Words with far-reaching images in poetry are

The whole process of poetry appreciation breaks through [guiding content]. How to appreciate a poem? What do you admire? Through teaching practice, the author finds that the four-step appreciation method of "reading, understanding, combining and concluding" is more effective. First, reading "reading" is the only way to get most of the first-hand materials (perceptual materials) from the text. For poetry, "reading" is particularly important, because the first-hand materials obtained by reading poetry are the premise of appreciating poetry. How to read? You can set up a situation in advance, so that students can read aloud in a certain situation, which can be either a happy situation or a sad situation, so that students can read beautiful poems in a happy situation and bold or idyllic poems in a sad situation. You can also choose the same or completely opposite poems that you have read in advance and compare them. The forms of reading are flexible and diverse, and they can be used as long as they are conducive to poetry appreciation. Such as slow reading, fast reading, slow reading, cadence reading, close your eyes, stare, shake your head, etc. The purpose of reading is to read the rhythm of poetry, the artistic conception of poetry and the poet's mood (emotion). For example, only by reading the word "Yu Meiren" written by Li Yu, Queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, can we grasp the priorities of its tone and rhythm and understand the poet's mood. In particular, sentences such as "The east wind blew in a small building last night, so my country could not bear to look back at the bright moon" and "How much sorrow can there be, just like a river flowing eastward", you can't grasp the length of luck without reading, and you can't know the emotions without reading. At the same time, through reading, we can also firmly grasp the important words (keywords-poetic eyes or word eyes) and specific images in poetry. For example, the word "you" (key word) in "The East Wind in the Small Building Last Night" and the "bright moon" (image) in "The Old Country is unbearable to look back". "Reading" is the first step to perceive poetry, so that students can feel the outline of poetic artistic conception and the author's emotion. Although vague, it laid the foundation and guided the direction for the in-depth appreciation of poetry. Second, enlightenment "enlightenment" is a rational thinking process based on the first-hand materials obtained from "reading". Through enlightenment, we can more specifically grasp the artistic conception of poetry, the author's mood and other appreciation contents, so this step is more important. So, "aware" of what? Understand the imagery and key words (poetic eyes or word eyes) in poetry. 1. Before students know the image, they must first make clear what role the poetic image plays in poetry, so that they can become blind and targeted in the process of understanding. The function of poetic imagery is exactly the same as that of scenery description in prose, which generally has these functions: creating an atmosphere (such as the phrase "Maple leaves are full of rushes" in Pipa's "Creating a bleak and lonely atmosphere when leaving friends"), expressing feelings through scenery (this is a common trick in poetry, and the scenery described in poetry generally has this function), and shaping the background or environment (this function is similar to "creating an atmosphere" Artistic conception is the realm and artistic conception expressed by the author by extracting some specific scenery from natural scenery to describe it. It shows readers a three-dimensional picture, with the purpose of giving people an immersive feeling. For readers, only by "approaching" or "entering" can they perceive the beauty of the realm and the author's emotion. For example, "Moonlight in the pine forest, crystal stone in the stream", "Sunset lingers at the ferry, and the smoke from the kitchen rises from the house after supper", "Lonely smoke in the desert, the long river sets the yen", "Autumn water * * * the sky is one color, and the sunset is lonely in Qi Fei" and "Thousands of miles away, the sunset is lonely in the city" are all poems with far-reaching artistic conception, which set off the character or character (this one. Such as snow, bamboo, plum, pine, crane, lotus, Zhong Ping, goldwind and Yulu. , set off the noble character, strong character and pure emotion of the characters, and set the emotional tone (for example, the first three sentences of Liu Yong's Rain Bell, "Chill, the pavilion at night, the shower begins to rest", set the bleak tone for the whole poem), and set off the scenery. The warm scenery sets off the cold scenery-"The sun is tempered by pine trees", the bright scenery sets off the dark scenery-"The sunshine there enters a small forest and shines back on me from the moss", the full scenery sets off the empty scenery-"The word geese return, the moon is full of the west building", and the material language (or material state) sets off the artistic conception-"The pond abandoned trees, but still tired of talking about soldiers". ), and the scenery to contrast feelings (this role in poetry, such as "Your northern grass is as green as jade, and my mulberry leaves are green" in Li Bai's Spring Thoughts, is to use the blue and green of mulberry grass to contrast the strong feeling of thinking, and the "silk" and "branch" are respectively "thinking" and "knowing" There are also sad scenes to set off sadness, happy scenes to set off happiness, or happy scenes to set off sadness. For example, Du Fu's poem "Ascending the Mountain" sets off sadness with a sad scene, while his poem "A Bird Crossing the River" sets off sadness with a happy scene. Of course, these functions are not independent in poetry. In a poem, all functions may be combined, which requires us not to lose sight of one thing and lose sight of another. With many functions of images, it seems reasonable to understand images, but how to understand them? First find out the individual image or image group in the poem, and then try to figure out the perception. If it is an individual image, we must appreciate it with humanistic feelings. For example, the individual image "Chao" in Liu Yuxi's poem "Stone City" must be endowed with humanistic feelings when appreciated. The feeling of "tide" always comes and goes. It seemed intense, wild and full of passion when I came. When it hits the coast violently or runs out of energy along the beach, it looks calm and a little weak or depressed or lost. In this regard, we can imagine: what do you want to ask for or vent when the tide comes? Is it satisfied or cold when you go back? You can know it by combining the "lonely back" behind it. It can be inferred that the author uses the tide to contrast the desolation and cold of the "old country" to contrast the scenery and environment; At the same time, it also reveals the author's feelings for historical Cang Sang, which is a blending scene. If image group is like this, he must enter a picture composed of multiple images and feel it with various senses. For example, in Du Fu's poem Ascending the Mountain, "The sky is high and the wind is urgent, apes crow and birds crow, and the white sand in the blue lake returns to its nest", when the poet mobilizes his hearing and vision, he will have a visual sense of openness when he organizes the images of "autumn wind", "sky is high", "ape whistling", "sand house" and "Jiang Niao" to form a beautiful close-up picture. At the same time, the broad vision sets off the wandering loneliness of the author, so as to set off the scenery. -These are the benefits expressed by shaping the artistic conception. 2. Understanding keywords Some keywords in poetry highly gather the author's emotions or describe the atmosphere. We call these words poetic eyes or word eyes. It is perceived by "reading" through a strong rhythm. For example, "You" in "The East Wind in the Small Building Last Night" and "Zi" and "Kong" in "Green Grass, Birds and Flowers" in Du Fu's Book of Letters are all key words. To understand a word, we usually start with its original meaning to understand its deep meaning in the poetic context. For example, "once again" means "once again", which means that the spring breeze blows on the small building quarter by quarter, and it also blows on the hearts of people in the small building quarter by quarter. The "old country" is difficult and the time is getting longer and longer, so we have to add layers of sadness to Li Yu, the king of national subjugation, even to an unbearable degree, including regrets and sighs. -the feelings gathered by the word "you" are beyond words. The words "ego" and "emptiness" describe the lonely and desolate atmosphere of Wuhou Temple. Third, in the process of enlightenment, we have a detailed grasp of all aspects of poetry appreciation, but this is only a relatively single positioning of the value of poetry, not comprehensive. Because some poems are still of practical significance, we should also contact the background of the author's writing at that time (including social, cultural and political background) and the author's life and other factors when appreciating them. Only in this way can we appreciate poetry concretely, comprehensively, objectively and fairly. This also tells the appreciator from one side that he must have certain historical knowledge and understand the life experiences and ideological conditions of quite a few authors. For example, it is far from enough to regard the author's feelings about the rise and fall of the "old country" as the final appreciation of the poem "Stone City", which also goes against the author's true will to write this poem. Because when the poet Liu Yuxi wrote this