(a) to understand the reasons and significance of the situation of a hundred schools of thought contending.
A hundred schools of thought contend: various schools interpret the universe, society and everything according to the interests and requirements of their own classes (strata) or groups. They write books, accept disciples, argue with each other and compete to express their opinions. After the Spring and Autumn Period-Warring States Period-Qin Dynasty-to the Western Han Dynasty, it ended with "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". Confucianists and Mohists focus on political morality, while Laozi and Zhuangzi focus on the exploration of the universe itself and its development law.
Historical background of a hundred schools of thought contending: (Social unrest is the fundamental reason)
The rapid economic development during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period provided material conditions for academic and cultural prosperity.
(2) Great social changes and disputes between countries have contributed to the social environment of freedom of thought.
The prosperity of private schools has created a group of thinkers with knowledge and freedom of identity.
Significance of a hundred schools of thought contending: It has a far-reaching influence on later literature and art, and isomorphism has become the basic spirit of China traditional culture.
Confucianism: gave birth to the political thought (benevolence) and moral norms (courtesy) in China traditional culture;
Taoist theory: it constitutes the philosophical basis of traditional thought for more than 2000 years (Taoism and dialectics);
Legalist thought: change has become the ideological weapon of reform and governance in past dynasties;
To a great extent, they have become the basic spirit of China traditional culture.
(B) representatives of a hundred schools of thought contend and their thoughts
Confucianism-Confucius, Mencius and Taoism-Lao Zi Zhuangzi.
Mohist-Mohist Legalist-Military strategist Han Feizi: Sun Bin and Sun Bin's Art of War
The formation of Confucianism
Confucianism, Confucius-oriented, classic six classics, etc. Politically: a school that pays attention to morality and ethics.
1. Confucius said: At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu was the founder of Confucianism. After sorting out poems, books, rituals, changes, music and the Spring and Autumn Period, it is called the Six Classics, and its ideas are embodied in the Analects written by his disciples.
I. Confucius Thought ① Political theory (benevolence and propriety are the core of his thought): A. Benevolence: benevolent people love others, follow the principle of loyalty and forgiveness, and build a harmonious society; B, "courtesy": "self-denial" and "name correction", restoring the hierarchical naming system of the Western Zhou Dynasty (reflecting its conservative side) C, "rule by virtue": caring for people's feelings, cherishing people's resources, and opposing tyranny and arbitrary punishment and killing.
(2) the view of heaven (philosophy): "stay away from ghosts and gods", give priority to solving practical problems in the world, and embody the people-oriented thought.
③ Educational thought: educational principle: "education has no class"; Teaching methods: "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and heuristic method; Learning method: "knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing"; "review the old and learn the new"; "Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous".
Ⅱ. How to evaluate Confucius' thoughts? Representing the interests of declining slave owners and nobles; Objective: To adjust interpersonal relationships, ease social contradictions and stabilize social order. It is helpful to mediate social interpersonal relations and promote social stability. It is impossible to achieve in a class society.
Three. The influence of Confucius' thought;
1) Confucius' theory has gradually become a complete system of Confucianism and the mainstream of China's traditional culture through the development of scholars and the transformation of rulers.
2) The profound cultural character of Confucius' theory has an important influence in the world cultural history.
3) The sage in Confucius' mind is Yao Shunyu, who has made great contributions to China's ideology and culture (sorting out classics and inheriting culture), politics, education (setting up private schools and moving culture down) and national spirit (moderation, harmony and positive optimism), which made later generations admire him as a saint.
2. Mencius was a master of Confucianism in the Warring States Period, and his thoughts were embodied in Mencius written by his disciples. (representing the interests of the emerging landlord class)
First, Mencius: ① Politically, the idea of benevolent government (core): serving people with virtue; People-oriented thought of valuing the people and despising the army. On the issue of human nature, human nature is good.
Advocate the integrity of putting righteousness before profit, and the personality spirit of "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent".
