Confucian classics. The Five Classics refer to The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Yijing and Chunqiu. Six Classics, also known as Six Arts, is added after Five Classics (Yue). The four books refer to the Analects of Confucius, Mencius and universities. Li Er, the word Yong (dān), the founder of Taoist school and the author of Tao Te Ching. (2) Confucius famous mountain, the word Zhong Ni, is the founder of the Confucian school. The Analects of Confucius is a book in which Confucius disciples record the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. ③ Mozi Ming Zhai (dí), the founder of Mohism. Mozi has 53 books. I died in peace, Bao Zhuang met Mencius, and I wanted to fish. ⑤ Zhuangzi, named Zhou, was a Taoist priest during the Warring States Period. He wrote Zhuangzi. He is an expert in herding cattle. ⑤ Xunzi, a Confucian during the Warring States Period, wrote thirty-two Xunzi. Encourage learning ⑦Legalist Han Feizi. He wrote Han Feizi. It was jointly created by Lv Buwei, the prime minister of Qin Dynasty, and his disciples. Check in. Pet-name ruby is the masterpiece of Lisi's prose The Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China, with a total of 305 poems, which are divided into three categories: style, elegance and ode. Wind is a folk song, elegance is a music song, and ode is a sacrifice song. -Top 277? Ping Ming, a great patriotic poet in China, was a left disciple in Chu State, such as Dr. San Lv. His representative works include Li Sao, Nine Songs and Nine Chapters. Literature and Prose in the Han Dynasty (1) Jia Yi, known as Jia Sheng, also known as Jia Changsha and Jia Taifu, wrote ten new books. "On Qin" and "On Shu Shu Ji Chu" are his representative works. Divided into biographies, biographies, tables and books. Lu Xun called "Historical Records" "A historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme". Han Shu by Ban Gu and Warring States Policy by Liu Xiang are both famous works in history. Home, Official and Yuefu were originally poems collected by music institutions in the Han Dynasty. Peacock Flying Southeast is the peak of Yuefu narrative development in Han Dynasty. It was first seen in the New Yutai Fu compiled by Xu Ling in the Southern Dynasties. Fu is a synthesis of China's ancient poetry and prose. Sima Xiangru's Zixu Fu, Shanglin Fu and Jia Yi's Fu Yuan Tune are all famous. Literature in Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties, poetry in Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties. Cao zhi Cao Cao's View of the Sea, Cao Pi's Journey in the Great Miles, Cao Zhi's Mingdu, White Horse and Luo Shenfu are all famous. ② Seven sons of Jian 'an. Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Liu Zhen are the seven sages of bamboo forest. Ruan Ji, Ji Ji. The Peach Blossom Garden, Poem of Returning to the Garden and Drinking, which are praised by the world as Mr. Jing Jie, are all masterpieces handed down from generation to generation. ⑤ In addition, there are Zhuge Liang's models, Ye Fan's History of the Later Han Dynasty, Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms, Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion and Liu Xie's.
