For an exercise, we should pay special attention to the following steps:
(1) Examine the meaning of the question:
Examining a topic refers to carefully reading the topic before writing, and carefully reading every word and punctuation in the topic (some topics contain punctuation). Such as "goodbye! There is an exclamation point in the title, dear alma mater, which requires writing with true feelings and full of love for the alma mater. Correctly grasp the focus, center, material scope and main requirements of the article in the examination of the questions. Every composition topic will have certain restrictions on the content of the composition, and this restriction should be made clear when doing homework. There are generally several ranges.
1, time range. Some topics define the scope of writing in time, so we should review the time range when reviewing the topics. There are three such provisions:
First, the time limit for drawing materials is stipulated, such as "one thing in the summer vacation", and the word "summer vacation" limits one thing to be written in the summer vacation.
The second is to enlighten the time span of what is written, such as "before and after lunch". The content of the article should be written before and after lunch, which has a certain span in time.
Third, the specific time background of the content is limited, such as "interesting childhood", and the interesting things written must happen in childhood. Another example is an unforgettable moment, which should be about what happened in a short time.
2. Location range. There are often some words expressing space (orientation) in the composition topic, which often makes clear the location background of the content written. For example, the title of "farmers' market" must be written about farmers' market; Another example: "On the way to school" must write about things on the way to school; For example, the seaside, the beach and a corner of the coast all refer to the seaside, but the specific space they refer to is still somewhat different in size.
3. Object scope. For example, someone I know, a good person, someone I respect, my kindness and so on. It's all about other people. Even if the article is about "me" or others, it is in a foil position and a "supporting role". Another example is my deskmate, my classmate and my companion. Although they can all refer to classmates, the writing objects of the three questions range from small to large. My deskmate is basically unique (of course, it can also refer to my former deskmate), and my companions can refer to classmates in our school, children in neighboring schools, and children in neighboring schools. The scope is much larger.
4. Content scope. This refers to the restriction of events. For example, "an unforgettable event" must be written, which is really unforgettable. "A Personal Experience" can only be written about personal experience, and what you hear or see is not personal experience. "Teacher's Two or Three Things" can only write about the teacher's two or three things.
5. Quantity range. Some questions limit the number of people and things to write, so we should determine its scope and write according to the quantitative requirements stipulated in the questions. Such as an event in summer vacation, an unforgettable event, this event and a new person. Another example is "one thing about school life" and "two or three things about school life". The former can only write one thing, and the latter must have two or three things to the point.
Secondly, we should make clear the focus of the topic, that is, the key part. Many topics have keywords. This keyword is usually called "title eye". When we find it out, we find the key point of writing. For example, the title of "An Unforgettable Event" stipulates the genre (narrative mainly taking notes), quantity (one) and content (an unforgettable event) in turn. Of these three requirements, the most important one is undoubtedly "unforgettable", which is the title.
Some topics are hidden, so we need to pay more attention to what the key words are and understand the meaning clearly. For example, in My Stupid Dad, the word "stupid" is ironic, seemingly stupid, but actually it means not stupid. Another example is "Mom has a bad temper". This "bad" is also a kind of irony. Actually, it's just mom's good habit and style.
There is a certain pattern in finding "eye problems". If the topic is a sentence. Most "questions" are answers to "Who? What? " In some ways. Such as "love" in "I love my teacher" and "smile" in "Dad smiled". If the title is a phrase, the "title eye" is mostly in the front, that is, the modification part. Such as "Happy" in Happy Festival and Lovely Goldfish. "Love" in "My favorite activities" and so on. Of course, the topics are endless, and not both methods can be found. For example, the topic "My deskmate" has no clear central content. We need to determine the focus and center of the article according to the materials.
Third, determine the writing genre after examining the meaning of the question. Narrative includes four main genres, such as taking notes, describing people, describing scenery, describing things, such as an unforgettable event and recording an experience. , and to take note of the genre. "I respect people" and "Good XX" should adopt the genre of writing people; "Our Campus" should mainly adopt the genre of landscape writing, but it is also inseparable from people and things. "Lovely Goldfish" should adopt the genre of things. Diary, thoughts after reading, etc. Most of them are indicated in the title.
