First of all, give an overview. Leah is Plato's student. Marx called him the greatest thinker in ancient times. Engels called you "the most learned man" among the ancient Greek philosophers. "I love my teacher, and I love truth more" is his famous saying. His main works are: Instrumentalism, Physics, Metaphysics, On Soul, Politics, Ethics and Poetics. Julia was the first person to establish these disciplines in the history of European thought.
He is the founder of logic, the founder of classical form reincarnation, and wrote the first logical work in Europe, The Theory of Tools. He studied concepts, judgments, reasoning and exploration from the perspective of formal logic, and also touched on dialectical logic. He was the first person in ancient Greece to study aesthetic and literary problems with scientific viewpoints and methods. The methodology of poetics has two characteristics: one is strict logical reasoning. The second is the combination of natural science method and social science method. Poetics is the first monograph on aesthetics and literature in the west, which is relatively complete in both theoretical content and theoretical form and deeply embodies Aristotle's methodology.
Second, the general artistic principles in poetics. Revealing the essential characteristics of "the art of beauty" is not only the requirement of the development of ancient Greece for theoretical brewing, but also provides a foothold for Aristotle to answer Plato's attack on poetry. In Poetics, it is on this basis that the fundamental rationality of poetry is discussed around the essence and function of poetry.
1, the relationship with reality. Plato takes rationalism as the philosophical basis, and denies the truth from denying the truth of reality. Ya criticized him and put forward his own imitation theory: First, he broke through the simple materialistic view of "imitating nature" and put forward that "people in action" actually took real life as the object of artistic imitation, which raised the traditional imitation theory to the height of realism. Secondly, the essence of imitation is through the commonness of individual performance and the commonness of special performance. It not only reflects the superficial phenomenon of individuals in the real world, but also reveals the inherent essence and laws of life, so it is higher, more real and better than flexible life.
2. The social function of art. He believes that emotion and desire are inherent in human nature and are the special essence of human beings, that is, people have the same function and the right to be satisfied; The role of being a man at any time is also manifested in being able to live rationally.
Third, the dramatic view of poetics. It not only deeply discusses the essence and significance of art, but also establishes a complete tragedy theory.
1, the characteristics of tragedy: imitation action. Tragedy is the imitation of action, which is the most important point in poetics. As the object of tragedy imitation, action should be serious, complete and long-term action. "Integrity" refers to the contradictory beginning, development and ending of the action of drama imitation, and the inevitable connection between the factory parts is an organic whole. "Have a certain length" refers to the length and thickness of the plot, and the amount of food should be appropriate, which should be convenient for memory and accommodate the emergence of dramatic events and the turning point of the plot. "One action" means that the serious and complete action with a certain length is single, that is, the process and ending of the tragic plot are single, that is, the law of plot consistency summarized in Cretaceous.
Integrity, oneness and moderation constitute the principle of "integration" of drama, which is Aristotle's important contribution to tragedy and drama theory.
2. The protagonist of tragedy: negligence theory. Starting from the artistic effect of tragedy, he introduced social moral concepts into art appreciation activities, deeply analyzed the psychology of tragic audience and put forward the famous theory of negligence.
3. The role of tragedy: Ye Tao said. He emphasized that tragedy should "cultivate this emotion by arousing pity and fear." The original text of Ye Tao is "Ka Tasis", which is a powerful means to realize the function of tragic moral education.
The essence of the tragedy "Cartas West" is the pleasure of pity and fear caused by the tragedy, which makes the audience understand the root of the tragic characters' bad luck, realize the serious consequences that the tragic characters' "mistakes" will inevitably bring, help the audience develop moderate passion and action, and thus help the Greek slave country "seek governance in chaos".
Fourthly, the limitations of poetics.
Aristotle's observation of literary problems is more objective than Plato's, and his exposition is more reasonable than Plato's, and his class is not very clear, but some places still reveal the prejudice of the slave owners' aristocratic class.
Based on the fact that the essence of poetics is inseparable from perceptual things, poetics combines aesthetic theory with practice to make it more materialistic and dialectical. But wavering between materialism and idealism is the characteristic of Aristotle's thought.
The original intention of Poetics is to summarize the experience of Greek literature and art, especially the creation of tragedies and epics, but it is limited by two aspects: first, his summary is aimed at Paula, aiming at him everywhere and establishing his own theoretical views in criticism. Therefore, he only cares about the lack of new things after Paula put it forward. Second, his summary is limited by his own artistic interest, and some places are not objective enough.
