Du Fu grew up in a family with a literary tradition of "serving Confucianism and guarding officials". Du Fu's grandfather, Du Fu, was a famous poet in the post-Wu period and a member of the official banquet. His father, Du Xian, served as Sima of Yanzhou and magistrate of Fengtian County. He began to learn poetry at the age of 7, and at the age of 15, poetry attracted the attention of Luoyang celebrities. From the age of 20, his life can be divided into four periods.
The roaming period was from the 19th year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (73 1) to the 4th year of Tianbao (745). In the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan, he returned to Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam and was not admitted. The following year, he began his second roaming in Qi and Zhao. In his later years, he recalled the scene at that time: "During the Qi and Zhao Dynasties, autumn horses were quite wild." During these two wanderings, he saw the beautiful and majestic mountains and rivers of the motherland, absorbed the cultures of Jiangnan and Shandong, broadened his horizons and enriched his knowledge. In the third year of Tianbao, Li Bai met in Luoyang. They traveled around Qilu, visited Taoism to find friends, talked about poetry and papers, and sometimes talked about current affairs, and formed a profound friendship. The following autumn, Du Fu will go west to Chang 'an, and Li Bai will visit Jiangdong again. They broke up in Yanzhou and never met again. Du Fu wrote many touching poems in memory of Li Bai.
During the Chang 'an period, from the fifth year of Tianbao to the fourteenth year of Tianbao, Du Fu lived in Chang 'an for 10 years, and his life, thoughts and creation all changed greatly. He went to Chang 'an to get an official position and make achievements. In the sixth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong summoned people with literary and artistic skills to Kyoto and chose them. Du Fu took part in the exam, but due to the conspiracy of China's famous secretary Li, no candidate was selected. In the tenth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong held three grand ceremonies to offer sacrifices to Laozi, Imperial Palace and Heaven and Earth. Du Fu wrote three "Gifts", which was appreciated by Xuanzong, and ordered the Prime Minister to examine his writings, ready to go, and no more. He kept writing poems and giving them to powerful people, hoping to get their recommendation, but to no avail. Finally, you got Cao Cao's position and led the government to join the army. This is the last period of Du Fu's stay in Chang 'an, and it is also the eve of An Shi Rebellion.
Xuanzong in his later years completely changed the excellent political style of making great efforts in Kaiyuan period. There was a prime minister who was corrupt and arrogant, but he was militaristic, and he himself enjoyed himself in the palace. The people's cruel exploitation of taxes is becoming more and more serious. Du Fu was "trapped in food and clothing". In order to make a living, he had to go in and out of noble houses as a "guest", accompany them to sing poems and make wine, and get a little financial support. At the same time, he made some friends as poor as himself, and also made extensive contact with the working people. His footprints range from mean streets to noble gardens, from Qujiang, where high-rise buildings and pavilions compete for luxury, to xian yangqiao, where he must go before he starts to recruit people. The failure of official career requirements enabled him to objectively understand the corruption of the ruling class, and personal hunger and cold made him realize the sufferings of the people. These two completely different lives are reflected in Du Fu's poems. Eleven years after Tianbao, he wrote immortal masterpieces such as Garage Shop, Second Road, Before the Fortress and After the Fortress.
The Anshi Rebellion was the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and great social, political and economic changes took place. Politically, the imperial court lost its centralized ruling power at home and could not resist the invasion of barbarians abroad; Economically, due to years of war and natural disasters, the countryside is in depression, and the exploitation of the people by the ruling class has intensified, resulting in a sharp drop in population and a decline in productivity. Du Fu himself has experienced very complicated changes: exile, being trapped in a thief, being left behind by the emperor, exile in China, living on the desolate Luoyang Road, living in Sichuan-there is a great disparity in personnel relations and natural environment. This kind of life experience is much richer and harder than that in Chang 'an period, so there are many kinds of poems, and more than 200 poems have been handed down, most of which are masterpieces of Du Fu's poems.
Wandering in the southwest, from the first year of the reign of Su Zong Shang Yuan (760) to the fifth year of the reign of Da Li (770). 1 1 year, Du Fu spent eight years in Shu and three years in Jingxiang. Du Fu described himself as "wandering in the southwest between heaven and earth" in Kuizhou (Ode to Monuments). In fact, he has lived in Chengdu for five years, and his life is relatively stable. In the spring of the first year at the end of Yuan Dynasty, he built a thatched cottage by the Huanhuaxi River in the west of Chengdu, ending his four-year exile and obtaining a place to live. He left the troubled and sorrowful Central Plains, and his eyes showed a beautiful pastoral scene. Flowers, birds, insects and fish seem to be attentive to him, which makes him temporarily rest from years of hard work and anxiety. He also wrote many poems full of infinite love and natural singing. However, he never forgot the people who left their homes, and sang the famous sentence "There are thousands of spacious houses in peace, and the poor people in the world are happy" in "The Hut is Blown by the Autumn Wind".