If you encounter a semi-propositional composition, you can review the topic according to the following steps: first, analyze and understand the provided semi-composition topic, and understand what articles are in the topic and what aspects need to be supplemented; After comparison, material selection; Finally, read the whole composition question together to see if it is smooth and coherent, and modify the inappropriate places. When we fill in half a composition topic, we should think and choose, so that people or things in life can reappear in our minds and choose the most impressive as the writing content. For example, "I love XX" already has the title of "love". As for who you love and what you love, it needs to be determined according to the familiar materials (people or things), which can be "love your father", "love your teacher", "love your alma mater", "love reading" and "love collecting stamps".
(2) Set the center
1, the center should be meaningful and healthy. The content of an article that praises (or praises), criticizes (or exposes) and expounds a truth should be educated or inspired by others after reading it. If this goal can be achieved, then this article is positive.
2. The center should be centralized. An article must be written around one center, not scattered, and there cannot be two (or more) centers.
3. The center should be novel. We should be good at examining materials from multiple levels, angles and aspects, so as to see the big from the small and dig out new ideological content from the outside to the inside that others have not discovered.
To determine the central idea, some of them can be directly seen from the topics, such as "Hard-working Grandma" and "Autumn I Love My Hometown". To determine the central idea must meet the requirements of the topic. Some composition topics directly specify the central idea, but specify the general scope of determining the central idea, such as a meaningful activity, which has educated me and other topics. Determining the central idea has more freedom than the previous situation, but it must also be limited by the specified scope. Some composition topics do not involve the central idea at all, but only stipulate the scope of choosing writing materials, such as "Ten Minutes between Classes" and "My Dad", but we should avoid the problem of unclear central idea.
(3) Selection of materials
When writing a composition, after studying the meaning of the topic and setting the center, we should choose suitable materials according to the needs of the central idea. All materials closely related to the center should be grasped, all materials irrelevant to the center should be discarded, and all materials that can profoundly express the center are the focus of our choice.
Choose the composition material, but also pay attention to the following points:
1, the material should be true. We should try our best to write out what we have seen, heard and felt, so as to write a good article with true feelings. Of course, the requirement of true content does not exclude reasonable imagination and association in the article.
2. The materials should be typical. Sometimes there are many materials to choose from, so we have to make a comparative analysis and choose the material that best reflects the central idea from these available materials. This material is usually a very typical material.
3. The materials should be specific. When writing a composition, people (grasping the characters' language, movements, demeanor and psychological activities), events (writing clearly the cause, process and result of events), events and scenes must be vividly written. Therefore, the content of the material we choose must be specific, rich and thorough, in order to achieve the purpose of writing concrete and vivid articles. 2. The topic of the composition is "New Fashion I See". Please write down three materials according to the requirements of "truthfulness, concreteness and typicality". You don't have to write a whole composition, just write down the materials.
(4) Make an outline
After determining the center and selecting the material, it is necessary to carefully organize and arrange, what to write first, what to write later, what to write in detail, what to write slightly, how to start, end and transition, all of which need careful conception and overall design. This is the layout. In order to prevent negligence and confusion in writing, we need to write a writing outline for the content of the idea, and then write it paragraph by paragraph according to the writing outline.
A writing outline generally includes the following parts: composition topic, central idea, main points, paragraph level, etc.
Generally speaking, writing an outline should pay attention to the following three points:
① Always focus on the center of the article. ② There should be reasonable ideas and clues, which can be time clues, development clues, object clues or character clues. (3) Grasp the main points and be considerate. What to write in detail, what to write briefly, how to start and end, etc. Should be considered.
(5) Write the first draft
After completing the above four steps, the general outline of an article has been formed in your mind, and writing it is the first draft of the article. When writing the first draft, we should pay attention to the following four points:
1. Write step by step according to the writing outline, paying attention to the beginning, end, transition and details.
2. Write whatever you want, and try to do it in one go. If you have difficulty in making sentences with words, you can leave them blank and continue writing.
3, the sentence should be simple and clear, easy to understand, and have true feelings. Pay attention to the use of punctuation.
4. Pay attention to the topic in the composition and point out the center appropriately.
(6) Modification of transcription
Revising a composition is an indispensable part of writing. The process of revising composition is the process of improving writing ability through training. Some people compare the revision to the beauty of the article, which is very vivid.
