Peacock flies southeast, a long narrative poem in Yuefu folk songs in Han Dynasty.
It was first seen in Xu Ling's "Yutai New Poetry", entitled "Ancient Poems of Wives", and it said in an orderly way: "Jian 'an in the late Han Dynasty, Liu, the wife of a petty official in Lujiang House, was sent by Zhong Qing's mother and vowed not to marry. His family forced him to drown.
When Zhong Qing heard about it, he hanged himself in the courtyard tree. When people hurt them, it is a poem. "
In the Song Dynasty, Guo Maoqian's Yuefu Poetry Collection contained poems, which were arranged into miscellaneous songs, named Jiao Zhongqing's Wife, which was called "an ancient poem" and said "I don't know who did it". People nearby often regard the first sentence of this poem as the title of the peacock flying southeast.
It was roughly created during the Jian 'an period of Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was written according to a real marriage tragedy in Lujiang County (now Anhui Province) at that time, and it was later spread orally among the people. Because the original work is untitled and the author is anonymous, the recorded poem "New Poems on Yutai" is called "ancient poetry", while Yuefu poetry collection is regarded as "ancient poetry".
As for being close to the people or suspecting that this poem was written in the Southern Dynasties, it is not credible, because it separates the components of the whole poem that have been processed and polished by the folk collective in the later period as evidence. This narrative poem has more than 350 sentences, 1700 words.
Through the tragic experience of Jiao Zhongqing and Liu Lanzhi, a loving couple, it accused the shackles of feudal ethics, the rule of parents and the sin of family values, and expressed the reasonable wishes of young men and women for marriage and love happiness. Liu Lanzhi, a commoner, married Jiao Zhongqing at the age of 17.
Jiao Zhongqing, the son of a declining family, served as a beadle in the Taishou Mansion. They have been married for three years, and they love each other and swear to be friends. However, Zhong Qing's mother never forgets that she is a cabinet official, discriminates against Lan Zhi, considers her "rude" and "independent", and deliberately climbs another "owner" for her son, forcing Zhong Qing to marry.
After being sent back to her parents' home, Lan Zhi promised to remarry under the pressure of her brother, and secretly decided to double suicide. On the wedding night, Lan Zhi committed suicide by drowning; Then Zhong Qing hanged herself.
With their own lives, they made a final struggle against the feudal ethics of cannibalism, showing their undying love. After describing the above tragedy, the author added a romantic ending, in which a pair of mandarin ducks lived on the tomb wood with interlinked branches and leaves, singing at night until dawn, as if to warn the world to "be careful not to forget".
Jiao Zhongqing and Liu Lanzhi, the hero and heroine of this poem, and Jiao Mu, Liu Xiong and Liu Mu, the main characters, are all successful figures. Jiao and Liu are two types of families in the lower class of feudal society.
Jiaojia is from top to bottom. Jiao Mu is a mother-in-law who ruined everyone's image. She is stubborn and bossy. She is looking forward to her son's revival of the family business and is full of resentment and venting to her daughter-in-law.
Liu Jiaze was originally a low-ranking civilian family. Liu's mother is the image of a small family and a good mother. Her husband died when she was a child, and she can understand and sympathize with her daughter's grievances and misfortunes.
Brother Liu, on the other hand, is a civilian, posing as the head of the family and worrying about his livelihood. Just looking at the Rong Lu family, regardless of my sister's happy marriage, has secular habits and is harmless to my sister's heart.
These two families constitute the living environment of the protagonists Zhong Qing and Lan Zhi, and are also the specific reasons for their love tragedy. Both Zhong Qing and Lan Zhi can see the influence of their families.
Zhong Qing is filial and weak. Lan Zhi is hardworking, kind, gentle, considerate, endures torture and respects etiquette.
They pursue the loyalty of love and happiness of marriage. Zhong Qing knows that "the son is ugly" and does not ask for high office and high salary, but he is satisfied with "fortunately saving this woman" and does not want to lose this virtuous and beautiful wife he was lucky enough to marry.
Lan Zhi also "sympathizes with you", is loyal to love, does not envy wealth, knows that "he is also persecuted" and is determined to defend his happiness to the death. Their ideal pursuit and tragic experience reflect the general aspirations and rebellious demands of young men and women under feudal rule, which has extensive social significance.