2. Literature overview of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
The period of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in the history of literature refers to the historical stage from Jian 'an period in the Eastern Han Dynasty to the unification of Sui Dynasty. This is the longest period of division in China's history. In the past 400 years, various forces have waged fierce struggles for dominance or expanding the scope of rule, with frequent regime changes, social unrest and sharp ethnic contradictions. The important phenomenon in political life in this period is the existence of aristocratic gate system. The nobility monopolized political power. The phenomenon of "no poverty in the top grade, no right in the bottom grade" has also aroused the strong dissatisfaction of the common people with the rule of the gentry. The economic and cultural development of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is also of great significance in the history of China. In the southeast, which was still quite backward in the Han Dynasty, after the successive development of the Six Dynasties, the economic center of China gradually shifted from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin. All ethnic groups gradually moved from struggle to integration. At that time, all ethnic minorities entered the Central Plains. Later, most of them became part of the Han nationality, and their culture greatly enriched the culture of the Han nationality. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is another era of ideological emancipation in the history of China after the Warring States Period. Various theories flourished at the same time, and some heretical ideas prevailed, which brought relative freedom and pluralism of social thought and academic culture. The rise of metaphysics, the prosperity of Buddhism and the popularity of Taoism make Confucianism, as a religion, relatively decline. Although these thoughts inevitably have obvious limitations, they are undoubtedly important progress in the historical journey and have effectively promoted the development of literature and art in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Music, dance, painting, sculpture, calligraphy and even garden architecture, especially poetry, have all undergone major changes during this period. Lu Xun's The Relationship between Wei and Jin Manners, Articles and Medicinal Liquor called "Cao Pi Era" as "the conscious era of literature". Literature has increasingly changed its nature as a tool to publicize Confucian politics and religion, and is increasingly used to express the writer's personal thoughts, feelings and aesthetic pursuits. This became an important turning point in the history of China literature, which brought the prosperity of literature. During this period, the upper class of society was generally keen on literary creation, which influenced the whole society. The increasing richness of literary works makes literature gradually different from other disciplines and become an independent discipline. It is put on the agenda to discuss various problems related to literary creation in theory and evaluate the gains and losses of writers in previous dynasties, which has brought unprecedented prosperity to literary criticism in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Another sign of literary prosperity in this period is the unprecedented activity of literary groups. There has been a "Summer Night Group" centered on Cao Zhi and his son, represented by Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, as well as "twenty-four friends" such as Lu Ji and Zuo Si. Eight Friends of Jingling, including Shen Yue and Xie Tiao. The emergence of these literary groups has promoted the prosperity of literature, triggered some new literary phenomena and promoted the diversification of literary styles. Social changes in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, changes in academic thoughts and literary concepts, and aesthetic pursuit of literature all brought about changes in poetry. As far as the subject matter is concerned, there have been poems about nostalgia, epic poems, poems about immortals, metaphysical poems and palace poems. In terms of poetic style, the five ancient poems are more colorful, and the seven ancient poems have also made significant progress. As the beginning of formal poetry, "Yongming Style" appeared. Several basic forms of China's ancient poetry, such as five laws, five unique poems, seven laws and seven unique poems, were all formed during this period. In rhetoric, the pursuit of beauty is becoming more and more popular. Algae decoration, parallel connection, melody and allusions have become widely used means. During this period, in addition to literati poems, there were Yuefu folk songs, ci fu, novels and literary theories in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties are also an important stage in the development of literature. Confucianism lost its exclusive position, gradually declined, and metaphysics and Buddhism and Taoism rose. They all have a great influence on people's ideas and literary concepts. Literary creation not only gradually got rid of a lot of bad habits of quoting classics, but also paid attention to the free expression of writers' emotions and explored the expression forms of works in many ways. Literature in this period mainly includes three forms: Ci Fu, Parallel Prose and Prose. Compared with the prose of Han Dynasty, prose has changed obviously, from plain and dignified appearance to clear and comprehensive appearance. The creation of ci and fu also presents a new pattern, and the appearance of lyric fu is an important symbol of this change; Under the influence of paying attention to duality, melody and algae decoration, parallel prose appeared and matured.
3. What kind of atmosphere existed in the literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties?
There is an ethos in the literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: the pursuit of "new changes".
People generally regard "new change" as the goal that literature should pursue, and also regard "new change" as the standard to measure the quality of literary works. People no longer regard literature as a tool of politics and religion, but pay attention to expressing the author's personal feelings.
Therefore, there are many extensions of literary themes: Tao Yuanming initiated pastoral poetry, Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao completed the transformation from metaphysical poetry to landscape poetry, and "Palace Poetry" began to appear in the Liang Dynasty. Literary forms are also constantly evolving.