How to modify the composition? Mr. Lu Xun once said: "It is not a pity to read it at least twice after writing and try to delete unnecessary words, sentences and paragraphs." After I finish the first draft of the composition, I must read and think carefully, first the whole, then the part, first the content, then the text, and carefully scrutinize and find out the problems. The specific steps and methods are as follows:
See if the content of the article is relevant and the center is clear. Whether the content is closely related to the center and related to the center. Delete irrelevant content and sentences irrelevant to the center. If the materials related to the center are not clear and specific, they should be rewritten clearly and specifically, and the missing places should be made up.
Second, see if the article is coherent. Whether the arrangement of paragraph level is appropriate and reasonable. Compared with the outline, is it detailed, appropriate and focused? If there is something wrong, it should be adjusted or changed. If there are repeated paragraphs, they should be deleted.
Third, look at whether the sentences in the article are fluent and whether the words are accurate. Use words to make sentences, speak appropriately, and correct what is unreasonable and unnecessary.
Fourth, see if there are any typos and punctuation marks in the article. Try to eliminate typos and inappropriate punctuation marks, correct them, and after finalizing them, copy them neatly into the exercise book in block letters.
The most important thing in all compositions is the beginning and the end (except practical writing, of course)
Topics are mostly propositions now. If there is half a proposition, it must be novel and short.
You don't need to write too long at the beginning (less than 50 words, about three sentences, and more than ten words per sentence). It is very important to clearly point out the main idea of this article (generally, it is handed over to the center during the exam, and the center adds its own things to write in one or two sentences). If you can use an idiom or a metaphor, it would be much better. It will be cumbersome to buy a better composition book from it and you can use it often.
In the middle, the beginning of each paragraph should be novel. If you can start each paragraph with parallelism, it will be more organized and the idea of the article will be clearer.
Narrative should of course be written in the order of things. Although there are flashbacks and things like that, it is not easy to grasp them and it is easy to cause confusion in the article. Therefore, writing in order can always express your feelings and feelings, which can be used as a clue at the end of the article. In a few words, you will have the result of things and your own feelings.
Lyric writing, because it emphasizes lyricism, should add more rhetorical devices and read more optimistic compositions as reference, but it should also be organized, and it is better to have a positive mood than to say that you are happy for a while and sad for a while.
Argumentative writing should be easy to write. After high school, they often take simple questions but have a bright beginning+three or four organized paragraphs (the beginning of each paragraph here will be neat and arranged)+the questions at the end will echo from beginning to end.
Explanatory and practical writing are easy to write and test, not much.
The key point at the end is to echo from beginning to end, that is, to point out the topic. In fact, the first paragraph and the last paragraph want to express the same idea, that is, to say it in different ways.
Within the first 50 words+three middle paragraphs (within 200 words for each paragraph)+50 words at the end.
Writing a composition is very simple, it doesn't need to be too touching and lyrical, and it doesn't need to be too gorgeous. There are too many literary talents. Write according to a routine. No problem. No pressure. Don't be wordy. Every paragraph is very organized. Read a composition book when you have time, just like reading a novel. Find a notebook and write it down. You can use it when writing a composition.
Reading more books, essays, poems and novels can help you write a good composition.
Write your true feelings and embellish them with words.
First of all, we should accumulate composition materials.
Accumulating rich composition materials is the first condition for writing a good composition. Many experts in writing are quick-thinking, and the important reason is that they have a rich library of materials in their minds. They can write articles with ease and make ends meet. If students want to write a good composition, they must make great efforts to accumulate composition materials. Writer Qin Mu said: "A writer should have three warehouses: a direct material warehouse containing materials obtained from life; One indirect warehouse contains materials from books and materials, and the other is a warehouse that collects people's languages on a daily basis. With these three articles, it is better to write. " The first two warehouses mentioned in this passage are exactly what students should do to write a good composition.
