Qu Yuan
Introduction to the poet Qu Yuan (approximately 340 BC-278 BC)
During the Warring States Period, the poets of Chu State absorbed the essence of southern folk songs and integrated them into He broke through ancient myths and legends and created a new style of poetry - "Chu Ci". The emergence of Chu Ci is the great liberation of ancient Chinese poetry. It breaks the rigid four-character and one-sentence format of the Book of Songs and adopts uneven sentence patterns of three to eight characters. The form is lively and diverse, suitable for describing complex social life and expressing rich thoughts and feelings. The length and capacity can be adjusted according to the content. It can be expanded arbitrarily according to the needs. The great poet Qu Yuan is the founder and representative writer of Chu Ci.
Qu Yuan (340 BC to 278 BC), named Ping, was born in the aristocracy of Chu State. At first, he was trusted by King Huai of Chu and once served as a high-ranking official of Zuo Tu. He advocated reforming internal affairs and uniting Qi to fight against Qin. However, King Huai of Chu's Ling Yin Zi Liao, Shangguan official Jin Shang, and his beloved concubine Zheng Xiu were bribed by Qin's emissary Zhang Yi. They not only prevented King Huai from accepting Qu Yuan's advice, but also alienated King Huai. Qu Yuan. As a result, King Huai of Chu was lured away by Qin and imprisoned in Qin. After King Qingxiang came to the throne, Qu Yuan continued to be persecuted and was exiled repeatedly. In 278 BC, Qin general Bai Qi led his troops south and captured the capital of Chu. Qu Yuan despaired of his future and committed suicide by throwing himself into the Miluo River on May 5 of the same year.
Although Qu Yuan's political life was a tragedy, as a poet, he left more than 20 immortal poems to future generations, such as "Li Sao" and "Heavenly Questions". These are precious legacies of the treasure house of Chinese literature.
"Li Sao" is Qu Yuan's most mature work and the most magnificent lyric poem in ancient China. The first half is a realistic narrative, describing his ideals and experiences of reforming politics. The second half adds many strange fantasies. Accompanied by wind, rain, thunder, lightning, clouds, moon, phoenixes and dragons, he gallops in the sky, going up and down the world to pursue his ideal object, but he is disappointed. .
The poet integrated natural phenomena, historical figures, and legends into a magnificent romantic artistic image, achieving a high degree of ideological and artistic combination. Lu Xun praised Qu Yuan: "The great words are resounding and outstanding."
"Tianwen" is a peculiar long poem. This is because after Qu Yuan was exiled, he was melancholy and hesitant, had intense mental turmoil, and his old beliefs completely collapsed. Therefore, he had doubts about natural phenomena, ancient legends, religious beliefs, and traditional thoughts about society, and raised various questions. By asking questions, the poet fully vented the contradictions and anguish in political life.
During the Warring States Period, the seven dominant kingdoms of Qin, Chu, Qi, Yan, Zhao, Han, and Wei competed for cities and territories, killing each other, and fighting incessantly for years. At that time, Qu Yuan, the great poet of Chu State, was a young man and the left apprentice of King Huan of Chu. He was very sad to see the people suffering from the disaster of war. Qu Yuan was determined to serve the country and the people, and persuaded King Huai to appoint talents and care for the people. He was trusted by King Huai.
At that time, the Qin State in the west was the most powerful and often attacked the six countries. Therefore, Qu Yuan personally went to various countries to contact each other and wanted to use joint strength to deal with Qin. In the eleventh year of King Huai's reign, Qu Yuan's diplomacy was successful. The kings of Chu, Qi, Yan, Zhao, Han, and Wei gathered in Yingdu, the capital of Chu State, to form an alliance, and King Huai became the leader of the alliance. The power of the alliance stopped the expansion of Qiang Qin. Qu Yuan was even more important to King Huai, and Qu Yuan made the final decision on many major domestic and foreign affairs.