Five-character ancient poems have made new progress in the hands of Jian 'an poets (especially Cao Zhi) and Ruan Ji. During Qi Yongming's reign, Shen Yue and others put forward the theory of "four tones and eight diseases", which initiated the "Yongming style", which was the beginning of regular poetry.
The pursuit of gorgeous rhetoric is also the general trend of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At the same time, due to the influence of metaphysics, literature began to combine with philosophy, which enriched and deepened the connotation of literature.
Generally speaking, Ruan Ji and Tao Yuanming's poems are the most thought-provoking, which is directly related to their philosophical works.
4. Literature overview of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
First, from Jian 'an's character to the voice at the beginning
During the Jian 'an period, "Three Cao's" and "Seven Zi's" appeared at the same time, which created a new situation in China's poetry and established the aesthetic mode of "Jian 'an Style". Cao Cao is always sad, Cao Pi is graceful and restrained, and Cao Zhi has both style and strength. The creation of Cao Shi and his son completed the transformation from Yuefu folk songs to literati Yuefu poems and even apprentice poems, which opened the way for the development of five-character poems. With Cao Shi and his son as the center, Wang Jie, Liu Zhen and other "seven sons of Jian 'an" competed for novelty and created new poems, all of which had distinct literary personality.
During the Zhengshi period, Sima's autocratic politics was sinister, and writers were deeply suppressed. Ruan Ji's poem "Yong Huai" uses the technique of metaphor, expresses emotions implicitly and twists, criticizes reality, and forms a style different from Jian 'an literature. Ji Kang inherited the experience of writing four-character poems from The Book of Songs to Cao Cao, and used four-character poems to express his unique feelings. The language is straightforward and can better reflect the "sober" style.
Second, the Jin Dynasty poetry circle
Poetry in the Jin Dynasty was in a transitional state. The two Jin Dynasties and the Eastern Jin Dynasty have their own characteristics, and the poetry circles in the Western Jin Dynasty are represented by Lu Ji and Pan Yue. The so-called Taikang poetic style refers to the poetic style of the Western Jin Dynasty, represented by Lu and Pan, which paid attention to form, complicated description, complicated poetic style and strong artistry. Zuo Si's poem "Ode to History" mainly describes the injustice of the poor and their contempt and struggle against the gentry: (1) Some of them expressed their dissatisfaction with the door valve system and their contempt for Hao You, some affirmed the value of the poor themselves, and some lamented the hardships of their lives. (2) lament the historical figures to express their inner grief. (3) Show your mind, ambition and spirit.
Metaphysics hung over the poetry circles in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Metaphysical poets represented by Wang Xizhi, Sun Zhuo and Xu Xun lack poetry, and their works are "unreasonable and tasteless". Although it was considered authentic at that time, it had no vitality. On the one hand, the prosperity of metaphysical poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is the result of the prevalence of metaphysics and frivolous in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, on the other hand, it is also related to the political situation in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the resulting scholar mentality. Its characteristics are: first, they are all moral, and they are exhausted; The second is to express Buddhism while writing about landscape amusement.
Tao Yuanming, a great poet in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, created an atmosphere to describe rural life and became a master of simple poetic style in Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the decades after the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the poetic world was almost occupied by metaphysical poems. Since Jian 'an, Zhengshi and Taikang, the normal development of poetry art has been interrupted, and the excessive expansion of metaphysical elements has made poetry deviate from art and become a boring annotation of Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts. With the appearance of Tao Yuanming, poetry has revived the vitality of art and added many new factors. Tao poetry follows the simple style of Wei and Jin poetry and enters a more refined realm, which marks the height that simple poetry can reach like a milestone. Tao Yuanming is also a creative pioneer. He successfully promoted "nature" to the realm of beauty; Transforming Hyunri in the interpretation of metaphysical poems into philosophy in daily life; It combines poetry with daily life and creates a new theme of pastoral poetry. His lofty Geng Jie is free and easy, simple, simple and kind. His philosophical thinking on life, together with his works, has built a nest and spiritual home for later literati.