[Keywords] Guangnan Zhuang Guima Drum Bronze Drum Towel Dance Reference:
Guangnan County is located in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. It is called "the hometown of bronze drums" because there are many bronze drums unearthed and found here, and so far there are 38 bronze drums unearthed, found and registered in Guangnan County. Guangnan county is mainly inhabited by Zhuang nationality, which originated from Baiyue tribe in ancient times and is the original ethnic group of Judingpu people. Zhuang people regard bronze drums as "artifacts", which have been with Zhuang people for more than 2, years. All Zhuang villages in Guangnan County will have bronze drums handed down from generation to generation. However, due to historical reasons, although there are no bronze drums handed down from generation to generation in every village, there is a bronze drum handed down from generation to generation in Guima Village, Nasa Town, Guangnan County.
1. The artistic charm of Guima Drum and Bronze Drum
1. Guima Drum and Sacrificial Bronze Drum
Guima Drum belong to Majiang bronze drum (Majiang bronze drum: a kind of bronze drum represented by the bronze drum unearthed in Majiang County, Guizhou Province). ), the drum surface has a sun awn, which is willow-shaped, the tip of which is < P > outward, and there are halos outside the awn. The 2nd and 4th halos are decorated with twelve zodiac signs. There are frog ornaments on the drum surface, and the squatting frog is small, about 4 cm high, and its expression is dull; There are also breast nail patterns on the drum surface, which are arranged in a circle with the sun pattern on the drum surface as the center, and the spacing is equal. The outer halo of the breast nail is Yun Leiwen, which constitutes a group between interstellar clouds; There are wavy lines on the feet, with fish and other aquatic animals in between.
"Guima Drum" has been kept by the Dai family in Guima Village and passed down to the twelfth generation. Every year, from the first day to the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, the custom of beating bronze drums and dancing bronze drums is still preserved. On the first day of the first month of the first month, Dai clan members personally selected the first bucket of new water for the New Year as bronze drums to "wash their faces" and "wash their bodies", burned incense and offered sacrifices to the drums, and dripped duck blood and wine on the drums. The whole village sucked blood wine according to generations, praying for clan peace, abundant crops and prosperous people in the coming year. After the bronze drum is finished, it is hung on the eaves in front of the hall, and it is rotated for divination. When the drum stops facing, it is determined that it was a good year. After divination, the patriarch beats the drum face, and the rhythm is to knock three times and stop once. It is said that this is a dialogue with the gods and pray for the gods and ancestors to bless peace and good weather.
(2) Bronze drum towel dance
On the third day of the first month, Dai clan people danced bronze drum towel dance with villagers. Towel dance, Zhuang language is "Shinima", "Gathering Allah", "Gathering Aye" and "Gathering Aye", which is named after the dancers dance with a towel in each hand. The towel dance in Guima Village has twelve sets of movements: clearing the way, sowing seeds, transplanting rice, planting seedlings, planting cotton, offering sacrifices to ancestors, weaving cotton, picking grain, celebrating harvest and ending. The rhythm squats down. The formations are: two rows, crossing each other, and circles. Foot movements are: stamping, sucking legs and jumping. Hand movements include: one-handed upward swing, one-handed side circle, two-handed upward swing, two-handed downward swing, crossed hands and so on. The villagers in Guima Village, dressed in festive costumes, danced happily with the accompaniment of the sound of bronze drums and horns. After each group of movements, they would shout "Yo-ho" and then jump off the next group of movements, symbolizing their expectation for a better life and full of pride.
second, the cultural implication of the bronze drum dance
(1) mysterious primitive religious culture
1. animism
The ceremony of offering bronze drums before dancing the bronze drum dance embodies one aspect of the strong animism of Zhuang ancestors. In the primitive society, people had a chaotic understanding of everything in the universe, thinking that everything in the universe could protect and harm mankind, so they were in awe of everything. The sound of bronze drums can travel thousands of miles, prompting them to think that bronze drums are "artifacts" that can reach the earth from heaven. Therefore, the ancient concept has continued to this day.