As a result, a group of nobles in Chu State, headed by Prince Zilan, were very jealous and jealous of Qu Yuan, and often spoke ill of Qu Yuan in front of King Huai. He said that he had seized exclusive power and did not take King Huai seriously at all. There were many instigators, and King Huai gradually became dissatisfied with Qu Yuan. Qin's spies reported this situation to the King of Qin. The King of Qin had long wanted to attack Qi, but he did not dare to attack Qi because of the alliance of the six countries. After hearing the news, he hurriedly summoned the Prime Minister Zhang Yi to the palace for discussion. Zhang Yi believes that among the six countries, Qi and Chu are the most powerful. As long as these two countries are separated, the alliance will be broken up. He was willing to take advantage of the internal discord in the Chu State to personally dismantle the Six-Nation Alliance.
The King of Qin was overjoyed and prepared gold and silver treasures and gave them to Zhang Yi to take with him. Zhang Yi returned the seal to the King of Qin, pretended to resign from the Qin State, and set out for the Chu State. When Zhang Yi arrived in Yingdu, he first visited Qu Yuan and talked about the strength of Qin and the benefits of the alliance between Qin and Chu. Qu Yuan said: "Chu cannot change the idea of ??the Six Nations Alliance."
Zhang Yi told Zilan: "With the alliance of the six countries, King Huai trusted Qu Yuan. After breaking up the alliance, Qu Yuan has nothing to fear." Zilan was very happy after hearing this. The nobles of Chu State were in harmony with Zhang Yi. Zilan then led him to visit Zheng Xiu, the most beloved queen of King Huai, and Zhang Yi dedicated a pair of white jade worth ten thousand gold to Zheng Xiu. The white jade's precious light dazzled the eyes of the Queen of Chu. Zheng Xiu readily expressed his willingness to help them promote the Qin-Chu alliance. Everyone thinks: "To unite Qin and Chu, we must first break up the six-nation alliance; to break up the alliance, we must first have King Huai distrust Qu Yuan.
Zilan thought of a strategy: She said Qu Yuan asked Zhang Yi for a bribe, Zheng Xiu revealed this news in front of King Huai. Zhang Yi was overjoyed and said, "It is a blessing to Qin and Chu that the queen is willing to help!" " Zhang Yi made arrangements and asked Zilan to introduce King Huai. He advised King Huai to sever Qi and unite with Qin, citing many benefits. Finally, he said: "As long as the king is willing, the King of Qin has prepared six hundred miles of land from Shang Yu to be dedicated to Chu. country.
King Huai was a greedy man. He heard that he could get six hundred miles of land for free without spending a single soldier. How not to like it. Returning to the palace, he happily told Zheng Xiu. Zheng Xiu congratulated him, but frowned again: "I heard that Qu Yuan's request for a pair of white jade from Zhang Yi has not been completed, so I'm afraid he will object to it!" King Huai heard this and was half convinced. .
The next day, King Huai held a banquet to entertain Zhang Yi. During the banquet, the friendship between Qin and Chu was discussed. Qu Yuan objected violently and had a heated argument with Zilan and Jin Shang. He thought: "Giving up the alliance of the six countries will give Qin an opportunity. This is a matter of life and death for Chu!" He scolded Zhang Yi, Zilan, and Jin Shang, walked up to King Huai and said loudly: "Your Majesty, Can't believe it! Zhang Yi was sent by Qin to break up the alliance and isolate Chu. You can't believe it..." King Huai remembered what Zheng Xiu said. Sure enough, Qu Yuan tried his best to oppose the reconciliation between Qin and Chu; he also coveted Qin's land. He couldn't help but said angrily: "Could it be that the six hundred miles of Chu State are not worth your pair of white jade stones?" "He asked the warriors to pull him out of the palace gate.
Qu Yuan was so heartbroken that he stood outside the palace gate and could not bear to leave. He hoped that King Huai would wake up and change his mind, so as not to bring disaster to the country. He From the noon station to the evening, he saw Zhang Yi, Zilan, Jin Shang and others happily walking out of the palace gate, and then he sighed and murmured: "Chu State, you are going to suffer again." ..." Qu Yuan returned home feeling depressed, thinking that once the alliance he had formed was destroyed, Chu would not be able to maintain its current prosperity. He couldn't help but stamp his feet and sigh.