3. Xunzi. Master of Confucianism in Warring States Period.
First, Xunzi's thoughts ① In the view of heaven, he advocated that "heaven has its laws" and "control the destiny and use it", that is, people can understand the laws of nature and act according to them. On the issue of human nature, he advocates the theory of evil nature. So politically, etiquette and law are used together.
The influence of Xunzi's thought: Xunzi changed from Confucianism to Legalism, and his disciples Han Fei and Li Si developed his political thought and became the representatives of Legalism.
The second part: The evolution of Confucianism, the mainstream of China's traditional culture.
1. The Formation of Confucianism-Pre-Qin Period 2. Confucianism Becomes Orthodox in Han Dynasty —— Dong Zhongshu's Neo-Confucianism
3. Development of Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties-Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties 4. The continuation and variation of Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties-the thoughts of Li, Huang, Gu and Wang.
Second, the establishment of the exclusive position of Confucianism-Han Dynasty
1, historical background: 1) During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the economy resumed development, and the study of Huang Lao did not meet the needs of strengthening centralization; 2) Dong Zhongshu's neo-Confucianism after transformation has adapted to the need of strengthening centralization.
2. Dong Zhongshu advocated "unifying the Spring and Autumn Period" and "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".
Develop Confucianism: ①. The theory of "the unity of heaven and man": "the divine right of monarch" and benevolent government are conducive to consolidating the unity of the country and limiting the excessive expansion of the monarch's power. (2) ethics, put forward "three cardinal guides and five permanent members"
3. Evaluation: Confucianism is dominant in politics, which is conducive to consolidating centralization and cracking down on local separatist forces. Thus establishing the mainstream position of Confucianism in the traditional culture of China.
The Development of Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties —— Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism
1. Conceptual analysis: a new Confucian system with "Li" or "Tian Li" as its core, so it is called "Neo-Confucianism". Including Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Cheng and Neo-Confucianism in Lu Wang.
2. The historical background of the formation of Neo-Confucianism: 1) Social unrest made Buddhism and Taoism spread rapidly since Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and Confucian beliefs had a sense of crisis. 2) The three religions have infiltrated each other, and there is a trend of "integration of the three religions". 3) In order to revitalize Confucianism, Confucian scholars in the Tang and Song Dynasties continued to explore and were deeply influenced by Buddhism and Taoism, and Confucianism was constantly enriched.
3. Neo-Confucianism: Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi were the representatives in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Zhu was the master in the Southern Song Dynasty.
1. World outlook: "Reason" is the origin of the world, which is reflected in the fact that society is Confucian ethics; What is embodied in people is human nature.
(2) Methodology: "Learning from things".
(3) "Preserve justice and destroy human desires". It belongs to objective idealism philosophy.
4. Wang Lu Xin Xue: Lu Jiuyuan was the representative in the Southern Song Dynasty, and Wang Yangming was the master of Xin Xue in the Ming Dynasty.
Lu Jiuyuan's worldview: the heart is the origin of all things in the world, and "the heart is the reason". (2) The methodology of introspection.
Yangming's theory of mind: "to conscience", to overcome selfish desires and return to conscience. -belongs to subjective idealism philosophy.
5. Similarities and differences between Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism and Wang's Neo-Confucianism;
I * * * Similarities:
1. Content: They are all manifestations of Confucianism, and they all inherit the thoughts of "benevolence" and "propriety" of Confucius and Mencius, and the core idea is "reason".
2. Essence: Restrain society with Confucian discipline, maintain autocratic rule, and restrain people's natural desires.
3. Influence: It not only helps the rulers to maintain autocratic rule, but also suppresses and stifles people's natural desires.
Two differences: 1, the specific understanding of the reasons is different:
Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism holds that the origin of the world is external "reason"; Lu Wang's theory of mind and nature holds that the world is inherently "mind" and mind is "reason".
