which greatly mocked the examinee. In one of them, because students wrote "studying abroad" as "studying abroad", Mr. Liu said: "Mr. Wang committed a heinous crime and sent him to the west to study abroad. It should be nine streams and one class, exhausted. "Lu Xun was very disapproving, and wrote the article" After Feeling Old (Part II) ",thinking that it was not the middle school students who just graduated that were ridiculous, but the big professors who used it as a laughing stock to embellish the sarcasm. Loquat is probably not distributed to middle school students. They can't read much, either because they have no money to study or for other reasons. And those who think they are senior officials, have greater skills, write inscriptions everywhere and make a fool of themselves everywhere. They are thicker than the city wall, it is better to stab him, but such people are rarely ridiculed.
Loquat, cherry and bayberry are also called the three sisters in early summer, with more than 200 varieties. On the maturity of loquat, it can be divided into three categories: early, middle and late. Early-maturing varieties will be listed in May, middle-maturing varieties will appear in large numbers in June, and late-maturing varieties can be extended to early July. According to the fruit shape, there are round fruit species and long fruit species. Generally, round fruit species contain more kernels, while long fruit species contain less or only one kernel. According to the color of fruit, it is divided into red meat species and white meat species. Red meat loquat is called "golden pill" because of its golden skin. For example, Lu You wrote in the Song Dynasty, "It is difficult to learn from the right door, and it is difficult to receive the golden pill from the son." White meat breeds loquat, the color is like jade, and the ancients called it "wax pill", just as Guo Zhengxiang wrote in the Song Dynasty, "Every loquat tastes sour, and northerners used to regard it as the core. I don't know what the real comparability is, and I am afraid of flying books to send wax pills. " As far as varieties are concerned, red meat is easy to peel, sweet and suitable for canning. White meat is thin and thick, thin and sweet, suitable for fresh food. The famous loquat products are: "soft white sand" in Yuhang, Zhejiang Province, with white meat and sweet taste; The "liberation bell" in Putian, Fujian Province has thick and tender flesh and delicious juice; The "White Sands" in Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province is rich in quality, with juicy and delicate taste and fresh and sweet taste.
Selected therapeutic prescriptions of loquat
1, for lung dryness and cough: eat 5 pieces of fresh loquat pulp every time, twice a day.
2. Those who treat lung cancer with heat cough, expectoration and hemoptysis: loquat leaf 15g (fresh 60g), japonica rice 100g, and a little rock sugar. First, wrap the loquat leaves in cloth and fry them, and take the thick juice to remove the residue. Or brush fresh loquat leaves with back fluff, cut into pieces, decoct to remove residue, and cook porridge with japonica rice. After the porridge is finished, add a little rock sugar and take it with meals.
3, treatment of gastric cancer, dyspepsia: 20 grams of loquat leaves, 25 grams of dried tangerine peel, 0/5 grams of fried licorice/kloc-,3 slices of ginger, decocted twice a day.
4. Treatment of vomiting, cough and spontaneous sweating caused by lung metastasis of gastric cancer: several pieces of fresh loquat leaves and 250 grams of glutinous rice. Soak glutinous rice in clear water overnight, wash the leaves with fresh loquat, wash them, wrap them in zongzi and steam them. 65438+ 0-2 times a day for 3-4 days.
5, 60 grams of loquat leaves (bristles), decocted twice in water, cure cough, jaundice and prevent influenza.
6, 60 grams of loquat root, decoction, cure diabetes.
7, loquat root120g, decocted with a proper amount of brown sugar, taken warm, once a day for four consecutive days, to treat jaundice.
Usage and dosage raw food, decoction. Every time 10-30g.
It is advisable to avoid diarrhea due to spleen deficiency.
Ingredients and drugs
This product contains sugar, protein, fat, cellulose, pectin, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin (B 1, c), malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, etc. Clinically, it is often used to treat bronchitis.
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