His sister Nuyu, who was the housekeeper for him, asked him why. , knowing that he had been framed by a villain, and advised him not to make any more comments, Qu Yuan said: "I am from the Chu State, and I will not be able to see the Chu State in danger even if I die!" " He thought that King Huai would wake up and distinguish right from wrong. As long as King Huai changed his mind, Chu would have a solution. But King Huai no longer summoned him, and he became more and more worried and often stayed up all night. He wrote an article The long poem called "Li Sao" contains all the sorrow for the Chu Kingdom and one's own resentment. "Li Sao" means "Li You". When people encounter sorrow, why don't they call to heaven and their parents to express themselves.
This poem was spread to the palace, and Zilan, Jin Shang and others got the material to attack again, saying that Qu Yuan compared King Huai to Jie Zhou. King Huai was angry and dismissed Qu Yuan. The atmosphere in Yingdu almost drove Qu Yuan crazy. The female concubine persuaded him to go to another place to rest for a while. He said loudly: "I can't take the Chu State and the people with me!" " But with the nv's persuasion day and night, he finally moved out of Yingdu and prepared to live in northern Han Dynasty. After walking for a while, he looked back and said, "This is the legendary city of Yingdu! "
He was worried about state affairs and would rest for a few days in one place to inquire about the news. One day, he saw stories about gods of heaven and earth and ancient sages painted on the walls of an ancient temple. Saint The deeds of King Junxian touched his mind, and he couldn't figure out why King Huai was so confused. He shouted to the gods: "Is there any right and wrong in this world?" ? ..." So he wrote the long poem "Heavenly Questions". The gods did not answer him, but the facts did answer him. When King Huai severed diplomatic relations with Qi and broke up the alliance, he sent people to Qin with Zhang Yi Go to receive the land.
As he approached Xianyang, the capital of Qin, Zhang Yi pretended to be drunk and fell when he got out of the car. He said he hurt his leg, so he left the Chu envoy and went to the city first. The envoy stayed in the guest house and went to see Zhang Yi every day. Zhang Yi always had an injured leg and could not see him. It was three months before Zhang Yi came out to see the envoy of Chu. /p>
When the envoy of Chu mentioned the delivery of the land, Zhang Yi was completely satisfied. He said: "I said that what I gave to the King of Chu was my six-mile salary land." How can the land of Qin be dedicated to others? "The Chu envoy was speechless, so he had to come back empty-handed to report to the King of Chu. This made King Huai faint. He relied on the past few years to recharge his strength and had enough food for his army, so he sent General Qu Ping to lead ten soldiers. Ten thousand troops attacked Qin.
The king of Qin immediately changed his plan to attack Qi, and simply united with Qi to attack the Chu army in two directions. , Qu Ping was killed, and the Qin soldiers occupied the Hanzhong area of ??Chu. The news reached Hanbei, which made Qu Yuan furious. He sighed and finally decided to rush back to Yingdu to try to resist Qin.
On the way, he received an order from King Huai to send him as an envoy to Qi to restore the alliance. Qu Yuan thought happily: "The king has finally changed his mind!" "He immediately rushed to the state of Qi. King Huai violated the alliance, and the state of Qi was very angry. But Qu Yuan was a person respected by the king of Qi. After some negotiations, he agreed to withdraw the Qi soldiers who had assisted Qin in attacking Chu. Before Qu Yuan returned to his country, he got He heard the news of the peace between Qin and Chu. He was afraid that King Huai would be deceived again, so he quickly resigned from King Qi and hurried back to Chu State.
He arrived at Yunmeng of Chu State and saw the local people mourning those who died in the war. Qu Yuan was very moved and stopped his car to pay homage. He stood in front of the shrine and read his poem "National Memorial" in memory of the soldiers who died for the country. When he read the sad place, the people all shed tears. He also burst into tears. After Qu Yuan walked for a few days, he suddenly heard that Zhang Yi was coming to Yingdu again. He couldn't help but stamp his feet and rushed to Yingdu day and night.
Zi Lan and Jin Shang heard that Qu Yuan was here. When they came back, they hurriedly reported to Queen Zheng Xiu. They were all afraid that if Qu Yuan returned to Yingdu, he would be in great trouble if he stayed in front of King Huai. That night, Zheng Xiu cried to King Huai: "Qu Yuan is in Yunmeng." Tell the people that those who died in the battle were all unjust because of my advice to the king. This time he came back to avenge his unjust death.