2, grasp the "reason" in different ways:
Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism advocates "learning from others"; Lu Wang's theory of mind shows that you can become a saint by introspection, overcoming selfish desires and returning to conscience.
Influence of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties
1, negative: maintain the feudal autocratic system of the Three Cardinals and the Five Permanent Principles, and suppress and stifle people's natural desires.
2. Positive: shaping the personality traits of the Chinese nation; attaching importance to the power of subjective will; Pay attention to honesty and morality; Self-control and determination; Emphasize the social responsibility and historical mission of human beings; Show the dignity of human nature.
The Development of Confucianism in the Four Qing Dynasties —— Critical Thinking
1. The background of critical thinking
1) Politics-autocratic rule is decadent, and peasant uprisings are surging;
2) economic development-commodity economy, the germination and slow development of capitalism (root);
3) Social fashion: Great changes have taken place, and people are competing for profits;
4 thinking-stereotyped writing is rigid.
2. Li Zhi's book collection and book burning, ideological content:
1. Deny Confucius and Mencius, oppose absolute ideological authority and advocate freedom of thought.
2. Denounce the hypocrisy of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism, oppose "preserving righteousness and destroying human desires", and admit the pursuit of material benefits.
3. Criticize the feudal ethics that men are superior to women and advocate equality between men and women.
4. Put forward that "everything is divided into two", which fundamentally negates the "three cardinal guides and five permanents" and shakes the theoretical basis of "keeping justice and destroying human desires".
Ideological influence: it has a distinct anti-feudal color, impacts pedantic orthodoxy, promotes people's ideological emancipation, and is conducive to the emergence of anti-feudal democratic thoughts.
3. Three great thinkers
I. Thoughts of Three Great Thinkers
Gu: the record of Japanese knowledge, the book of diseases in all countries of the world; Academic thinking, pragmatic study, apply what you have learned, and oppose empty talk; Politically, every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world; Economical and practical.
Huang Zongxi: Ming Yi to be visited; Academic thought, "the world is the mainstay, and the monarch is the guest"; Politically, absolute monarchy is a great harm to the world; Economically, industry and commerce are fundamental.
Wang Fuzhi: Reading as a Mirror: academic thought, materialism; Economically, revitalize industry and commerce.
The second part: the progressive thoughts of Huang Zongxi, Gu and Gu;
(1) Politically: Oppose absolute monarchy, restrict monarchy and advocate "people-oriented".
(2) Economically, we attach importance to the development of handicrafts and commerce and emphasize practicality.
(3) Ideological scholarship: critically inherit traditional Confucianism and build a new ideological system with the characteristics of the times, materialism.
Ⅲ. Comments on the Thoughts of Three Great Thinkers
1. Inherit the progressive ideological tradition of the late Ming Dynasty, oppose national oppression and feudal autocracy, attach importance to handicrafts and commerce, critically inherit traditional Confucianism, and build a new ideological system with the characteristics of the times. These thoughts reflect the requirements of the embryonic era of capitalism in a certain sense and have the historical progress of emancipating the mind.
2. Limitations: The budding power of capitalism is weak, which cannot shake the mainstream position of Confucianism.
Summarize the development of Confucianism;
The first stage: pre-Qin Confucianism, the prosperity of Confucianism. The second stage: Dong Zhongshu's transformation to orthodoxy.
The third stage: Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Cheng, a new Confucian system. The fourth stage: critically inherit Confucianism and build new ideas with the characteristics of the times.
First, the main scientific and technological achievements in ancient China
Achievement time represents the role's work or achievement state.
Astronomical Achievements Gander Shen Shi's Shigan Star Classic in the Warring States Period is the earliest astronomical work in China.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the earth was round, earlier than Europe 1000 years.
In the Tang Dynasty, monks and their entourage discovered the change of the star position for the first time by using the zodiac, meridian and water transport camera. First meridian length measurement
Jane Eyre by Guo Shoujing in Yuan Dynasty, astrometry, and the most accurate calendar in ancient China, Service Calendar.