poem, the Tang empire was declining, the court ministers crowded out each other, and there was a "party struggle between Niu and Li", and the eunuch's authoritarian power remained; The separatist forces in the local buffer zone are on the rise again. Therefore, the main purpose of his poem should be to satirize the reality, that is, to express his lament over the decline of the national movement through the demise of the Six Dynasties, hoping that the rulers at that time could learn from the past. 4. Knot 1. Poetry types and macro appreciation There are many kinds of poems in China, and each type of poetry has certain similarities. Therefore, it is very important to summarize the types of poems and their macro appreciation, so that students can know one kind and three kinds, and finally achieve the purpose of appreciating all kinds of poems. China's poems can be divided into many types, such as lyrical poems, epic poems, farewell poems for hurting spring, exile poems, pastoral poems, farewell poems for friends, poems by in my heart forever, poems about Zen and so on. But at the same time, they overlap, that is to say, the method of appreciating this kind of poetry can also be used to appreciate other kinds of poetry. To appreciate all kinds of poems, we should master some macro-appreciation essentials: expressing feelings by borrowing scenery, understanding the artistic conception of the blending of scenery in poems, understanding the feelings expressed by poets in writing scenery, and grasping their writing skills and language characteristics; Cherish ancient poems by praising history, and connect with the background to understand emotions (feeling the rise and fall or pinning grief or satirizing the present); The farewell poems of hurting spring are used to express the feelings of fleeting youth and unfulfilled ambition, or to express the infinite thoughts of relatives, friends and lovers; Poetry in the journey is the longing and yearning for the distant hometown caused by what the wandering poet saw and heard. Landscape pastoral poetry is a kind of idyllic life created by the poet who takes landscape pastoral poetry as the aesthetic object, throwing delicate strokes into quiet Shan Ye and leisurely fields to express his dissatisfaction with reality and yearning for a quiet and peaceful life. Expressing poetry by things means that the poet does not directly express his thoughts and feelings, but uses symbols, interests and other means to integrate his ideals and personality interests into a specific thing to achieve the purpose of expressing his will; Frontier fortress expeditionary poems reflect the fighting spirit of frontier fortress soldiers who are not afraid of hardships and defend the frontier, or describe the deep feelings of soldiers missing their loved ones, or satirize and persuade arrogant rulers; Send a friend a farewell poem, use the scenery to render the sad atmosphere of parting, and express the feelings or encouragement; Always in my heart's poems, I write about the complaints of boudoir women about their husbands' long absence or the thoughts of their husbands stationed at the border; Talking about Zen's reasonable poems is that the poet appeals to his own epiphany or observation of things similar to Zen in his poems, which often has an ethereal realm that is out of touch with human beings; Wait a minute. 2. The main purpose of poetry appreciation is "reading, understanding and linking", which only solves the problem of how to appreciate poetry. As for what can be appreciated without omission, this is a crucial question. In order to solve this problem, the 2002 college entrance examination notes have made a clear definition, that is, to appreciate poetry from three aspects: image, expression skills and language. Therefore, we must firmly grasp these three contents when summing up. Appreciation of poetic imagery, expressive techniques and language should be shown in the following table: Appreciation should illustrate image quality, personality, moral integrity and so on. Things are scattered into mud, rolled into dust, and the fragrance remains unchanged. The leaves fall like a waterfall, but I think the long river always rolls forward. It is used to express the scenery (or environment) characteristics in poetry. The steps are dyed with green grass in spring, and the expression skills of birds chirping happily under the leaves are lyrical (or melt into the scenery or empathize with it). The petals are already in tears and the lonely birds have sung their sorrows. Comparison (or contrast or contrast) of poems that express their feelings with things. Rhetoric (metaphor, personification, exaggeration, intertextuality, pun, etc. ) "the cool moon is like an eyebrow hanging from a willow bend, and the more you look at it, the more beautiful it is. There is a lotus leaf in front of the fishing boat, which uses Xin Qiji's classic