1868～1936) proletarian writer of the former Soviet Union and the founder of socialist realist literature. He was born in poverty and lost his father when he was young. At the age of 11, he was running around the society to make a living, working as a stevedore and bakery worker. The slums and docks became his "social" university classroom. He shared the fate of society with the working people, and personally experienced the cruel exploitation and oppression of capitalism. This had an important influence on his thought and creative development.
Gorky worked hard to educate himself on cultural knowledge, and actively participated in revolutionary activities to explore ways to transform reality. In 1892, he published his debut novel "Makar Chudra" and entered the literary world. His early works were mixed with reality. The two styles ofism and romanticism are the stages that he must go through before forming the proletarian worldview. Romantic works such as "Makar Chudela", "Old Lady Izegil" (1895), "Song of the Eagle" (1895), etc., praise the strong personality of freedom-loving, longing for light and heroic achievements, and express the desire The passion of fighting; realist works such as "Cherkash", "The Fallen People", "Konovalov", etc., describe the people's suffering life and their noble moral character, and express their anger and resistance.
Most of the protagonists in these works are characters who strive to explore new paths in life, think about the meaning of life, and are full of intense inner conflicts.
In 1901, he wrote the famous prose poem "Song of Haiyan", which created the image of Haiyan, which symbolized the courage of the wise and brave revolutionaries to fight against the wind and waves
, and foreshadowed the revolutionary storm. Coming soon, inspiring people to face the great battle, this is a motto and hymn for the proletarian revolutionary battle, which was enthusiastically praised by Lenin.
On the eve of the revolution in 1905, Gorky's creation turned to drama. From 1901 to 1905, he successively wrote "Little Burgher",
"The Bottom", "Summer Guest", " "Children of the Sun" and "The Barbarians" and other scripts. In particular, "Little Burghers" and "The Bottom" show the new image and new mental outlook of workers in real life, showing how they work for themselves. Their determination to fight for rights and their optimism caused a sensation in the Russian theater world at that time.
In 1906, Gorky wrote the novel "Mother" and the play "Mother". The two most important works of "Enemy" - marking that his creation has reached a new peak. "Mother" has shaped the first group of proletarians in the history of world literature who consciously fought for socialism. p>
The heroic image of the revolutionaries is the foundation of socialist realist literature. Lenin affirmed its practical significance.
After the failure of the revolution in 1905, Gorky went to the United States and Italy to write a book. A series of political articles criticizing the Western capitalist system and all kinds of reactionary trends that permeate the ideological and literary circles. The novel "Confessions" written in 1908 reveals idealism. His theistic ideas were seriously criticized by Lenin and received his enthusiastic help. Despite this, Gorky's leading tendency was still positive and full of revolutionary fighting spirit. The characteristics of literary creation methods were theoretically explored
and he proposed the view of combining realism and romanticism. His creative achievements between the two revolutions were fruitful.
Such as "Ogulov Town" (1909), "Summer (1909), "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin" (1910~
1911), "Italian Fairy Tale" ( 1911～1913), "Russian Fairy Tales" (1912～1917), and the first two parts of the autobiographical novel trilogy "Childhood" and "The World" (1913～1916) that were completed later
.
In the ten years after the October Revolution, Gorky was in poor health and only wrote memoirs and articles about the unique artistic style and important documentary value of Lenin and some writers. The last part of the autobiographical trilogy, "My University" (1922-1923), "The Artamonov Family's Career" (1924-1925) and several other works were published in 1921. , he followed Lenin's advice and went abroad to recuperate.
After returning to China in 1931, he began to write the voluminous and epic masterpiece "Krim Sam" in 1925.
Jin's Life", which is an unfinished work. Before his death in 1936, he also wrote "Travels in the Soviet Union" (1929), "The Story of Heroes" and several plays. Yegor Brechev and others" (1932), "Toschigaev and others" (1933),
"Vasa Zheleznova" (1935), and A large number of literary theory, literary criticism and political articles have made significant contributions to Marxist literary theory and socialist cultural undertakings.
Gorky is not only a great writer, but also an outstanding social activist.
He organized and established the Soviet Writers Association,
and presided over the first All-Soviet Writers Congress to cultivate new literary talents and actively participate in the cause of defending world peace.
Gorky’s works have been introduced to China since 1907.
His excellent literary works and treatises have become the basis for the proletariat of the world