Mathematical achievements: multiplication tables, weights and measures and calculations
Abacus calculation in yuan dynasty
The Pythagorean Theorem in Zhou Kuai Shu Jing in Han Dynasty was 500 years earlier than that in Europe.
The Formation of Ancient Nine-chapter Arithmetic System
In the Southern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi led the world with seven decimal places 1000.
The first complete agricultural book, Qi Yao Min Shu, written by Jia Sixie in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
The change of agricultural writing tools in Wang Zhen in Yuan Dynasty and its important influence
Xu Guangqi's Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration in Ming Dynasty is the pioneering work of modern science in China.
The medical achievements of Huangdi Neijing in the Western Han Dynasty on the theoretical basis of traditional Chinese medicine
Treatise on Febrile Diseases by Zhang Zhongjing in the Eastern Han Dynasty
The earliest anesthetic and health care movement in Huatuo Mafei powder and Wuqinxi
The Highest Achievement of Ancient Medicine in Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty
Handicraft Song Yingxing's Heavenly Creations17th Century Craft Encyclopedia Ming Dynasty
Plant fiber paper, the four major inventions of papermaking in the Western Han Dynasty, was introduced to Europe in the12nd century.
Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Engraving printing in Tang dynasty
Movable type printing in the Song Dynasty was introduced to Europe in the 3rd century.
Gunpowder was made into gunpowder in the Tang Dynasty and used in the military. It was introduced to Europe in 13 and 14 centuries.
It was widely used in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
Compass warring States Sina
The compass of the Northern Song Dynasty was applied to navigation and was introduced to Europe in the13rd century.
3. The development of painting art in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: the rise of literati painting.
Background: Since the end of the Han Dynasty, social unrest, political darkness, people's displacement, literati awakening, intellectuals and professional painters have also stepped onto the historical stage, and literati painting came into being.
Achievements: Gu Kaizhi put forward the slogan of "writing God with form", which paid attention to people's spiritual temperament and greatly developed the development of painting art from practice to theory. His famous works, such as A History of Women and A Picture of Luoshen. From this idiom, we can see Zhang Monk's painting level.
4. Painting in the Tang Dynasty: the elegance and prosperity of the Tang Dynasty.
Background: National unity, national prosperity, economic prosperity, unprecedented economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, comprehensive and splendid culture, extensive and profound.
Achievements: figure painting, Wu Daozi, Yan. Wu Daozi, a landscape painting, uses brushwork to express the pleats of clothes, which has a tendency of fluttering, and is called "the wind in the Five Dynasties". It is his masterpiece that the heavenly king sent a picture; Yan's imperial maps and walking maps of past dynasties.
5. Song Dynasty painting: the development of literati painting. Background: The national policy of "emphasizing literature over martial arts", the emphasis of Neo-Confucianism on personal cultivation, and the literati landscape painting are highly mature and become the mainstream.
Achievements: the landscape paintings of literati in the Northern Song Dynasty reflect the open mind after the reunification of the country; The landscape paintings of literati in the Southern Song Dynasty, represented by Ma Yuan's Spring Tour in Mountain Path and Xia Gui's Twelve Scenes of Mountains and Rivers, reveal the scenery photos of a corner of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Genre painting in song dynasty. Background: The prosperity of commerce, the prosperity of cities, the expansion of citizens' class and the prosperity of folk culture. Achievements: The theme is quite extensive, involving all aspects of street life. The most famous one is The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan in the Northern Song Dynasty.
6. Ming and Qing Dynasties: Literati painting pursues individuality and does not stick to the law. Background: Times change, social unrest: the prosperity of commodity economy and the rise and development of capitalism, the loosening of traditional social order and the variation of values, and the social turmoil of communication in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Achievements: Zhu Da, nicknamed Eight Mountains, his highest achievement is flower-and-bird painting. It embodies the aloof and indifferent personality characteristics of Badashan people. In the Qing dynasty, I often compared myself with Mei to show my resistance to reality.
