The incident of two kings and eight horses had an important influence on the political and literary development in the middle Tang Dynasty. Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan tried to eat the active participants and victims of that struggle. Serious political blows have brought misfortune to their fate, but they have also achieved their respective literary careers. They are not only unique poets in the middle Tang Dynasty, but also progressive politicians and insightful thinkers.
Liu Yuxi has a simple materialist philosophy. He inherited Xunzi's thought that man can conquer nature and put forward the view that man and nature can win each other. He believes that heaven and man have their own special laws, and there is a dialectical relationship of difference, contradiction, interdependence and mutual promotion. This had an important influence on his active participation in political innovation and his indomitable and optimistic mental outlook during his long-term relegation. Liu Yuxi's poems, especially his works during his relegation, show a clear understanding of the objective laws of metabolism. For example, in Fanglin, the new leaves urge the old leaves, the waves in front of the flowing water give way to the waves behind the flowing water, the sunken ship passes through Qian Fan, and the sick trees lead to Wan Muchun. Therefore, he can persist, and he is always full of confidence and enterprising spirit in life under the condition of being hit hard. The famous poem "The Peach Blossom in Xuandu" is very representative:
On the main road of the city, pedestrians are constantly flowing, and the dust is blowing on their faces. People say that they have just seen flowers coming back from Xuandu. There are thousands of peach trees in the Xuanmiao Temple, all of which were planted after I was exiled to Beijing.
Half of the 100-acre courtyard is covered with moss and peach blossoms are in full bloom. Where Taoism returned, Liu Lang came again today.
The first poem was written when he was recalled to Beijing ten years after his demotion. In the poem, he used peach blossoms to map the upstart of Manchu who came to power after the incident of two kings and eight horses. He was demoted again because of irony. When the latter poem was recalled to Beijing again twelve years later, the author still used peach blossom as a metaphor to laugh at those who persecuted them and passers-by who hurried by on the political stage.
The most commendable thing about Liu Yuxi is his Zhi Zhu Ci. Therefore, excellent works with dreams are mostly in Lang, Lian, Kui and He. Said. He was an outstanding poet in the Tang Dynasty who consciously learned from folk songs. During his relegation, he was closer to the people and folk literature and art, and was able to absorb nutrition from it, transform and enrich his poetry creation. Yang Liuzhi's Zhi Zhu Ci is the result of his research on folk songs. On the one hand, he absorbed the advantages of lively and popular language, sonorous syllables and natural truth, on the other hand, he improved the aesthetic realm of folk songs with his own thoughts and literary accomplishment, and created many well-known works, adding freshness to Tang poetry.
Blood.
Liu Zongyuan is not as generous and cheerful as Liu Yuxi. He is a melancholy man, and it is difficult to get rid of adversity. Most of his poems are emotional records of his relegated life and experience, which show the tragic experience and mental pain of a devastated intellectual. But he is also a person who loves life, and it is easy to touch his feelings in the wilderness environment. Therefore, the combination of scenery description with regional cultural characteristics and the expression of personal grievances and lyricism constitutes the keynote of Liu Zongyuan's lyric poetry. Liu Zongyuan was good at writing landscape poems during his relegation. After being demoted again, the author was freed from grief and indignation. He dreamed of retiring from the countryside like Tao Yuanming and writing some pastoral poems, trying to purify his mind with a quiet natural realm. For example, fishermen in Jiang Xue. His prose creation is mainly after relegation, which has distinct literary characteristics. Among them, prose, landscapes and fables have made outstanding achievements.
Liu Zongyuan was the first writer in the Tang Dynasty who wrote a lot about landscapes, especially travel notes. The travel notes of mountains and rivers are the highest achievement of his prose and the most distinctive. In his works, the state of things and feelings. The naturalization of human beings and the humanization of nature have reached a high degree of harmony and unity. On the one hand, he used accurate language and delicate description to show a landscape picture with both form and spirit; On the other hand, through the strong intervention and vivid expression of subjective feelings, the artistic realm of scene blending is created. For example, Eight Chapters of Yongzhou and A Visit to Huangxi. His landscape travel notes are characterized by the beauty of landscape, the complexity of words and the beauty of sentences in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which raised the creation of landscape prose to a new level and established the artistic tradition of independent development of landscape prose in the history of literature.
Liu Zongyuan's essays have profound insights, novel ideas and diverse forms of expression, which embodies the unity of ideology and artistry. His theory of things is good at expressing advanced political ideas from re-examining historical facts and traditional ideas. Such as the theory of six inverses. His essays on current affairs are good at seeing the big from the small, proceeding from the facts, using topics to demonstrate, revealing all kinds of sharp realistic contradictions from ordinary life events, and containing profound ideological core in a concise narrative framework. As the snake charmer said. He is also good at using allegorical ideas to write angry essays with irony. As stupid as a stream.
Liu Zongyuan's fable prose pays attention to vivid description and profound sustenance of ironic connotation. He is good at anthropomorphic creation of animals, which not only endows them with specific characteristics of character relationship types, but also loses their inherent biological characteristics, and is vivid and meaningful. People can not only understand the author's satirical criticism of social politics from these images and stories, but also understand their rich objective implications from different angles in combination with their own thoughts and life experiences. Most of his fables use analogy and innuendo, but the emphasis is on the portrayal of characters as carriers. Representative works include Three Commandments and Donkey Whip Jia.
What are the differences between the poems written by Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan after being demoted?
1. Different topics
1, Liu Yuxi spent most of his life in relegation. During his relegation, his poems about epic poems were of little weight, but they were exquisite in art and profound in thought. Most of his epics are historical sites, which are borrowed from the past to illustrate the present. In the form of five or seven words. Contains incisive arguments and opinions. For example, "Missing the Old Times in Xibao Mountain" integrated leisure and hardship into his nostalgic scenery. During his 23 years in exile, influenced by the simple folk songs of Bashan and Shushui, he created unique works: folk songs, bamboo branches and willow words.
2. Liu Zongyuan was good at writing landscape poems during his relegation. After being demoted again, the author was freed from grief and indignation. He dreamed of retiring from the countryside like Tao Yuanming and writing some pastoral poems, trying to purify his mind with a quiet natural realm. For example, fishermen in Jiang Xue.
Two. Different artistic features
1. Liu Yuxi's poems are generally characterized by liveliness, fresh and lively folk songs, lively style and strong local characteristics. The modern style is subtle and concise, with vigorous and bright style and positive spirit. For example, Zhi Zhu has two poems, the sunrise in the east and the rain in the west. The road is sunny or sunny.
2. Liu Zongyuan's poems create an empty realm with a cold artistic conception. For example, "There are no birds in a hundred mountains" and "A thousand roads without footprints" are both beautifully written.