sentence "Looking back on the past at Gubeiting in Jingkou" from many angles (from far and near, from top to bottom, from far and near, from near to far). ) "In the sharp wind from the vast sky, apes are whimpering, and birds are flying home on clear lakes and white beaches" with fresh, natural and simple pastoral poetry %D%A Add: %D%A How to appreciate poetry? Appreciate the style of poetry. Style refers to the relatively fixed characteristics of the author in most of his works. For example, Li Bai's Song of Autumn Pus: White hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow seems long. I don't know where to get autumn frost in the mirror. This poem is about sadness. Li Bai highlights his sad situation through exaggeration: his hair turned white because of sadness, and he suddenly grew a few thousands of feet. The use of exaggeration not only highlights the heaviness of Li Bai's sadness, but also makes his poems elegant in artistic style. Like this poem, many of his poems are elegant. For example, he wrote "Lushan Waterfall": Going straight to thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days; ("Looking at Lushan Waterfall") He wrote a poem to bid farewell to his friend Wang Lun: Peach Blossom Lake is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun; (To Wang Lun) He described the scene when he passed the steep Three Gorges: he bid farewell to Bai Di in the clouds and returned to Jiangling for a day. These poems are extremely exaggerated and full of elegant features, fully demonstrating his elegant style. Another example is Du Fu's "On Meeting with the Downstream": it is common in Qi Wang's family, and Cui has heard it several times. It's a beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and I meet you when the flowers fall. This poem was written by Du Fu when he fled to the south of the Yangtze River after the Anshi Rebellion and was glad to meet his old friend Li Guinian. He used to meet his relatives and relatives at home. How happy it is that old friends finally meet, and now it is "a good scenery in the south of the Yangtze River". But when Du Fu was happy, he pointed out that he met you in the "falling flower season". That is: I should be happy to finally meet you, but now that our country is ruined, we can't cheer heartily. The "falling flower season" gave their happy meeting a heavy and depressing atmosphere. This is the case with Du Fu's poems. Even if he writes about happy events, his poems are branded with the times and appear heavy and depressing, because he experienced a prosperous and declining era in Tang Dynasty. Therefore, his poetic style is mainly gloomy, such as "the news of this distant west station!" The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop crying from my coat "; ("The Imperial Army Recovered the Banks of the Yellow River") "The wine in Zhumen stinks, and the road has frozen bones"; ("From Beijing to Fengxian", 500 words) "However, at dusk, I feel sorry for the sorrow of an emperor who has long disappeared. I am singing the song that his prime minister sang when he was not unfamiliar on the mountain"; (Climbing the stairs) "But before he could conquer, he was dead, and the heroes cried on their coats"; (Shuxiang) and so on. These poems all bear Du Fu's heavy feelings, sadness and helplessness, which makes his poems form a gloomy and distinctive style. Even the same theme, due to the author's experience, artistic accomplishment and other differences, the poems written have different styles. For example, in Yongmei, Lu You wrote, "There is a broken bridge outside the post, enjoying yourself.". It's dusk, and it's stormy. I have no intention of striving for spring. Every group of people are jealous, and they are all smashed into mud and crushed into ashes. Only the fragrance remains unchanged. In this poem, Lu You expressed his feelings of not giving in to the sinister environment and sticking to his pure character through the plum blossom image that grew up in the sinister environment. Here reveals the lofty and graceful demeanor of the ancient intellectuals in China, who are "the world is turbid and I am the only one". Mao Zedong wrote: Wind and rain send spring home, and flying snow welcomes spring. It's already a hundred feet of ice on the cliff, and only the flowers are beautiful. Joe doesn't fight for spring, he only reports it. When the mountain flower is romantic, it laughs in the bushes. In this poem, Mao Zedong wrote that plum blossoms are indomitable, optimistic and full of energy to dress up the image of the earth even if they grow in the ice on the cliff. Driven by its efforts, the earth is full of vitality, and everything is blooming. It can hide in the flowers with humility and tolerance, smile with relief and pride, and never take credit for itself. Mao Zedong, through the image of plum blossom, swept away the sound of resentment and sadness inherent in the ancient