King Huai was furious after hearing this: "How dare he do this?" It's crazy! " Zheng Xiu took the opportunity to slander him: "You're crazy! How could you say such outrageous things to the people if you weren't crazy? I'm afraid to see him! If he wants to be in Yingdu, let me go to Jiangnan! "
The next day, King Huai issued an order: Let Qu Yuan be appointed as the official of Sanlu. He does not need to enter the palace and can take up the post immediately. He sent Zi Lan to deliver the order to Qu Yuan. Zi Lan saw Qu Yuan and smiled evilly. After congratulating him and conveying King Huai's order, Qu Yuan was stunned. He looked up to the sky and sighed: "Your Majesty, you can't be stupid anymore. The country of Chu and the people of Chu all depend on you!" " The female concubine was afraid that he would cause trouble again, so she advised him to leave Yingdu and take up his post as soon as possible. Qu Yuan said, "You are worried about me, I am worried about Chu State! "But I had no idea, so I had to prepare to take office.
After Qu Yuan left, all the civil and military officials of Chu State joined Zheng Xiu and Zilan's party, and the alliance soon broke up. In the 27th year of King Huai's reign, Since then, the state of Qin has launched wars against Chu. The state of Chu has been losing strength day by day, and it has lost the power to fight against the Qin soldiers. In the thirty years of King Huai, the state of Qin occupied eight cities in the north of Chu. Suddenly, King Huai was feeling depressed. After receiving a letter from the King of Qin, he was invited to go to Wuguan in the State of Qin to discuss ways to achieve everlasting friendship between Qin and Chu. King Huai thought about it and could not make up his mind: If he didn't go, he would be afraid that the Qin army would attack southward; if he wanted to go, he would be afraid of Qin's attack. The country was filled with evil intentions.
Zi Lan first advised King Huai: "The King of Qin is willing to make peace, so this opportunity cannot be missed." "Jin Shang also said: "If you go away for a while, you will have peace for at least a few years. King Huai returned to the harem and listened to Zheng Xiu's words of persuasion. Then he made up his mind and immediately wrote a reply, agreeing to go to Wuguan for talks. After several days of preparation, he and Jin Shang took five hundred men and horses and set off before leaving Yingdu. On the way, they saw a horse galloping towards them.
Running to the front, the man on the horse jumped off, fell in front of the car, and cried loudly. King Huai took a look and saw that it was Qu Yuan, the doctor of Sanlu. He heard the news that King Huai was going to Wuguan and flew over overnight. Just listen to his sad voice saying: "My lord! Qin is like a tiger's mouth, you cannot take this danger! You have to think about the ancestors and people of Chu, and you can't just listen to the villain's words!" After not seeing each other for more than ten years, Qu Yuan was haggard. When King Huai saw him, he felt a surge of sadness in his heart when he thought of how the country's situation had declined day by day over the past ten years.
While he was deep in thought, Jin Shang stood up and said to Qu Yuan fiercely: "Today is a good day for the king to go out. What do you mean when Dr. Sanlu said these depressing words?" Qu Yuan was so angry that his lips trembled and his voice trembled. Said: "Sir Shangguan! You are from the Chu State. You should think about the Chu State and not send the king into the tiger's mouth!" Jin Shang was furious and shouted to get out of the way. Qu Yuan clung to the shaft of the carriage and refused to let go. Jin Shang ordered Qu Yuan to be pushed to the ground, whipped his horse, and followed King Huai away.
Qu Yuan got up and chased, shouting at the same time. Jin Shang was afraid that King Huai would be shaken, so he whipped his whip faster and the chariot flew away. Qu Yuan gasped and stood still, staring at the troops heading west. When the shadows disappeared, he still stood there blankly. In less than half a month, Jin Shang fled back to Yingdu with only one person and one horse left. As Qu Yuan expected, King Huai and his five hundred troops were detained by Qin as soon as they arrived at Wuguan and were sent to Xianyang.