1. The best way to accumulate "life materials" is to keep an observation diary. The common problem for students to keep diaries is a running account. I am too lazy to write because I feel boring. I suggest you write according to the method taught by Mr. Lao She: "You should carefully observe the character and characteristics of Lao Wang or Lao Li around you, pay attention at any time, write it down at any time ... remember it every day and form a habit." A gust of wind blows, you write it down; You can also write down the next shower, because you don't know what day it is, and you need to describe a gust of wind or shower in your work. Without this accumulation, there will be no money. "
|2, accumulate "materials from books", on the one hand, combine reading and writing in Chinese class through classroom reading; On the other hand, we should rely on extracurricular reading and insist on writing abstract reading notes. If each excerpt uses a piece of paper, it is a reading card. As the saying goes, "a good memory is not as good as a bad writing." No matter how strong the memory is, after a long time, there are always some things that will be forgotten. If you extract what you think is wonderful when reading, you can not only avoid forgetting, but also facilitate reading.
The so-called "wonderful content" worth refining. It is related to readers' interests, hobbies, level, needs and other factors, and there is no unified standard. Generally speaking, wonderful aphorisms, vivid descriptions, novel and profound viewpoints, lively and interesting dialogues and even beautiful words can be classified and extracted. In order to facilitate future reference, it is also necessary to indicate the source of materials after the original excerpt.
Many students have written excerpts or reading notes, but not many insist on writing. Unfortunately, a useful job fell by the wayside. According to statistics, Marx wrote Das Kapital and wrote 1500 kinds of "abstracts". Lenin wrote philosophical notes and directly quoted dozens of philosophical works. Like a revolutionary teacher, insisting on writing abstract reading notes will make you smart, full and rich, and make you think quickly when writing in the future.
Second, we should train according to the law of step by step.
Improving writing ability is not a one-off event, it needs long-term planning. Therefore, we should arrange the order of composition training. What is the most reasonable order? From the growth of many writers, we have seen colorful "sequences", and it is still difficult to say which is the universal truth. The following is the training sequence of "seven before seven after", which may be a common meaning. Please refer to your own situation.
1 Practice writing narrative and descriptive articles first, and then practice writing explanatory and argumentative papers.
Practice writing what you have experienced before writing what others have reported.
Pay attention to training observation and accumulation first, and then pay attention to training analysis and expression.
Practice writing simple things first, and then practice writing complex things.
5. Don't be limited by the "frame" of writing, let go of the courage of writing; Then according to the basic requirements and characteristics of different articles, standardized training is carried out.
6 "Imitate" first, and write an article drawing a gourd according to the same pattern; After "creation", write novel and unique articles.
7 First, make the article as long as possible, emphasizing expansion and dissemination; After that, try to write a short essay, paying attention to conciseness.
The above "seven before seven after" conforms to the law of people's understanding of things, from concrete to abstract, and the law of ability training, from low to high, from clumsy to skilled. As for when or to what extent as the first and second boundaries, this is another problem that cannot be "one size fits all" and must be analyzed in detail. It's not bad if some students arrange the above seven first and then seven alternately and repeatedly, such as imitating creation and then imitating creation.
Third, we should develop good writing habits.
After students enter junior high school from primary school, composition training has embarked on a new course, and special attention should be paid to cultivating their good writing habits. From the writing experience of the winning students in the composition competition, we summarized the following seven good writing habits for students' reference.
1 The habit of "writing a little every day". Many award-winning students said that their composition won the prize because they insisted on keeping a diary. If there is more time, they will write more, and if there is less time, they will write less, even if it is as few as dozens of words. This is really an experience. As the saying goes, "Never leave your fist, never leave your mouth". Writing every day can make your writing more dexterous and accumulate a lot of composition materials.
2. The habit of "thinking through the whole article and writing an outline of the composition". Don't write a composition unless you know what to write in the next paragraph. You must conceive the whole article and fix the "framework" of the conceived composition in the form of an outline. People who have been engaged in writing for a long time also have an outline before they start writing, but some hide the outline in their stomachs and call it a "draft by heart."
3 the habit of "reciting the first draft of the article". In ancient times, there was a habit of "singing" and "humming" when writing poems, because there were many problems that could not be "read" or read aloud. If you are in the examination room, you can only read silently to find out whether the sentence is fluent, whether the tone is coherent, whether the context is fluent and whether the phonology is harmonious.