people of China, and expressed his heroic feelings and bold style. For the same author, there is often more than one style of work. As mentioned earlier, Mao Zedong also wrote "Spring and Snow in Qinyuan": the scenery in the north is frozen for thousands of miles, and the snow in Wan Li is floating. Looking inside and outside the Great Wall, there is no limit. Up and down the river, the waves are confused, the mountain dances with silver snakes, and the original wax elephant. If you want to compare with the weather, you must look at the red dress on a sunny day, which is especially enchanting. There are too many beautiful women in the country, and countless heroes compete for the waist. They cherish the king of Qin, Hanwu, but lose their literary talent. Tang Zong Song Zu, a little coquettish, is a generation of arrogance, Genghis Khan. He only knows how to shoot big sculptures with a bow. He has been there in the past and counted romantic figures. He still looks at the present. The images in this poem are lofty and grand, such as the ice of thousands of miles, the snow in Wan Li, the Great Wall in Wan Li, the surging Yellow River, the dancing mountains and the Mercedes-Benz plateau ... Through these grand images, the author expresses the people's lofty aspirations to dominate the world under the leadership of the * * * production party, and the whole poem is magnificent and full of lofty sentiments. The style is heroic and magnificent. Mao Zedong's Answer to Li Shuyi and Little Beauty are graceful and restrained in style. Such as Yu Meiren: What's on your pillow? Rivers and seas are turning. The night is long, how can it be difficult to understand? Helplessly put on clothes and sit in the cold wind. At dawn, all my thoughts are gray, and I am extremely tired and helpless. There is no reason why the waning moon should not shed tears. This word was written by Mao Zedong and Yang Kaihui before they got married. Because they quarreled, Mao Zedong was alienated by Yang Kaihui. This word is a typical euphemism, expressing the sadness of Mao Zedong's bone marrow. Appreciate the artistic conception of poetry. Artistic conception refers to the unity of emotion, concept, environment and atmosphere in poetry. Poetry generally has a beautiful artistic conception. Bai Juyi's Spring Tour in Qiantang: Gushan Temple in the northwest of Jiating, the water is flat and the feet are low. Several early warblers compete for warm trees, and their new swallows peck at spring mud, and the flowers are more and more gorgeous. Shallow grass can't have horseshoes. I love the lack of eastward travel of the lake and the white sand embankment under the shadow of Populus davidiana. In this poem, the first-class water, low cloud feet, early warblers, warm trees, newly arrived swallows, the earth with surging spring tides, delicate flowers and short and tender grass are all filled with the breath of spring. This poem describes the unique environmental atmosphere in early spring, which is the "boundary" of the poem, and expresses the poet's feelings of being intoxicated. This is the "meaning" of the poem, and the "favorite" in this poem is an emotion that the author can't control. Similar poems with beautiful artistic conception include Autumn Night in a Mountain by Wang Wei, Jiang Xue by Liu Zongyuan and Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night by Du Fu. Appreciate the expression of poetry. The commonly used expression techniques in poetry are contrast, exaggeration, contrast, combination of reality and reality, blending of scenes and setting off. For example, Li Bai's "Visit to Yue Gu" shows that the King of Yue Gou Jian broke the martial arts, the soldiers returned to their hometown in fine clothes, and the ladies-in-waiting were like the flower-like Man Chun Hall. Today, there are only partridges flying. In this poem, the grand occasion of Gou Jian's destruction of Wu is in sharp contrast with the bleak situation that only wild birds fly now. Contrast is obviously used here. Because of the use of contrast, the author feels more deeply about the impermanence of life. Poems that use the method of comparison include Yu Meiren by Li Yu and Broken Array by Xin Qiji. Another example is Yuefu folk song Shangxie: Shangxie, I want to know you, and I want to live a long life. There are no graves in the mountains, rivers are inexhaustible, winter thunder bursts, summer rain and snow, and heaven and earth are combined to dare to be with you. This poem says that if there are no peaks in the mountains, the rivers will all dry up, it will thunder in winter and snow in summer, so I dare to cut off contact with you. Obviously, this is impossible. Exaggeration is used here, and it is precisely because of exaggeration that I vividly express my undying love for my sweetheart. Poems that use exaggeration include Qiu Pu Ge, Looking at Lushan Waterfall, Mao Zedong's Liang Zhu Answer Li