2. Frog totem worship
"The occurrence of any distinctive regional culture is often related to local special cultural conditions." Zhuang people take frogs as their totem, and there are four squatting frogs on the edge of the drum surface of Guima Drum, which also reflects this concept.
There are two legends about frogs in Zhuang area. First, frogs are children of the gods, who are punished for breaking the dogma, and are responsible for reporting rain and shine on the world and monitoring human behavior. Therefore, Zhuang people fear frogs. Second, in ancient times, there was a drought and no rain, and the crops were yellow. People asked the gods to rain, but the gods should not. Finally, people invited the frog to sit on the bronze drum as a sacred object, and sacrificed pigs and ducks to make a sacrifice, which moved the frog and truthfully reported the human drought to heaven, asking for wind and rain to relieve the drought. Since then, people's worship of frogs has become a fixed frame, and frogs have been cast on drums. Therefore, in the strong people's hearts, frogs are animals that can call the wind and rain. Casting frogs on drums can convey good wishes to heaven through drums, praying for good weather and people's health. In addition, the powerful fertility of frogs is also the reason why Zhuang people worship frogs in order to seek their own good wishes for reproduction.
3. Three-dimensional and Four-sided Cosmology
The creation epic Buluoduo of Zhuang nationality clearly says: "The universe is a sphere, which was originally touched together. Later, it was separated into upper, middle and lower realms, which were composed of heaven, earth and water. The upper boundary was heaven and the gods lived there. The middle boundary is the ground, inhabited by human beings; The lower boundary is the world of water, sea dragon king and water demon. " The same is true of Guima Drum, whose surface is decorated with sun pattern, Yun Leiwen, nipple pattern and frog, representing the upper bound; At the bottom of the drum, there are patterns of waves, aquatic plants, fish and other images, representing the lower bound. The Azhang Drum unearthed in Azhang Village, Guangnan County, Wenshan Prefecture in 1919 depicts the life of the ancient people who were ready to kill cows with knives, dancers with feathers in their heads, and people boating on dragon boats, symbolizing the life of the middle class.
(2) Rich rice culture
"Labor creates man himself." (Engels: "The Role of Labor in the Transformation from Ape to Man") Tonggu towel dance is a typical dance that simulates labor and farming. From the movements of "transplanting rice seedlings" and "transplanting rice seedlings" in the towel dance, it is known that the Zhuang people mainly grow rice, which has changed from the extensive type of letting itself die to the fine type of cultivating rice seedlings. From "planting cotton" and "weaving cotton", we know that the Zhuang people also master the technology and technology of planting cotton and weaving cotton. The agricultural production of Zhuang nationality has accumulated some experience and the level of productivity has developed by leaps and bounds. Bronze drum towel dance is mainly a female dance, which reflects the division of labor in Zhuang farming: women engage in fine and light labor, while men engage in heavy work such as digging, plowing and picking seedlings. "From these dances, we not only know today's rice cultivation, but also know yesterday's rice cultivation and the long and arduous journey from yesterday to today." (Liu Jinwu: "China National Dance and Rice Culture", Page 1, Yunnan People's Publishing House, 1997)
(3) Long history of bronze drum culture
Academic circles have said that the bronze drum is revered in the Central Plains, while the bronze drum is valued in the South. The bronze drum is an irreplaceable "artifact" in the social life of Zhuang nationality. In festivals, bronze drums should be knocked and danced to encourage people. On festive days such as marriage, childbirth and building a new house, bronze drums will also be knocked to exorcise evil spirits and to pray for all the best and prosperity. For example, whenever the Zhuang people in Nongjiang, Zhulin Town and Keye Village, Zhetu Township get married, the happy family will send a wine to sacrifice the bronze drum, and then invite the bronze drum to knock at home to congratulate the newlyweds on their longevity and early birth. In the funeral, the bronze drum will also be knocked, not only to express mourning, but also to introduce the soul of the deceased into the celestial world by knocking on the bronze drum.
Third, the social function and value of bronze drum dance
(1) Bronze drum dance is a simple means for Zhuang people to pray for the protection of the gods.