The bad news spread throughout the country. In order to calm people's hearts, Zheng Xiu established Prince Xiong Heng as King of Qingxiang, took control of the state affairs himself, and appointed Zilan as the Ling Yin in charge of the country's military affairs. Qu Yuan rushed to Yingdu desperately, asking King Qingxiang to restore the alliance of the six countries, and use his strong strength to take back King Huai from Qin. Zilan and others persuaded King Huai to go to Qin. They were afraid that King Huai would come back to ask questions and they were afraid of offending Qin. Therefore, they not only refused to listen to Qu Yuan's advice, but also immediately expelled him from the capital. He was not allowed to return to Yingdu.
After this group of people drove away Qu Yuan, they lived in a state of drunkenness and dreams. Three years later, they suddenly received news of King Huai's death. It turned out that when King Huai arrived in Xianyang, the King of Qin gathered all the ministers, and then received King Huai and asked him to cede the central Guizhou area in person. King Huai was extremely angry and refused. The state of Qin detained him. After being imprisoned for more than a year, the guards gradually relaxed. King Huai got the guard drunk, changed his clothes and escaped from Xianyang.
After walking for a few days, they arrived at the border of Zhao State. King Huai explained his reasons and asked for rescue. However, the people of Zhao State hated him for repeatedly breaking the alliance and were not allowed to enter the city. King Huai went south in frustration, wanting to defect to Wei. Only halfway there, Qin soldiers had already caught up with him and captured him. King Huai was taken back to Xianyang again. He was so angry that he vomited blood. He was ill for more than a year and died in the third year of King Qingxiang.
The State of Qin returned this useless set of bones to the State of Chu. When King Huai's coffin arrived in the capital of Ying, the people of Chu felt so humiliated and humiliated that some people cried bitterly along the way. This incident broke Qu Yuan's heart. He originally pinned his hopes of reviving the Chu Kingdom on King Huai's awakening, but now he felt that everything was lost. He cried and passed out in front of King Huai's coffin. He asked King Qingxiang to take advantage of the fact that all countries were resenting Qin and try to contact him to deal with Qin together. King Qingxiang refused to listen to him.
He cried bitterly in front of the palace gate day and night, hoping to impress King Qingxiang.
This angered Zheng Xiu, so he called Zilan to scold him: "You disobey the order, do you look down on the king? If you don't go back, I will ask someone to escort you away!" Qu Yuan yelled: "It was you who persuaded the king to go to Qin. Go! Are you the commander of Chu State? You are a spy of Qin State! The people of Chu State want to eat your flesh!" Zilan hurriedly reported to Zheng Xiu, who was furious. : "This is a lunatic. How can he be an official? Let him die far away and never come back!"
She immediately asked King Qingxiang to remove Qu Yuan from his position as Sanlu doctor. He was escorted and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River. He was never allowed to cross the river. . Qu Yuan was escorted home. When he saw Nvyu, he sighed: "It doesn't matter if I endure hardships or humiliation. I just hate that they ruined the country!" He asked Nvyu to move the family back to his hometown. A spiritual throne was also set up to pay homage to King Huai. He recited long poems to evoke souls and missed the prosperous Chu State in those days.
When Qu Yuan arrived at Lingyang, where he was exiled, he was upset day and night. He knew that there was bound to be a disaster in the Chu State: "But how could I leave the place where I was born and run around in order to escape the disaster?" Qu Yuan thought about it for a few days and felt that the Chu State was in darkness and was so stuffy that he could hardly breathe, so he decided to go abroad. Go for a walk. After walking for a few days, he hesitated again when he arrived at the border of Chu State.
His horse neighed sadly, and the groom turned back to look at Chu and sighed. Qu Yuan couldn't help but said excitedly: "Yes, we are Chu people and horses, and we must die on the land of Chu!" He returned to Lingyang and lived for nine years. He had no hope of returning to the capital of Ying, and heard that The situation in Chu State is getting worse and worse. Every piece of news that came through made him restless. He remembered that King Huai died in Qin because he refused to cede central Guizhou, so he decided to visit this place and came to live in Xupu, Qianzhong County. The flame of patriotism burned in his heart, but he was powerless. He could only walk around the mountainside lake every day.
