family background
During the Ming Dynasty, Xu Songting was in business and lived in the ancestor of Xu Zhi. Xu Zhimo is one of his people.
Xu Zhimo's father, Xu Shenru, was an industrialist in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. The Xu family has been doing business for generations, inherited their ancestral business in the early years, and managed Xu Yufeng's sauce garden alone. In the 23rd year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1897), Yutong Qianzhuang, the first money house in Shixia, was founded in partnership, and then the name of Renhe Silk was established. Become the richest man in Shi Xia.
In the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897 65438+ 10/5), Xu Zhimo was born in Shixia Town, Haining County, Zhejiang Province, and was named Xu according to his genealogy. Zhimo was his father when he 19 18 went to study in the United States. It is said that when I was a child, a monk named Wisdom rubbed his head and predicted that "this man will become a great man in the future". His father was so anxious to make his son successful that he changed his name for him.
Xu Zhimo, the only son of Xu's parents and grandchildren, has lived a comfortable and wealthy constantly chauffeured life since childhood. Shen Jun [jūn] Confucianism is Xu Zhimo's uncle, Jin Yong is Xu Zhimo's aunt and cousin, and Qiong Yao is Xu Zhimo's cousin. [ 1]
Folding learning course
Who Can Count the Ganges Sand: Xu Zhimo's Love Letter
1908 Self-taught at home, entered Shi Xia Kaizhi School, studied under Zhang Shusen, and laid the foundation of ancient Chinese, with the highest grade in the class.
19 10, when Xu zhimo was full 14 years old, he left his hometown and came to Hangzhou. Introduced by his uncle Shen Junru, he was admitted to Hangzhou High School (19 13 was renamed as Zhejiang No.1 Middle School, now the predecessor of Hangzhou Senior Middle School and Hangzhou No.4 Middle School), and he was in the same class as Yu Dafu. He loves literature, and published a paper "On the Relationship between Fiction and Society" in the first issue of the school magazine "Friends", thinking that novels are beneficial to society and "should be promoted as much as possible", which is the first work in his life. At the same time, he is interested in science. And published articles such as Radium Ingot and the History of the Earth.
19 15 In the summer, Xu Zhimo graduated from Zhejiang No.1 Middle School and later entered Shanghai Baptist College and Theological Seminary (predecessor of Hujiang University, now Shanghai University of Technology). In the same year 10, he was arranged by his family to marry Zhang Youyi, the daughter of Zhang Runzhi, the richest man in Luodian County.
19 16 In the autumn, Xu Zhimo, who was active by nature, left Shanghai to study law at the preparatory school of Beiyang University (Tianjin University) in Tianjin without finishing the course of Baptist College.
If I were a snowflake: Xu Zhimo's love poems
19 17 The Law Department of Beiyang University was merged into Peking University, and Xu Zhimo was transferred to Peking University. During his two years in the north, he added new contents to his life and injected new factors into his thoughts. At school, he not only studied law, but also Japanese, French and political science, and dabbled in Chinese and foreign literature, which ignited his interest in literature. During this period, he made many friends and met many celebrities. He was recommended by Zhang Junmai and Zhang Gongquan, took Liang Qichao as his teacher, and held a big gift from his teacher. Liang Qichao had a great influence on Xu Zhimo's life and played an important role in Xu Zhimo's mind. Although Liang Xu is a close master-apprentice relationship, there are still ideological differences between them. Xu Zhimo, who accepted the bourgeois idea of democracy and freedom, put down his body desperately to pursue his ideal life and strive for the freedom of marriage and love.
When he was a university student in the north, he personally experienced the scene of warlord scuffle and witnessed the slaughter of innocent people. He hated society and made up his mind to study abroad, seeking a prescription to change the reality of China and carrying out his "ideal revolution".
19 18, Xu zhimo left Peking university, and on August 14 of the same year, he set out from Shanghai to study banking in the United States. In the first year of studying abroad, he entered Clark University in Hurst, USA, and then entered the history department, taking sociology, economics, history and other courses, in order to be a "Hamilton" of China in the future. Ten months after I entered school, I graduated with a bachelor's degree and a first-class honor award. However, he is not satisfied with this. That year, he transferred to the Graduate School of Columbia University in new york and entered the Department of Economics. Therefore, Xu Zhimo gained a wide range of philosophical thoughts and various political science knowledge.
The wave of the May 4th Revolutionary Movement spread to China students studying in the United States. Driven by patriotism, Xu Zhimo participated in patriotic activities organized by local overseas students and often read magazines such as New Youth and Trendy. At the same time, his interest in learning gradually shifted from politics to literature, so he got a master's degree in literature.
1920 Xu Zhimo has been in the United States for two years, but he is tired of the madness, greed and materialism of the bourgeoisie in American capitalist society. He was attracted by the British philosopher Russell, and finally got rid of the temptation of Columbia doctorate and bought a boat to cross the Atlantic. Unexpectedly, the unexpected changes in Russell's personal life prevented him from realizing his long-cherished wish to learn from Russell. As a result, he stayed at the London School of Economics and Political Science for half a year and felt bored when he wanted to change his way. At this time, he met his daughter Lin, and because of the introduction, he met the English writer Gosworth Dickinson.
192 1 Xu Zhimo entered the Royal College of Cambridge University (now Cambridge University) as a special student because of Dickinson's introduction and recommendation. Study political economy. In Cambridge, I was influenced by western education for two years and romantic and aesthetical poets in Europe and America. Start writing new poems.