Ming and Qing novels woodcut, folk New Year pictures, door paintings, stickers, paper-cutting.
7. Characteristics of Chinese painting
Palace paintings and folk paintings pay attention to realism; Literati painting does not seek similarity, pays attention to freehand brushwork and pays attention to the expression of personal subjective temperament.
Part III Ancient Literature
The main achievements of China literature are the Book of Songs, Chu Ci, Han Fu, Tang Poetry, Song Ci, Yuan Qu and novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties.
I. The Book of Songs
The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China, including 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, which are divided into three categories: style, elegance and ode. "Wind" is a folk song of the vassal states, while "Guan Ju" and "Shuo Mouse" are famous works. Some of the contents of The Wind expose and satirize the exploitation and oppression of the rulers, some reflect the people's rebellious spirit and yearning for a better life, some reflect the production and labor conditions, and some are love songs. Elegance is the feast song of the court; Ode is a musical song to worship the ancestral temple. Four-character standard, repetitive structure and mature poetic form are the sources of China's realistic literary tradition.
Second, Chu Ci.
Chu Ci is a new poetic genre created by Qu Yuan (the first poet in China's literary history) during the Warring States Period. It absorbed the essence of southern folk songs and adopted the dialect of going abroad. It is different from the four-character case in The Book of Songs and adopts flexible sentence patterns. Li Sao is the representative work of Qu Yuan's Songs of the South, which expresses the poet's feelings of worrying about the country and the people. The world calls The Songs of Chu "Sao Poetry", and it is also called "Sao" with The Book of Songs.
Three. Hanfu
The political unity, economic development, extensive construction of palaces and wild hunting in the Han Dynasty are a kind of rhythmic prose with special layout and gorgeous style. Representative works of Zi Xu Fu and Shang. Han Fu shows the magnificent cultural bearing in the era of great unification.
Fourth, Tang poetry-the golden age of poetry.
1. Why did poetry flourish in the Tang Dynasty? In the open and prosperous social environment of the Tang Dynasty, poetry and fu were the main factors for the imperial examination to promote the prosperity of poetry.
2. Achievements: 65,438+0) Together with Yang Jiong, Lu and Luo, they are called the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty.
2) Prosperous Tang Dynasty: ① Frequent frontier wars made some frustrated literati regard the frontier fortress as a new way to seek help and fame. The desert scenery and the Jinge Iron Horse constitute the vigorous and desolate artistic realm of frontier fortress poetry. Wang Changling is a representative poet of frontier fortress poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Meng Haoran and Wang Wei, the representatives of the pastoral school, integrated the beauty of nature with the beauty of artistic conception, reflecting the peaceful state of mind beyond the secular.
The poet Li Bai is a great romantic poet. Bohemian, look down on powerful people. Li Bai's extraordinary verve fully embodies the spirit of the times in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
④ Poet Saint Du Fu, a great realistic poet. Many of his excellent works show the historical process of the Tang Dynasty from the prosperity of Kaiyuan to disintegration and decline, and record the emotional traces of the people, so they are also called the history of poetry.
3) In the mid-Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi expressed his ambition with poetry and pleaded for the people. Therefore, he created a large number of works reflecting the sufferings of people's livelihood and pinned his political ambition to save the world on his fierce criticism of the dark reality.
Five, Song Ci, the sentence length of the word is uneven, and it can be sung with music, which is more convenient to express feelings. It is the soul of literature in Song Dynasty, and it is also called "double unique" with Tang poetry.
1. Reasons for the prosperity of Song Ci: The prosperity of urban handicrafts and commercial economy in Song Dynasty is the material basis for the prosperity of Song Ci. The expansion of the citizen class and the improvement of living standards require a rich cultural and recreational life. The social contradictions in Song Dynasty were acute, so writers could better express their thoughts and feelings in words.