He wrote poems full of sorrow and resentment. He is getting older and older, but the hope of reviving the Chu Kingdom has never been extinguished for a day. In the twenty-first year of King Qingxiang's reign, he was stunned by a piece of news like a thunderbolt: Qin general Bai Qi attacked Chu and occupied the capital of Ying. The ancestral temples and mausoleums of Chu were destroyed. Chu State is going to die! He decided to return to Yingdu and die in the land of his birth. Without combing his hair or washing his face, he walked in a daze for several days and arrived at the Miluo River. He saw his head of white hair in the clear river water, and his heart surged like waves.
The alliance was destroyed by the villain, the Chu State was in danger, and the people suffered disaster. Qu Yuan was walking by the river. He missed Yingdu, missed the people, hated the enemy, hated the evildoers, and was determined to use his own life to warn the traitorous villains and inspire the patriotic enthusiasm of the people across the country. The land here has not been trampled by Qin soldiers and is clean. He took off his clothes, wrapped them in stones from the riverside, and tied them tightly to himself with a belt. He tried his best to jump to Jiang Xin. The patriotic poet brought clean stones from Chu State, which soon sank. This day is May 5th. After Qu Yuan died, the people respected him and mourned him. Because he fought to death against the villains who harmed Chu State, on the anniversary of his death, the people hung up their Changpu swords and drank realgar wine. Prevent the harm of evil spirits.
The people believe that patriotic poets will never die. Every May 5th, they row dragon boats and go everywhere to look for poets. His patriotic spirit has taken root in the hearts of the Chinese people.
A native of the Chu State at the end of the Warring States Period, an outstanding politician and patriotic poet. Named Ping, courtesy name Yuan. Descendant of Qu Xia, son of King Wu of Chu Xiong Tong. A native of Danyang (now Zigui, Hubei).
< p>Qu Yuan is China's first great patriotic poet. He ushered in a new era in which poetry changed from collective singing to individual independent creation. He is the founder of China's positive romantic poetry tradition and is one of the "four major cultural celebrities in the world" (also Copernicus of Poland, Shakespeare of England, and Dante of Italy).Qu Yuan experienced three periods in his life: King Chu Wei, King Huai of Chu, and King Qingxiang, and was mainly active in Chu Huai This period was the eve of China's imminent unification. "The emperor of Qin is the emperor of Qin and the king of Chu is the king of Chu." Qu Yuan was born in a noble family, and he was good at managing chaos and adept at rhetoric. Therefore, he was deeply influenced by King Huai of Chu in his early years. Favored and trusted, he was appointed Zuo Tu and Sanlu doctor. In order to realize the great cause of the unification of the Chu State, Qu Yuan actively assisted King Huai in reforming and strengthening the country internally, and insisted on uniting Qi to resist the Qin Dynasty externally. As a result, the Chu State once had a rich, powerful and powerful country. The situation shocked the princes. However, due to sharp conflicts between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in domestic and foreign affairs, and due to the jealousy of Shangguan officials and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a small group and alienated by King Huai of Chu.
In the fifteenth year of King Huai (304 BC), Zhang Yi traveled from Qin to Chu and bribed Jin Shang, Zilan, Zheng Xiu and others with heavy sums of money to act as traitors. King Huai was deceived and became angry and sent troops to Qin twice, but was defeated miserably. So Qu Yuan was ordered to send troops to Qi to restore the old friendship between Qi and Chu. During this period, Zhang Yi once again traveled from Qin to Chu to disintegrate the Qi-Chu alliance. The Qi-Chu alliance failed to succeed. In the 24th year of King Huai's reign, the Qin-Chu Huangji alliance was established, and Chu State completely fell into the arms of Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital of Ying and went to northern Han Dynasty.