192 1-1922, Xu zhimo also lived in Britain for two years. He accepted the aristocratic education of the bourgeois university Cambridge University and the "smoking culture". He likes to associate with British celebrities. He dabbled extensively in various world famous works and also contacted various schools of thought. In the meantime, he was born. The environment in Cambridge not only contributed to and formed his social outlook and outlook on life, but also triggered his creative ideas. He began to translate literary works. He translated several short stories by the British writer Mansfield, the novel Vortex Boy by Fogo in Germany, the stories of Wu Jiarang and Ni Alan in medieval France, the Dead City by Italian writer Danon Wu Xue and Gandy De by Voltaire. At the same time, he wrote many poems, the most classic of which is The Surging Wave of Spiritual Revolution Washes the Banks of Your Charming River (Xu Zhimo: Goodbye Cambridge). His idols are no longer Hamilton in America, but Shelley and Byron in England. He changed his way and entered the ranks of poets.
Folded literature course
1922 After returning to China, he published a lot of poems in newspapers and periodicals. [2]
1In the spring of 923, Xu Zhimo set up a club in Beijing to compile plays, hold annual meetings and lantern festivals on holidays, and recite poems and draw pictures. Out of interest in the Indian poet Tagore's New Moon, Xu Zhimo nominated the word "New Moon" as the name of the club, hence the name of the New Moon Club. Joined the Literature Research Association in the same year.
1924 founded Modern Poetry Review with Hu Shi and Chen Xiying, and was hired as Professor Peking University. Translated by Tagore, a great Indian poet, when he visited China.
Before 1925, Xu Zhimo not only wrote poems, but also contacted members of the crescent society to engage in drama activities. On June+10, 5438, Xu Zhimo edited the Morning Post Supplement. In the same year, he became a professor in Peking University and went to Europe, traveling to the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, France and other countries.
April 1926, 1, the morning newspaper supplement was edited in Beijing. At this time, Wen Yiduo had returned from the United States and participated in the compilation of poetry. Except for the third and fourth issues edited by Wen Yiduo and the fifth issue edited by Rao Mengkan, all the issues were edited by Xu Zhimo. Xu Zhimo also wrote Poetry Magazine and Poetry Magazine Holiday. The author of The Book of Songs devoted himself to the creation of China's new metrical poems and the discussion of poetic techniques, so the establishment of Morning Post Poetry Magazine marked the formation of a poetic school-Crescent Poetry School. In the same year, he moved to Shanghai with Lu Xiaoman, and successively served as a professor at Guanghua University, Daxia University and Nanjing Central University (1949 was renamed Nanjing University). Start crescent magazine.
Xu zhimo
1927 In the spring, due to political changes and other reasons, some members of Crescent Society gathered in Shanghai. At this time, Xu Zhimo also married Lu Xiaoman and moved to Shanghai. Xu Zhimo visited relatives and friends everywhere, contacted Wen Yiduo, Hu Shi, Shao, Liang Shiqiu and Yu Hejiu, and founded Crescent Bookstore in Huanlong Mountain Villa, Huanlong Road, Shanghai. Hu Shi served as chairman and manager, and took over for a long time. In the same year, Xu Zhimo also traveled abroad and visited Britain, the United States, Japan, India and other countries.
1In March, 928, Xu Zhimo was a professor at Guanghua University, Soochow University and Daxia University, and at the same time founded the monthly New Moon. On June 6th of the same year 165438 wrote Farewell to Cambridge, originally published by 1928, 10, and signed by Xu Zhimo. New Moon has published four volumes and forty-three issues.
65438-0930 Member of China Cultural Fund Committee, elected as a member of British Poetry Society. In the winter of the same year, he taught in Peking University and Peking Women's University.
193165438+1October 20th Xu Zhimo, Chen, Shao, etc. Another quarterly magazine, Poetry, was published in four issues, and Xu Zhimo was elected as the director of China Branch of Pen Club.
(of a person) died in a disaster or accident.
19311109 at 8 o'clock in the morning, Xu Zhimo went north from Nanjing by the China Airlines "Jinan" postal plane. That evening, Xu Zhimo was going to attend a lecture on China architectural art for foreign envoys organized by Lin in the auditorium of Peking Union Medical College. When the plane arrived at Dangjiazhuang area in the south of Jinan, it was suddenly foggy and it was difficult to tell the course. In order to find an accurate route, the pilot had to lower the flight altitude. Unexpectedly, the plane crashed into the mountain (now Guyunhu Sub-district Office, Changqing District, Jinan City) and immediately fell into the valley. The fuselage caught fire and all the people on board were killed (two pilots and Xu Zhimo). In addition to the direct cause of Lin, his death was also related to Lu Xiaoman's delay in agreeing to go north, the influence of heavy fog, the host engineer Wang's busy preparing his daughter's marriage late the night before and his poor spirit during the flight. Cai Yuanpei wrote an elegy for him: speech is poetry, action is poetry, and lifelong behavior is poetry. The meaning of poetry has infiltrated, and I have my own paradise; You can die by boat, by car, lying in a cubicle, and you don't have to be afraid of the road if you die accidentally.
After Xu Zhimo's death, the Crescent School was dominated by Liang Shiqiu and Hu Shi. By June 1933, the publication of four volumes and seven issues of New Moon was closed. During the publication of New Moon, not only the works of members of the New Moon School were published, but also the works of progressive writers such as Yu Dafu, Ba Jin, Ding Ling and Hu Yepin. However, this is the late stage of the activities of the crescent school. Although the members were different in the later period, they became increasingly reactionary in terms of their overall political inclination. However, the crescent school is engaged in poetry creation, and it seems that this "main line" of studying new poetry has not been interrupted.
To sum up, from the establishment of the Crescent Society to the formation of the Crescent School and its main activities (especially literary activities), Xu Zhimo played a leading role in it. He is indeed a representative of the crescent school, which has played a certain role in promoting and influencing the development of new poetry. However, they excessively pursued form and meter, and went astray, especially in Xu Zhimo's later thought and creation.