The author successfully portrayed these characters, which is an outstanding artistic achievement of this poem. From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties, Peacock Flying Southeast was constantly processed and polished in folk oral singing, which gathered rich narrative skills and techniques of folk songs and became the most outstanding long narrative poem in Yuefu folk songs in Han Dynasty.
It is a neat five-character poem, with simple spoken language throughout, suitable for singing, easy to describe and flexible in expression. Centered on Lan Zhi's marriage experience, the whole poem describes the tragic development process from Jiao Mu's forced return to Lan Zhi's forced remarriage and suicide. The story is complete, the tailoring is accurate, the conflict is sharp and the plot is moving.
In the poem, "Tell ten people in Chinese, each with his own feelings" (Chen Ruoming's Selected Ancient Poems of Caijitang). The author is good at developing the plot with the dialogue of characters with personality characteristics, and at the same time expressing the characters' personality in the conflict development.
The description of the matchmaker, the satrap and other minor characters, and the description of Lan Zhi's farewell to his sister-in-law and the satrap's preparations for the wedding are both simple and complicated, which plays a role in expressing the theme, setting off the main characters and rendering the tragic atmosphere. The whole poem basically describes the true face of life, but it also uses the narrative and comparison techniques commonly used in folk songs, such as the dress when writing farewell to Jiao's family, the luxurious wedding arranged by the Taishou family to show wealth, and singing Yuanyang at the end of the article, which not only plays a role in setting off and rendering, but also enhances the richness of folk songs.
For thousands of years, "Peacock Flying Southeast" has been loved by the people for a long time. During the May 4th Movement, it was adapted into various scripts and put on the stage to expose and attack the evils of feudal ethics.
At the same time, it was misinterpreted by some feudal literati as writing a virtuous woman, saying that "it is more advantageous to write a strong poem, and it is more advantageous to teach a standardized poem" (Fei's On China's Poetry). It can be seen that its influence is very far-reaching.
2. Who has the literary knowledge of China ancient literature, try to be complete.
Before the May 4th Movement, China's classical literature can be divided into poems, essays, operas and novels.
Poetry is divided into classical poetry (four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words), modern poetry (five sentences, seven sentences, five laws and seven laws), ci (poetry, middle tune and long tune) and Sanqu (poetry and divertimento). Prose is divided into narrative prose, travel prose, reasoning prose and lyric prose. Novels are divided into note novels, legendary novels, storytelling novels and Zhang Hui novels.
1, before Qin dynasty
Poetry: The Book of Songs and Songs of the South created the realism and romanticism trends of China's ancient poetry respectively.
Prose: The achievements of prose creation in the pre-Qin period are mainly manifested in historical biographies (Zuo Zhuan, Mandarin, Warring States Policy) and essays of various schools (works of Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Mozi and Han Feizi).
2. Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Poetry: Folk songs of Han Yuefu, among which Peacock Flying Southeast and Mulan Ci are called Yuefu. In addition, there are poems by Cao Zhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and pastoral poems by Tao Yuanming.
Prose: Historical Records, biographical history books.
3. Tang Dynasty
Poetry: The achievements of literary creation in the Tang Dynasty are mainly reflected in poetry creation. Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi and the New Yuefu Movement
Prose: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and the movement of ancient Chinese prose
Novel: Li's Legend in Tang Dynasty.
4. Song Dynasty
Poetry: the achievements of poetry creation in the Song Dynasty are mainly reflected in the creation of ci (bold school: Su Shi, Xin Qiji; Graceful school: Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao)
Prose: Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties
Novel: Pinghua
5. Yuan Dynasty
Zaju: The achievements of literary creation in Yuan Dynasty are mainly reflected in the creation of Zaju in Yuan Dynasty. Guan Hanqing's The Injustice of Dou E, Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn Colors in the Han Palace, and Wang Shifu's The West Chamber.
6. Ming and Qing Dynasties
Novels: The achievements of literary creation in Ming and Qing Dynasties are mainly reflected in novels. (Ming) Sanyan Erpai, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to the West; (Qing) Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, Scholars,
A dream of red mansions; Four condemnation novels (late Qing Dynasty): the appearance of officialdom, the strange place for 20 years, the flower of the evil sea, and the travel notes of the old disabled.