2. Achievement: 1) Graceful school: the style is euphemistic and subtle, delicate and touching. Representative figures: Liu Yong in the Northern Song Dynasty and Li Qingzhao in the Early Song Dynasty. Liu Yong's Lin Yuling, Li Qingzhao's Slow Voice and Like a Dream are all famous works.
2) Bold school: the style is bold and exciting, and the momentum is magnificent. Representative figures: Su Shi in Northern Song Dynasty, Xin Qiji in Southern Song Dynasty, Lu You. Su Shi is the pioneer of the uninhibited school, and his masterpiece is Nian Nu Jiao. Chibi nostalgia, water tone. When will the moon come? Xin Qiji's masterpiece is Bodhisattva Man. Building a wall in Jiangxi and breaking the array. Looking at the sword with a lamp in drunkenness expresses the grief and indignation of longing to recover the Central Plains and unfulfilled ambition. The ideological content of Lu You's ci is similar to Xin Qiji's, which expresses his strong patriotic thought of resolutely resisting gold, opposing peace talks and reunifying the motherland.
Sixth, Yuan Sanqu. Scholars in Yuan Dynasty absorbed the nutrition of Song and Jin folk songs and created new poems. Yuan Zaju and Yuan Sanqu are collectively called Yuan Qu. The content of Yuan Sanqu mostly expresses the sadness and anguish of Han intellectuals under the oppression of the rulers of Yuan and Mongolia, and even more, it takes writing Sanqu as a tool to escape from reality. Deeply expose the sins of rulers and the extreme darkness of society.
Fourth, novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties.
1, Tang Legend: The story of telling and singing appeared in the Tang Dynasty, marking the gradual maturity of China's novels.
2. Story books in Song Dynasty, the basic books used by storytellers. 1) Reasons for its rise: the prosperity and development of handicraft industry and commercial economy in Song Dynasty, the rise of citizens' class, the increasing demand of urban citizens' class for culture and entertainment, and the collapse of market system. 2) Content: Buddhist stories, historical stories, etc. Most of them are based on the real life of the city, shaping the image of ordinary citizens and reflecting their voices. Masterpieces: Broken Jade Goddess of Mercy and Cui Ning's Wrong Chop.
3. Ming and Qing novels. 1) reasons for prosperity: the development of commodity economy, the growth of the civil class, the increase of the demand for popular culture, and the unprecedented development of printing.
2) Achievements: The novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are numerous, diverse in genre and rich in expression techniques, which greatly surpass the previous generation in reflecting the depth and breadth of social life, characterization, detailed description and language use.
3) Significance: It fully shows the social function and literary value of the novel, which is a treasure of classical literature and has a far-reaching influence on later literature.
The fourth part, the pear garden in the Spring and Autumn Period.
1, the origin of China ancient opera-Nuo opera. The ritual of exorcising epidemic ghosts in ancient times, primitive period: folk sacrificial activities with witchcraft color, pre-Qin period: absorbed by national etiquette, flourished in Han and Tang dynasties.
2. The formation of China ancient opera-Nanxi in the Song Dynasty. Background: business and urban development; The restrictions of Fangcheng were relaxed, and many markets and entertainment places appeared; Various popular culture development and popular areas: Wenzhou, Zhejiang, Quanzhou, Fujian, Fuzhou, created by folk artists or lower intellectuals; Popular among the people; Close to people's lives; Expose social darkness and express the wishes and demands of working people.
3. The maturity of China's ancient operas-Yuan Zaju. Reasons for prosperity: the urban economy is prosperous and the citizen class is growing day by day; Intellectuals are at the bottom of society, and their dissatisfaction with reality is vented in the play. The representative figures and masterpieces are: "Four Masters", namely Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan and Wang Shifu; Dou E Yuan and The West Chamber
4. The prosperity of China's ancient drama-Peking Opera. Background: Beijing is a cultural center, and four Huizhou classes enter Beijing; Learn from others' strengths, be inclusive and integrate into Beijing's vocabulary. The first prosperous period appeared in Tongzhi and Guangxu years. Artistic features: comprehensiveness; Freehand brushwork; Life, courage, purity and ugliness.