The position and influence of verb (abbreviation of verb) poetics
1, the crystallization of ancient Greek progressive literary thought. Paula is the greatest representative of idealistic literary thought, while Aristotle's Poetics represents the highest achievement of materialistic literary thought. The authenticity of literature and art holds that imitation must reveal the memory essence and law of objective things and emphasize the concept of organic whole; Social function points out that the psychological summary of creation reduces the rational process and breaks the mysterious concept of fate.
2. His theory is the basis of major western aesthetic concepts. Poetics summed up the highest achievements, established a theory with normative function, and had a code in the western literary and art circles. It became the basis of the main aesthetic concepts before the emergence of Marxist aesthetics and literary theory, and laid the foundation for the establishment and development of western literary theory.
3. The source of western literary thought. /kloc-poetics appeared in Europe at the end of 0/5. 16th century, Italian popular poetics.
Poetics, written by Aristotle, a famous aesthete in ancient Greece, was originally called On Poetry and is said to be Aristotle's lecture notes. There are 26 chapters, mainly discussing tragedy and epic. Some people think that the lost second volume may be about comedy. The existing poetics can be divided into five parts. The first part is the preface, including chapters 1 to 5. This paper mainly analyzes the objects of artistic imitation, the media and methods used in imitation, and the differences in the formation of various arts, and then points out the origin of poetry and traces the historical development of tragedy and comedy. The second part includes chapters 6 to 22. This part discusses tragedy, its definition, elements and writing style. The second part, including chapters 23 to 24, discusses epic. The fourth part, Chapter 25, discusses the critics' accusations against poets and puts forward the principles and methods to refute these accusations. The fifth part is Chapter 26, which compares the levels of epic and tragedy.
In Poetics, Aristotle believes that the essence of art is imitation, which is the basis of distinguishing art from skill production, and also the basis of academic classification and defining the essence of individual art. He also believes that imitation is human instinct, and people can satisfy their thirst for knowledge and obtain aesthetic pleasure in imitation, so art originates from human imitation nature. Generally speaking, Aristotle's imitation theory includes such contents. First, when an artist imitates reality, he can not only truly express reality, but also be more beautiful or uglier than reality. Second, there are three kinds of imitation objects of art or poetry: things that existed in the past or now, things that are legendary or believed by people, and things that should exist. People think that the unique function of artistic imitation is to show things better or worse than they are, to show what they should be and to show their ideals. Third, art should imitate those typical people and events with universal significance, that is, it should imitate according to the inevitable law. "The poet's duty is not to describe what has happened, but to describe what may happen, that is, what may happen according to the law of possibility or necessity." Therefore, compared with history, the activity of writing poetry is more philosophical, can express the universality and inevitability of things, and is closer to the truth of things. Fourthly, in order to express necessity, artists can adopt idealized and typical methods in imitation to highlight the essence and distinctive characteristics of the imitated things. Sometimes, in order to achieve the effect of poetry, poets can even describe the impossible and unusual things, as long as they can describe them credibly according to the inevitable or possible laws.
The core of the discussion in Poetics is tragedy. When discussing tragedy, Aristotle first defined it: "tragedy is the imitation of a serious, complete and long action;" Its medium is language, with all kinds of pleasant sounds, which are used in all parts of the play respectively; Imitation is expressed by the actions of characters, not by narration; This emotion is cultivated by causing pity and fear. " This definition involves the object, medium, way and function of tragic imitation. Aristotle believes that tragedy, as a complete organic whole, consists of six elements, namely plot, personality, thought, lines, appearance and music. Plot and personality are the most important. As far as plot arrangement is concerned, the poet should follow the law of the possibility or inevitability of the development of events, so that the plot forms an organic whole. As far as character description is concerned, it should be appropriate, true and consistent. Aristotle also believes that the protagonist of tragedy should be an imperfect or heinous person. They should be good people, but they have some shortcomings and mistakes, which lead to their own disasters. Only in this way can tragedy arouse our pity and fear and purify our emotions.
Poetics is the first and most systematic work on aesthetics and art theory in the history of western aesthetics. It has a great influence on the development of western literary theory and literary creation in later generations, and some of its views are regarded as the golden rule by modern neoclassicism.