Lu You (1125 ~1210), a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, was born in Yin Shan, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang).
Lu You worked tirelessly from primary school, and was deeply educated in patriotism in troubled times. At the age of 20, she married Tang Wan and was forcibly separated by her mother. This kind of emotional pain lasts for a lifetime, and the famous works such as Hairpin Phoenix and Shenyuan are all for this reason. At the age of 29, he went to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and won the first place in the exam. Because he lived before Qin Gui's grandson, and because he didn't forget the national humiliation, he was deleted from the list at the second interview. Houkuizhou (now Fengjie, Sichuan) passed the verdict, acting as Zhou Shu, Jiazhou and Rongzhou as judges and magistrates. In the second year (1 175), Lu you was invited to be a senator from central Sichuan, Fan Chengda Town. In the fifth year of Xichun, Lu You's poems became more and more famous and were summoned by Xiaozong, but they were not really reused. Xiaozong only sent him to Fuzhou and Jiangxi for two official missions to promote Changping tea and salt. When he was working in Jiangxi, there was a flood there. He "set up camp" and personally visited the disaster area, "distributing relief supplies to charity warehouses and sending millet to people in all counties". Unexpectedly, he violated the regulations and went home on charges of "exceeding authority". After living in my hometown for 6 years, Lu You is also known as Yanzhou (now Jiande, Zhejiang). In the fifteenth year of Xi Chun, Lu You left Yanzhou and returned to his hometown. Soon, he was called to Lin 'an as a military attache. The following year, Guangzong ascended the throne and was appointed as a doctor of the DPRK. So he even wrote to persuade the court to reduce taxes. As a result, he was impeached and dismissed from office again on charges of "mocking romantics". After that, Lu You lived in the countryside for a long time, and died on December 29th of Jiading (1210 65438+1October 26th).
Qu Yuan (340 ~ 278 BC) was born in Ping, a noble Chu state. During the Warring States period, Chu poets absorbed the essence of southern folk songs, merged ancient myths and legends, and created a new poetic style-Chu Ci. The appearance of Chu Ci is the great liberation of China's ancient poetry. It breaks the rigid format of "four words and one sentence" in The Book of Songs, adopts irregular sentence patterns of three to eight words, with lively and diverse forms, suitable for describing complex social life and expressing rich thoughts and feelings, and its length and capacity can be expanded at will according to the needs of the content. Qu Yuan, a great poet, is the founder and representative writer of Chu Ci.
At first, he was trusted by Chu Huaiwang. He was a senior official of the left. He advocated improving internal affairs and uniting the state of Qin. However, Chu Huaiwang's Lingyin Zijiao, Shangguan Doctor, Shanxi Merchants and his favorite concubine Zheng Xiu were all bought by Zhang Yi, the envoy of Qin State, which not only made Wang Huai unable to accept Qu Yuan's opinion, but also alienated him. As a result, Chu Huaiwang was lured to death by the State of Qin. After Xiang Wang ascended the throne, Qu Yuan continued to suffer persecution and exile again and again. In 278 BC, the general of Qin led the army south and conquered the capital of Chu. Qu Yuan was desperate for the future and threw himself into the Miluo River on May 5 of the same year. Dragon Boat Festival is a festival in memory of Qu Yuan.
Qu Yuan's life was bumpy, but he was brilliant. However, he was unable to serve his country, and eventually he died with hatred. However, he left famous works such as Li Sao, Tian Wen and Tian Wen for later generations.
Li Qingzhao (1084.2.5—1155.4.10) [1]? No. Yi Anju, a poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty, was born in Zhangqiu, Jinan (now Zhangqiu, Shandong), and the graceful and restrained school represented the poetess. Father Li is one of the last four bachelors, and her husband Zhao Mingcheng is a textual research scholar in epigraphy. In the first year of Chongning (1 102), Huizong, in the name of Shaoshu Zongshen, appointed Cai Jing and Tingzhi Zhao as the left and right sides, erected a monument to support the army, and took Sima Guang and others 120 as "traitors". His father is listed as party member, which is reflected in the poem. In the second year of Chongning (1 103), he became an official sincerely and decided to write a book "Records of the Stone" with the purpose of investigating and recording ancient inscriptions. In the first year of Daguan (1 107), Cai Jing came back to life and died. Minister Yuan You suggested that Cai Jing protect the "traitor" in Yuan You and seize the officials he gave him. Ming Cheng and Zhao Qing lived in Qingzhou (now Yidu, Shandong Province) for ten years. In the second year of Xuanhe (1 120), after Cai Jing became an official, Ming Cheng began to know Laizhou (now Ye County, Shandong Province), and then moved from Laiwu to Hippo Chef. After the jingkang rebellion. Ming Cheng hurried to the south to attend his mother's funeral. When he learned the news of jiangning house, he took the book to Jiankang. After three years of advice, Zhao Mingcheng died of illness. After leaving Beijing for Jiankang, I set out for central Zhejiang, and Qingzhao also entered Zhejiang, passing through Taiwan Province, Sheng and Huangyan, from Yuzhou Island to Wenzhou, and then to Yuezhou and Quzhou. Shaoxing went to Hangzhou in the second year (1 132). During his four years in Shaoxing, he wrote Preface to the Inscription. Shaoxing people, with "Jinshi Lu" boarded the table. He died in his seventies. Good at writing, especially at poetry. The History of Song Dynasty and the Records of Arts and Literature recorded seven volumes of Collected Works of Yi 'an Jushi, but none of them was handed down from generation to generation. Qingzhao initiated the theory of "other schools" and "Yi 'an style" and was a great poet in Song Dynasty. This anthology is called Shuyu Collection, which was compiled by later generations.
Nalan Xingde (1655—— 1685), formerly known as Chengde, was born in Lingjiashan, Rong Ruo, in Zhenghuangqi, Manchuria, and was a scholar in the 12th year of Kangxi. The eldest son of Pearl, a college student. He is indifferent to fame and fortune, good at riding and shooting, good at reading and good at writing. His words are all won by the word "truth", with sincere and strong feelings and vivid scenery.
He has low intelligence, can read and recite, inherits Manchu martial arts tradition and is good at riding and shooting. He has certain attainments in calligraphy, painting and music. In the fifteenth year of Kangxi, he was a scholar, awarded a third-class bodyguard, sought a first-class promotion, and was the third military attache.
His wife Lu, the daughter of Lu Xingzu, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, gave a gift to a lady. After three years of marriage, his wife died. Ye Yuanli of Wujiang personally wrote an epitaph for her, then married an official and gave her a generous gift. My concubine, Yan, was later accepted as a concubine by Shen Wan in the south of the Yangtze River, and she wrote "Choosing Dreams" and "Charming My Husband" and died. Nalan Xingde died at the age of thirty-one. He was buried in Zaoshitun, west of Beijing, where "a scholar lost weight and mourned the world". There are three sons and four daughters. A woman married a veteran Nian Gengyao.
Nalan Xingde made friends with Zhu Yizun, Gu Zhenguan, Jiang, Yan and other Han celebrities, and won a group of Han intellectuals for the Qing court to some extent. He wrote many works in his life: twenty volumes of Tong Tang Zhi Ji, four volumes of Miscellaneous Knowledge of Lushui Pavilion, and A Brief History of Linz; Set "Yi Ji Yan" 80 volumes, "Chen Liji" 38 volumes; The compilation and selection of books such as Early Collection of Modern Ci, Notes of Famous Poets, Selected Works of All Tang Poems are amazing.
Nalan Xingde is famous for his ci, with 349 existing poems, which are sad and stubborn and have a legacy of the late Tang Dynasty. The mourning poem is sincere and painful, and it is unbearable to read. Wang Guowei commented: "Nalan Xingde looks at things with the eyes of nature and expresses his feelings with the tongue of nature." Since the Northern Song Dynasty, there has been only one person. Zhu Zumou said that "there has been no such author for 800 years", and Tan Xianyun said that "it is important to be tolerant of others, and the lyrics are sad and sad, so people have his arms". At that time, it was widely rumored that "everyone was singing water words, and several people knew Nalan's heart". "Nalan Ci" spread to foreign countries, and the North Koreans said, "Who expected to see Liu Tuntian after Xiaofeng's waning moon?"
The first place of Nalan Ci is the side hat, and the second place is drinking water, which are now collectively called Nalan Ci.
I just thought of this now, hehe.