Huai In the 30th year of the reign of King Qin, Qu Yuan returned to the capital of Ying. In the same year, Qin invited King Huai to meet at Wuguan. King Huai was detained by Qin and eventually died in Qin. After King Qingxiang came to the throne, he continued to implement the policy of surrender, and Qu Yuan was expelled from Ying again. He was exiled to the south of the Yangtze River, wandering between the Yuan and Xiang rivers. In the 21st year of King Qingxiang (278 BC), Qin general Bai Qi attacked Yingdu. Qu Yuan was so sad and angry that he sank into the Miluo River and died. Qu Yuan's works include "Li Sao", "Heavenly Questions", "Nine Songs" (11 articles), "Nine Chapters" (9 articles), "The Soul Calling", Fan 23 Chapters. In addition, there is still controversy in academic circles as to whether "Bu Ju", "The Fisherman" and other chapters were written by Qu Yuan. Among them, "Li Sao" is Qu Yuan's masterpiece and the longest romantic political lyric in the history of ancient Chinese literature. Poetry. "Tianwen" is a rare and unique poem in ancient and modern times. It asks 172 questions to the sky in succession, covering astronomy, geography, literature, philosophy and many other fields. It shows the poet's bold suspicion and pursuit of traditional concepts. The scientific spirit of truth. "Nine Songs" is a set of songs to worship gods based on folk sacrificial songs. A large number of images of gods are created in the poem, most of which are love songs between humans and gods.
Qu Yuan's The work is a record of his insistence on the ideal of "beautiful government" and his struggle against the decadent aristocratic group of the Chu state. His ideal of "beautiful government" is reflected in his works, which is "to promote talents and empower them, and to follow the rules without making mistakes" ( "Li Sao"). The so-called "approval of talents and empowerment" means to select truly talented people to govern the country regardless of high or low status, to oppose the world's most powerful people, and to limit the old aristocracy's monopoly on power. He also said that the slave Fu The historical deeds of the butcher Lu Wang and the merchant Ning Qi are examples, which illustrate the rationality of selecting talents regardless of their status. The so-called "following the rules without being unfair" means to revise the laws, that is, the laws are not noble and limit the various privileges of the old aristocracy. Qu Yuan's ideal of "beautiful government" reflected his sharp opposition to the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State, and expressed his progressive requirement to get rid of bad government, and its ultimate goal was to save the motherland from danger and put Chu State on the road to prosperity. With this, Relatedly, Qu Yuan's works also profoundly exposed the darkness of Chu State's politics, the decadence of the Chu State's aristocratic group and the fatuousness of the King of Chu. They showed his struggle to adhere to the ideal of "beautiful government" and integrity, and to "never regret it even though he died nine times". spirit; at the same time, it showed his concern for the country and its people, his love for his country and his determination to devote himself to the motherland. Although Qu Yuan was slandered, shunned, and even exiled, he always thought about the rise and fall of the motherland and the suffering of the people, hoping that the King of Chu would repent. , work hard and become the master of the ZTE. He knew that loyalty and uprightness would lead to disaster, but he always "beared it and could not give it up"; he knew that he was facing many dangers, and he could do it in the era of "Chu Cai was promoted to others". He went to other countries to seek a way out, but he still refused to leave Chu State. This showed his infinite loyalty to the motherland and his personality and will that "can compete with the sun and the moon".
Qu Yuan is a great figure in Chinese literature. The first great patriotic poet in history. He is an outstanding representative of romantic poets. As an outstanding politician and patriot, Qu Yuan loved the motherland and the people, insisted on the truth, would rather die than surrender, and his spirit of "competing with the sun and the moon" The towering personality has inspired and nurtured countless Chinese people for thousands of years. Especially when the country and the nation are in crisis, the inspiring effect of this spirit is even more obvious. As a great poet, the emergence of Qu Yuan not only marks the beginning of Chinese poetry Entered a new era from collective singing to individual creation, and the new poetry style he created, Chu Ci, broke through the expression form of the "Book of Songs", greatly enriched the expressive power of poetry, and opened up a new era for ancient Chinese poetry creation. A new world. Later generations also referred to "Chu Ci" and "The Book of Songs" as "Feng Sao". "Feng Sao" is the source of the two fine traditions of realism and romanticism in the history of Chinese poetry. At the same time, Qu Yuan The Chu Ci represented by him also influenced the formation of Han Fu.
In Chinese history, Qu Yuan was the poet most admired and loved by the people. According to "Xu Qi Xie Ji" and "Sui Shu· According to the "Geographical Chronicles", Qu Yuan committed suicide by throwing himself into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. The Chinese custom of making rice dumplings and dragon boat racing during the Dragon Boat Festival on May 5 originated from people's commemoration of Qu Yuan. In 1953, Qu Yuan was also listed as one of the "four great heroes" in the world. One of the "cultural celebrities", he is solemnly commemorated by the World Peace Council and people all over the world.