The fifth part is the understanding of different stages of China ancient culture development.
Marx's historical materialism tells us that social existence determines social consciousness, or we say that all cultures are based on politics and economy. Literature and art in each period are based on the real life at that time and the economy and politics of that era. With the development of the times and social changes, the form and content of culture are constantly evolving. On the other hand, cultural achievements reflect the characteristics of each historical stage.
1 Neolithic age: notes on knotting rope, the legend of word-making in Cangjie; Contract; Rock paintings and pottery paintings; Hey.
2 Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties: Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen and Shuozhou; The Book of Songs (from early Western Zhou Dynasty to mid-Spring and Autumn Period); Nuo has become an important part of national sacrifice and etiquette.
3 Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: During the Warring States Period, the feudal economy was developed, the society was in a period of great change, learning was broken by officials, and the literati class rose and their thoughts were active, thus promoting the prosperity of literature and art.
There are words in various countries, and the words are confusing; Silk painting; The Book of Songs (from early Western Zhou Dynasty to mid-Spring and Autumn Period); The Songs of Chu
Qin and Han dynasties: national unity, economic development, strong national strength and frequent foreign exchanges. Qin Shihuang unified script-Xiao Zhuan; Qin seal is based on seal script; Official script; Chinese and Indian, official script style. Han Fu with unified meteorology; Silk painting.
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: the country was divided, wars continued, Buddhism prevailed, and the rule was dark. With the rise of the literati class, they reflected on the social crisis. Calligraphy and painting became their ideal form of expressing artistic conception and charm, and the tools of writing and painting were improved to facilitate the innovation of skills. The cursive script, running script and regular script gradually matured, and the calligraphy of Jin people advocated the natural charm, while literati painting rose, expressing the spirit with form and paying attention to the charm.
6 Sui and Tang Dynasties: national unity, national prosperity, economic prosperity, unprecedented economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, comprehensive and splendid culture, extensive and profound. Especially the culture of the Tang Dynasty, reveals the prosperous atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty. Perfecting regular script and standardizing statutes; Cursive script is wild and uninhibited. Painting is elegant. There were many schools of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which reached the peak of poetry. However, the decline and political darkness in the late Tang Dynasty produced works that showed people's sufferings and exposed the evils of the ruling class, such as poems by Du Fu and Bai Juyi. With the development of commerce and the prosperity of the city, the number of citizens is increasing, and the legend of the Tang Dynasty has appeared.
7 Song Dynasty: The national policy of "valuing literature over martial arts" made the literati class grow stronger and stronger. Neo-Confucianism paid attention to personal cultivation, and calligraphy was integrated into personal artistic conception, pursuing individuality and ignoring statutes. Literati landscape paintings are highly mature, pay more attention to artistic conception, have sharp contradictions in song style, and are more convenient to express their feelings with words, graceful and graceful, magnificent and unrestrained. Literati's literary works in the Northern Song Dynasty have broadened their minds after expressing unity, while in the Southern Song Dynasty, they mostly expressed their grief over the split of the motherland.
With the development of commercial cities, the rise of the citizen class, the social life is rich and colorful, and the theme of genre painting is also quite extensive, involving all aspects of citizen life. With the collapse of the Fang-Shi system, many public places of entertainment-"Washe" and "Goulan" appeared, resulting in the Southern Opera. Storytelling is popular and forms a script.
8 yuan: With the prosperity of urban economy and the growth of citizen class, intellectuals are at the bottom of society. Intellectuals' sadness, resistance and escape from reality are expressed through Yuan Zaju and Yuan Qu (collectively called Yuan Qu).