4. The habit of "seriously modifying". The ancients said, "An article is never tired of changing", which is the golden advice of writing a good article and the experience of all article experts. Without this habit, it is almost impossible to write a good article.
5 "Don't tell lies" habit. Any good article must be the expression of the author's true feelings, and any falsehood can't fool the reader's eyes. If a student is terminally ill while learning to write, there is little hope of improvement in the future of the composition.
6 "Don't write hard, force yourself to write" habit. Lu Xun said, if you can't write, don't write hard. Of course it's right, because what you try to write is bound to be false. However, if students can't write the composition proposition of the leading teacher for a while, they must not refuse to hand in the paper on the grounds of "not working hard". If you can't write it for a while, it's ok to put it aside for a while, but if you force yourself to think and check your "material library" thoroughly, you will definitely find materials that meet the proposition. After many times of "forcing yourself to write", I opened my mind and improved my writing level.
7. The habit of "keeping your face clean and writing in a standardized way". Nowadays, young students generally pay attention to their appearance, which is understandable. The neatness and standardization of "writing" is a tool for composition and is naturally necessary.
First, learn to extract
"Ask the canal to be so clear, because there is running water at the source." The source of composition is naturally our daily life, but other people's wonderful articles are actually a source of our composition. An article may contain a period of the author's life, an article may contain an opinion of the author, and an article may express some feelings of the author. Learning to extract is the accumulation of another life. Su Dongpo, a great writer in the Song Dynasty, advocated: "Broad horizons, more accumulation and less progress." This shows that accumulating material is the premise of writing. Students who are determined to overcome their writing difficulties should have a notebook for excerpts and comments. What can be abstracted at least includes the following contents: 1, famous sayings (poems and essays), epigrams, proverbs, aphorisms and beautiful sentences (referring to sentences with healthy contents by using various rhetorical devices such as parallelism, exaggeration and duality); 2. Lively and lively spoken English; 3. Typical people and things; 4. incisive and original opinions; 5. Wonderful description; 6. Characteristic jingles ... On this basis, it is a step further than extracting in accumulation to experience and ponder the extracted materials in detail and deepen understanding and memory. In order to properly use the accumulated materials in composition, the depth of body odor plays a vital role. If you only extract and don't appreciate the comments, then no matter how much material you have, it will only be "a pool of stagnant water", it is difficult to drive away at will, and it will lose the meaning of accumulation. On the contrary, if you work hard on body odor, these materials will become living "soldiers" and be available at any time, thus making your articles "live".
Second, learn to formulate questions.
Nowadays, many composition topics are semi-propositional or topical compositions. How to come up with an unconventional title and choose a topic that gives you something to say is an important link in the success of the composition. For example, if you write an autumn composition, common topics may be "autumn scenery" and "Qiu Si". The topic is so big and empty that it is difficult to write. If it is changed to "I have an appointment with Autumn", it will be easier to write, and readers will be excited to see this topic and will want to finish it quickly. For this kind of composition topic, the following methods can be adopted: expansion method, that is, adding appropriate words before or after a given topic or keyword to make the given topic more specific, thus reducing the difficulty of writing, such as adding "salesman" before "smile" to become "salesman's smile"; Rhetoric: Rhetoric can be used to express what you want to say, such as "tradition and fashion"; Imagination, give your topic the wings of imagination, which is refreshing, such as "If I were the mayor" and "Party in a pencil box"; Suspense method: construct suspense, such as "where is the oil buried?" "18 years old, what are you thinking?" In order to arouse readers' interest in reading the article.
Third, do more fragment composition exercises.
Fragment composition practice is a good way to practice composition. You can write a paragraph in an informal way, such as a solitaire game, and finally connect it into an article. For example, take a teacher or classmate as an example, draw him a "portrait" with words, or ask other students to revise their compositions, so as to achieve the purpose of "explaining clearly and making it clear" as Mr. Ye Shengtao said. If it is abstract, then do it best; If you intend to stimulate, make it stimulate; Intended to describe, it contains the best dynamic ... "effect."
The following are just some common training methods in composition. Abstraction is the basic work, the conception of the proposed topic is the overall design, and the composition of fragments is the practice. Practice more and you will get something. Of course, more composition skills have to be mastered by yourself in practice.