There are differences between ancient style and modern style in syntax, rhyme and level tone;
Syntax: The number of words in each sentence in ancient style is uncertain, including four words, five words, six words, seven words and even miscellaneous words (uneven sentences), and the number of sentences in each song is also uncertain, ranging from two to dozens and hundreds. There are only five words and seven sentences in modern poetry, eight in metrical poetry, four in quatrains and more than eight in quatrains, which is also called long-style poetry.
Rhyme: each song in ancient style can use one rhyme, or two or more rhymes, and it is allowed to change rhymes; Each song can only use one rhyme, and even the arrangement of dozens of sentences cannot be changed. Antique can rhyme in even sentences, or even sentences can rhyme in odd sentences. The near aspect rhymes only in even sentences, except for the first sentence, which rhymes with a flat voice and does not rhyme. Five words don't gamble more, seven words gamble more), and the rest of the odd sentences don't rhyme; Antique can rhyme smoothly; Generally, only flat rhyme is used in the near body.
Smoothness: The biggest difference between ancient and modern styles is that ancient styles don't talk about flatness, while modern styles pay attention to flatness. After the Tang dynasty, the ancient style also pays attention to flatness, but it is irregular and can be ignored.
Classical poetry is basically metrical, so the following is only about modern poetry.
rhyme
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The rhyme book used in the Tang Dynasty is Qieyun written by Sui Lu Fa Yan, and it is also the originator of all rhyme books in later generations. Song people added Qieyun to Guang Yun, with more than 200 rhymes. In fact, the rhymes used by poets in Tang and Song Dynasties are not entirely based on these two rhymes. Poets' rhymes in Tang and Song Dynasties are well reflected in Ping Yun Shui edited by Wang Jinwen Yu, and later poets' rhymes are generally based on Ping Yun Shui.
"Ping Yun Shui" has 106 rhymes, of which Pingsheng has 30 rhymes, which are divided into upper and lower halves, called upper and lower Pingsheng. This is just for the convenience of arrangement, and there is no difference in tone between the two. Modern poetry only bet on flat and even rhymes, so we only look at the rhymes of these flat and even rhymes (the first word of each rhyme):
Shang Pingsheng: Yidong, Erdong, Sanjiang, Sizhi, Wuwei, Liu Yu, Qiyu, Bayi, Jiujia, Shi Hui, Shiyizhen, Shi Wen, thirteen yuan, fourteen cold and fifteen deleted.
Xia Pingsheng: Yixian, Erxiao, Sanyao, No.4,, Liu Ma, Qiyang, Bageng, Jiuqing,, Shiyiyou, Shieryan, Qin, Yan and Xi 'an.
From these rhymes alone, we can see that ancient sounds are very different from modern sounds. Some of them belonged to different rhymes in ancient times, but now they can't tell the difference, such as East and Winter, River and Yang, Fish and Danger, True and Wen, Xiao, Yao and Hao, Salty and Salty, Geng and Qing, Cold and Delete, and so on.
If we look at the words in each rhyme, we will find the opposite situation: what the ancients thought belonged to the same rhyme does not rhyme at all today.
The rhyme of classical poetry can be mixed with the rhyme of neighboring rhymes, such as Dong Yi and Er Dong, Si Zhi and Wu Wei, which are called tongyun. However, the rhyme of modern poetry must strictly only use words with the same rhyme. Even if the number of words in this rhyme is small (called narrow rhyme), it cannot be mixed with words in other rhymes. Otherwise, it is called rhyme, which is the taboo of modern poetry. But if the first sentence rhymes, you can borrow adjacent rhymes. Because the first sentence can be put or not, you can bend the rules.
Modern people can of course write modern poems with modern rhymes. If we want to use Pingyunshui according to tradition, we must pay attention to the differences between ancient and modern sounds, especially when reading ancient poems. These differences can sometimes be distinguished by dialects, but they are not necessarily reliable, so we should read more and recite more.
Four tones in classical Chinese pronunciation
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There are four tones in Chinese, which were discovered by scholars in Qi and Liang Dynasties. On one occasion, Liang Wudi asked Zhu Yi, "You scholars have been talking about four tones all day. What does this mean? " Zhu took the opportunity to kiss up: "It means' Long live the son of heaven'." The sky is flat, the son is rising, the ten thousand is falling, and the blessing is entering the tone. When the balance is balanced, it constitutes the four tones of middle ancient Chinese, and when the sky is high, it is called falling tone.
Among these four tones, entering tone is the most problematic. Liang Wudi then asked: "Why is the' Tian Zi Hand Test' not four tones?" Heaven, Confucius and the birthday girl are all flat and up and down, but the exams are silent, indicating that ordinary people at that time didn't know what Rusheng was.
So what is raw milk? It's just that my pronunciation is short and my throat is blocked. One ends with t, p, k, and the other ends with a throat plug? Done. In Minnan dialect and Cantonese, these four tones are still intact, but in Wu dialect, they all degenerate into less obvious tones. It's over. The entering tone ending with T, P and K is not really pronounced with T, P and K. When making a stop sound, you should first block your throat and then blow it out with air. In the incoming sound, there is only blocking and no ventilation blasting, which is called incomplete blasting. For example, when the word "stop" is pronounced in English, American English doesn't really pronounce the word "P", but it just closes its mouth, which is an incomplete explosion, and it can also be said that it is entering the tone (this example is incorrect, English is pronounced "P" when reading, but there is one exception: if a word starting with a consonant is followed by it, P just opens its mouth and doesn't pronounce it, for the need of continuous reading).
In Putonghua, Rusheng has disappeared. Some Rusheng words with different pronunciations and rhymes read exactly the same today. For example, "b, Yi, Yi" belongs to four tones, thirteen digits and fourteen strokes in Pingshui rhyme, and there is no difference in pronunciation in Putonghua (if it is read in Minnan, it can be clearly distinguished and pronounced as ik, IT and ip respectively).
The disappearance of Rusheng also leads to the difference between ancient and modern tones. Some of the ancient Rusheng characters have become the current rising and falling tones, which are still in Rusheng, so we can ignore them. However, some entering tones in Putonghua have become flat words (Yin Ping or Yangping), which deserves our attention. This is the word "fu" in front of "Long live the son of heaven". Common flat words are: