1, early Egypt
Egypt's early climate was hot, dry and rainy, but due to the regular flooding of the Nile every year and the regular irrigation of the surrounding land, Egypt became an oasis in the desert and the birthplace of culture.
In the Paleolithic, people lived on both sides of the Nile.
Around 4500 BC (Neolithic Age), the climate was dry and desertification gradually occurred. People slowly gathered on both sides of the Nile River and began to build water conservancy and engage in agriculture and animal husbandry.
About 3500 years before the park (Bronze Stone Age), the clans in ancient Egypt gradually disintegrated.
Around 3 100 BC: writing, smelting, cities and commercial trade appeared, slaves appeared in sacrificial objects, and classes and countries formed. The earliest country in ancient Egypt was called "Sepp", which translated into Chinese as "Zhou". This is a regional consortium with the city as the center and surrounding villages to meet the needs of water conservancy irrigation. The country is independent, with different armies, beliefs and capitals; The head is the Governor, who has military, political and judicial powers. There were about forty such countries in ancient Egypt.
Modern history divides 3/kloc-0 dynasties from the first dynasty of ancient Egypt to Persian rule into 12 periods: early dynasty, ancient kingdom, middle kingdom, new kingdom and late Egypt.
2. Early dynasties (3 100 BC-2686 BC): the first dynasty and the second dynasty.
As shown in the picture, the ancient Egypt is bounded by Memphis, and the delta area from the Mediterranean Sea to the north is Lower Egypt, and the south is Upper Egypt.
Around 365,438+000 BC, the upper and lower states were constantly fighting for water, slaves and land. In the melee, the Tynys State in Upper Egypt gradually gained the upper hand. Its ruler menes unified Upper and Lower Egypt and established the first dynasty in ancient Egypt, known as "Tynys Dynasty" in history, which was also the first dynasty in human history, and menes was also the first emperor recorded in human history.
The Tiannis dynasty did not unify the whole of Egypt, and there were still wars in some areas. It was not until Hashem Wei, the last king in the early period of the Second Dynasty, that upper and lower Egypt really merged and unified, and Egypt entered the period of centralized rule.
3. Ancient Kingdom (2686 BC-2 BC181year): the third to sixth dynasties.
Starting from the ancient kingdom, Egypt became the first centralized slavery country. The supreme ruler of the country is the king, with a prime minister, wiesel, and many ministers in charge of water conservancy and finance. At the local level, there are states, and the governor is appointed by the king. The governor is responsible for the administration, justice and water conservancy of the state.
In order to strengthen centralization, the king proclaimed that he was a descendant of the sun god, and the symbol of the king's supreme power was the pyramid. The pyramid is the king's tomb. The earliest pyramids were built by ministers of the third dynasty for King Yue Se Luo, and the largest pyramids were built by Qi of the fourth dynasty. Each side of the tower is 230m long, and the height of the tower is147m (about a modern 40-story building). It took 30 years, using 2,500 kilograms of stones and 2.3 million pieces. Although the pyramid of Khufu's son, Ha Raf, is slightly smaller than that of Khufu, it is surrounded by attached temples and the Sphinx, which is said to be carved according to Ha Raf's face. The three pyramids of Khufu, khalaf and Mongkoala (the grandson of Khufu) are called the three great pyramids of ancient Egypt.
Since the fifth dynasty, the people couldn't bear the heavy labor of building pyramids and rose up in succession.
From the sixth generation, the autocratic rule of the ancient dynasty began to decline sharply, and the local separatist forces and monastic groups began to become strong.
From the seventh dynasty to the tenth dynasty, the kingdom was divided and existed in name only, which was called "the first middle period" in history. The turbulent situation did not end until after the eleventh dynasty.
4. The Middle Kingdom (2040 BC-65438 BC+0786 BC): the 1 1, 12 dynasties.
From the tenth dynasty, the north gradually unified around Campo, Greece, and the eleventh dynasty around Thebes gradually agreed with the south in the south. Finally, the eleventh dynasty defeated the tenth dynasty, unified Egypt, and Egypt entered the middle kingdom period.
By the eleventh dynasty, the local power was still very strong, and the position of governor became hereditary, with heavy troops. This situation continued until the establishment of the twelfth dynasty. The king of the 12 dynasty, Amnemeth III, severely suppressed all localities and centralized power was restored.
After the twelfth dynasty, the strength of various places began to stir again, rising again, and Egypt fell into a separatist situation. The 13th to 17th dynasties were called "the second middle period" in history.
In the second middle period, a large-scale popular uprising broke out in Egypt, which led to the collapse of the twelfth dynasty and the weakening of the rule of the thirteenth and fourteenth dynasties established in the turmoil. Soon, while Egypt was declining, Hixos from Asia occupied most of northern Egypt, established the first 15 and the first 16 dynasties, and exercised cruel military rule over the Egyptians. Those who resisted were sold into slavery or executed on the spot. The invasion of foreigners and the rule by force caused strong resistance from the Egyptians. King Kamath of the 17th dynasty in Thebes and his brother Amos led the resistance struggle and won, expelling Hyksos from Egypt.
Subsequent waiting o_o ....