Shuyi, Qinyuanchun Changsha and so on. Another example is Yuefu folk song "Drinking Horses in the Yangtze River Cave": the grass on the banks of the Qingqing River and the continuous Philip Burkart Road. It's incredible to travel long distances. I used to dream that I was next to you, and suddenly I felt that I was in a foreign country, in a different county, and I didn't meet each other. This poem, from the grass by the river to the ancient road in the distance, introduces the narrative of the protagonist's bitter yearning for his sweetheart. The first two sentences are "saying something else first causes the words to be sung", so they are metaphors. Due to the use of metaphor, it laid a good foundation for the lingering lyric tone below. Poems that use the method of comparison include "Guanluo Bird" and "Peacock Flying Southeast". In the poem "Drinking Horses in the Yangtze River Cave", the author writes that the hero is "out of reach" for his sweetheart (the sweetheart is not around, and he can't be seen in a foreign country, so it's useless to think about him, so it's better not to think about it), and it is "suddenly feeling that he will never see you again in a foreign country and in a different county". This is the real fact faced by the hero, and it is the real writing. The author wrote that the hero "dreamed of the past and dreamed of being by my side", which is an untrue fact in the hero's dream. After waking up, the hero disappeared, so this writing is empty. This poem adopts a combination of reality and fiction. Because of the combination of reality and fiction, it well shows the psychological process of the protagonist's longing for his sweetheart from sobriety to infatuation and even cruelty-what an infatuated yearning! Poems that combine reality with fiction include Xin Qiji's Broken Array, Lu You's The Storm on November 4th, and Su Shi's Jiangchengzi. Another example is Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si": a crow with a withered vine and an old tree, a small bridge and a flowing water family, an old road and a thin horse, the sun sets, and heartbroken people are at the end of the world. The images of this lyric poem mainly include vines, trees, crows, bridges, water, home, Taoism, wind, horses, the sun and people. These images have the same characteristics: desolation, ruins, lifelessness and loneliness. Poems that use the technique of scene blending include Jiang Xue by Liu Zongyuan and Rain at Night by Li Shangyin. Another example is Du Mu's palace: in the faded old palace, the lonely river in Gonghua, the ladies-in-waiting are already white-haired, and discuss the grand occasion of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty. In this poem, broken palaces, lonely flowers, white-haired ladies-in-waiting and infinite glorious past events set each other off in interest, vividly reflecting that the scenery in the prosperous Tang Dynasty will not reappear, giving people infinite feelings of changeable things and impermanence of life. This poem, because of the use of contrast, makes the image of the poem more rich, vivid and vivid. Poems that use foil techniques include Wang Jingting Mountain by Li Bai and Yu Gezi by Zhang. Appreciate the rhetorical mystery of choosing words and making sentences in poems and songs. For example, the word "green" in Wang Anshi's Spring Breeze and Green Jiang Nanan fully shows the breath of spring in the south of the Yangtze River. Wang Zhihuan's "The Story of the Heron Tower" and "A bosom friend in the sea, a neighbor in the sky" in "Farewell to Lieutenant Du in Sichuan" are famous sentences, because they contain profound philosophy and broad lofty sentiments respectively. A similar famous sentence is Qu Yuan's Li Sao, in which "the road is long and Xiu Yuan is Xi, and Xiu Yuan is Xi, so I will go up and down to seek"; Since God has given talents, let them be used! "In Li Bai's Into the Wine;" In Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain, leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, while I watch the long river roll forward. Su Shi's "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but toward which corner of the mountain" and so on. These words and expressions are profound and expressive, and need to be deeply appreciated and tasted. To appreciate poetry, we should work hard from the above aspects and recite more famous works, which is more conducive to improving our appreciation ability. Looking back on his childhood poems, Guo Moruo said: "I recited many Tang poems when I was a child, but I didn't understand their meaning at that time, but I got into my stomach." When you are older, you will gradually understand it, solve it, integrate it into your heart, and arrange it in your pen. " As Lao Guo said, only by reciting a poem can we "understand it, understand it and melt it into our hearts", or even "schedule it at the end of the pen". %D%A