Opera: The Story of Pipa by Gao Zecheng, Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu, Peach Blossom Fan by Kong and Palace of Eternal Life by Hong Sheng.
China ancient literature common sense ballad 100 sentence 1, pre-Qin literature Pre-Qin literature has two sources, realism and romanticism. The Book of Songs is divided into 300 poems about elegance, which reflects the reality. (1) Remember Fu Bixing's techniques, the famous poems "Storytelling" and "Cutting Tan"? Romanticism is Chu Ci, and Li Sao was written by Qu Yuan. There are two schools of prose in the pre-Qin period, so we should remember all the "philosophers" and history books. Confucianism, Mohism and Taoism belong to hundred schools of thought, and each has its own works handed down from generation to generation; The Confucian Analects of Mencius, Mohist Mozi can be seen; Laozi and Zhuangzi of Taoism are masterpieces of legalist Han Fei. There are two styles of historical prose, which are "country" and "chronology". The former is Mandarin and Warring States Policy, and the latter is Chunqiu and Zuozhuan. 2. Literature in Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and poetry in Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties achieved relatively high achievements; Xiansan's "Yuefu Shuangbi" was praised by people, and Jian 'an literature pushed "Three Caos". The ancestor of pastoral is Tao Qian, and the legacy of "picking chrysanthemums" can be seen in moral integrity. Historical Records is the first biographical style, which is called "Li Sao has no rhyme"; Ban Gu inherited Sima Yi (4) and the chronological innovation of Hanshu; Jia's essay "On Qin" is full of momentum; "Be a Teacher" is famous for later generations, and "Peach Blossom Garden" is enjoyable. Ci and Fu are prevalent, and Zhang Heng's The Second Beijing seems to be near misses. Literary criticism is also on the rise, and Wen Xin Diao Long is really superb. Parallel prose pursues formal beauty, and the novel is still rough at first. 3. The literature of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, and the "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty" were extraordinary; Wang Yang and Luo Lu wrote metrical poems and memorized all the metrical poems and quatrains. The romantic poet pushed Li Bai and sang "Difficult Road to Shu" all the way. Realism is Du Fu, while Three Officials and Three Partings are unusual. Lotte advocates new Yuefu, and Pipa Xing and Song of Eternal Sorrow are all famous. Pastoral school has Wang Meng, Gao and Cen sing frontier poems. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Li He "negotiated" with Duo and Jia Dao and passed them down from generation to generation. The rise of "Little Du Li" in the late Tang Dynasty ⑤; Since then, it has settled like dust. Liu Han's ancient prose is innovative, and Epang Palace Fu has been sung for thousands of years. The legend of the Tang Dynasty has matured, and the representative work is Liu Yichuan. 4. Song Dynasty Literature Song Dynasty literature words are vast, divided into graceful and unconstrained. Liu Guan and Li Qingzhao are romantic and affectionate. Su Shi first opened the bold school, and the River of No Return was full of high spirits. Xin Qiji, a patriotic poet, is in high spirits. Su San, Wang Zeng and Ouyang Xiu inherited Liu Han's writing. Although Gong Fan's works are few, the story of Yueyang Tower shines brilliantly. Lu Fangweng, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, still misses the idea of returning home in Shizi. Who hasn't died since ancient times? Future generations cherish the memory of Wen Tianxiang. General History Chronicle I, Zi Tongzhi Jane, Sima Guang. Shen Kuo, the author of Meng Qian's pen talk, is very famous. 5. There are three kinds of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty: Yuan, Ming and Qing, with different poems and collections. Zaju represents the four great masters, with Guan Hanqing as the first; Dou E's tragedy has been passed down through the ages, and the characters are the most vivid. The other three are Zheng Mabai, and The West Chamber has a good reputation. There were many excellent plays in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Peach Blossom Fan and Peony Pavilion are all chapters, and Four Great Classical Novels is the peak. "The Scholars" can't forget the popularity of "Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio", which has a short story style. Sanyan was edited by Feng Menglong. Fang Bao started Yao Nai, and his prose genre is called Tongcheng School. Gong Zizhen, a great master in the late Qing Dynasty, advised Heaven in Ji Hai Miscellaneous Poems.