Ming and Qing dynasties: the feudal system gradually declined, the monarchy was unprecedentedly strengthened, the commodity economy flourished, capitalism sprouted, the civic class grew, the demand for mass culture increased, and printing was unprecedented. Individualized creation of calligraphy in Ming dynasty: seal cutting and calligraphy and painting in Ming dynasty are integrated. The painting style is peculiar and informal. Novels in Ming and Qing dynasties flourished, and there appeared novels that exposed the decay and darkness of feudal system and praised the wisdom of businessmen; Woodblock prints are very popular.
Meaning of humanistic spirit: In western languages, the word "humanistic spirit" should be "humanism", which is usually translated into humanism and humanism. In a narrow sense, it refers to a trend of thought in the Renaissance, and in a broad sense, it refers to a cultural tradition in Europe from ancient Greece in the 5th century BC. Simply put, it is to care about people, especially their spiritual life; Respect the value of human beings, especially the value of human beings as spiritual beings.
The main line of this unit is the development of humanism, the bud of humanistic spirit in the era of western slavery-the thoughts of Greek thinkers (wise men, Socrates, etc.). ); 14 to/kloc-the rise and development of humanism in the 0/7th century-the ideas embodied in the Renaissance and the Reformation: 17 to/kloc-the further development of humanism in the 0/8th century-the Enlightenment; The development of scientific rationality is still the result of humanism.
First, the humanistic spirit of slavery in ancient Greece-the emergence of humanism
(1) natural philosophy period: the earliest philosophy in Greece is natural philosophy, that is, the discussion and interpretation of nature itself has nothing to do with life (characteristics).
(2) the period of humanism and systematic philosophy: the focus of discussion is the political ethics of human society, and "man" has become the center of research. The representatives are the school of the wise, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.
1. The school of the wise emphasizes the decisive role of people.
1) background ① the emergence of natural philosophy is the embodiment of the Greeks' sense of independence.
② the high development of democratic politics; (3) The slave economy has further prospered;
2) main points -protagoras
Man is the measure of everything. Values such as justice, virtue and truth are related to people's needs and interests. B. There are no objective criterions and eternal truths in the world. C emphasizes the significance of people as the subject of understanding things.
(2) The key point is to understand the society, advocate skepticism, oppose superstition, and emphasize the value and decisive role of people.
3) Evaluate the "Wise Point of View" which constitutes the basic connotation of ancient Greek humanistic spirit; Emphasize human subject consciousness and establish human dignity; But too much emphasis on personal subjective feelings.
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle are called the three great philosophers of ancient Greece.
2. Socrates-attaching importance to people's knowledge and moral cultivation
Socrates is a saint in the history of western culture, and his thoughts are preserved in Plato's dialogues.
1) Key points:
Know yourself and think that the pursuit of philosophy should focus on people themselves;
(2) Knowledge is virtue, emphasizing the role of knowledge, and thinking that people must have knowledge to achieve good, and ignorance is the primary source of all evil. He combined morality with knowledge and thought that moral behavior must be based on knowledge, and the highest knowledge is the understanding of the concept of "goodness".
2) Compared with the school of the wise, what progress has Socrates made in his view of people, especially knowledge? The school of wise men emphasizes the subjective role of human beings and thinks that human subjective feelings are knowledge. Socrates further emphasized the role of human morality and knowledge in human morality. He believes that people must have knowledge to achieve good. Human morality and knowledge are integrated, and moral behavior must be based on knowledge. The highest knowledge is the understanding of goodness.
3. Aristotle-emphasizing people's constant pursuit of truth
1) Key points:
Nature is objective and true, and people's understanding comes from their feelings about the objective world. Without feelings, there is no knowledge.
(2) Emphasize independent thinking and constant pursuit of truth.
2) Influence: further develop humanistic spirit, that is, emphasize independent thinking and constant pursuit of truth; He is also the founder of logic. He was the most learned encyclopedic scholar in the ancient world, and laid the foundation of many modern scientific categories, making philosophy truly an independent discipline. He developed reason to the pinnacle.