After entering the 1950s of 19, all social strata in India have been secretly brewing anti-British uprisings. At the end of 1856 and the beginning of 1857, pancakes spread all over the vast rural areas in northern India as a signal to connect with the people's uprising. Secret organizations have also appeared among soldiers. As a signal of soldiers' uprising, red-violet is widely spread in various teams. Some teams also set up officers' committees to prepare for the uprising. The feudal princes who hated British rule sent messengers to run around, lobbied in series and plotted to attack; Many Hindus and Islamic scholars travel around the world, lamenting the hundred-year history of national subjugation and carrying out anti-British propaganda. In cities such as Delhi and Madras, various leaflets often appear, calling on people to get rid of alien tyranny and carry out jihad! /kloc-at the beginning of 0/857, the colonial authorities issued a new bullet coated with butter and lard paper, which caused great anger among soldiers who believed in Hinduism (cows were sacred) and Islam (pork was forbidden). In March, a soldier named Maingard Pandy shot and killed three British officers while inspecting the 34th Infantry Regiment in Balakpur. Pandy was later sentenced to hang. In early May, another incident occurred in Mirut, where 85 soldiers refused to use new bullets and were sentenced to 65,438+00 years. These events became the fuse of the uprising.
10 On Sunday, May, when the British army prayed in the church at dusk, Mirut soldiers, with the support of citizens and suburban farmers, launched an uprising, quickly occupied the city and severely punished the military and political officials of the British colonial authorities. That night, the insurgents marched into Delhi, and the next morning, with the cooperation of local soldiers and residents in Delhi, they captured the ancient capital. The uprising team expanded rapidly, and many nobles and monks joined in. Delhi Uprising Army established Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal monarch in name only, as the Indian emperor, and established an executive committee composed of 10 people as the highest leading organ of the uprising. The rebel army issued a proclamation calling on the people to eliminate religious differences, unite as one, participate in jihad and expel British colonists. The Executive Council also issued a decree to abolish the Chamindar system, exempt the poor from paying taxes, and impose special taxes on landlords, wealthy businessmen and usurers. Encouraged by the victory of the Delhi Uprising, the Uprising quickly spread to Ode, Zhanxi and other places. Nana Sassi Bu (Prince Mara deprived of an annuity by Britain) and Togna Toby led the Kangbor Uprising, while Queen Lakshmi Beye led the Yanxi Uprising. In a very short time, the bonfire of the uprising quickly swept through the vast areas of northern and central India.
In order to suppress the uprising, Britain sent its invading troops to Iran, sent China back to India, and recruited mercenaries from Sikhs and Gurkhas. On June 8, Britain laid siege to Delhi, the uprising center, for the first time. On September 14, British troops invaded Delhi under the cover of heavy artillery. After five days of fierce street fighting, 19 night, the city was occupied and the whole city was brutally looted. With the fall of Delhi, Bahadur Shah II and a group of feudal nobles surrendered to the British colonial authorities, and the Mughal dynasty perished. After retreating from Delhi, some insurgents continued guerrilla warfare on the plains between the Na River and the Ganges River in Zhu Mu. 1858 At the beginning of March, 40,000 well-equipped British troops invaded Lucknow, Austria, with 180 cannons. The rebels fought fiercely with the enemy for 20 days and finally failed on March 2 1. British troops burned and looted Lucknow for two weeks. On April 3, another British army occupied Zhanxi City. Queen Jenny led her troops to break through, joined the insurgents led by Togna Toby, and moved to central India. /kloc-In June of 0/8, the Queen was killed in a battle outside Guaril. Tanya Toby keeps fighting. 1859 In April, due to the betrayal of the feudal Lord Man Singh, Togna Toby was captured by the British army and hanged. Sporadic guerrillas fought against Britain until the end of 1859.
1857- 1859 Uprising is the biggest uprising of Indian people against British colonial rule, which occupies a very important position in the history of Indian national movement. In the century before this, the Indian people's anti-British struggle was mostly local, and the scale of this uprising spread all over the vast areas of northern and central India, including all social classes, strata and political groups, as well as people who originally belonged to different nationalities, castes and religious beliefs. This is a manifestation of the modern concept that the Indian people have begun to form a unified country.
After being hit hard by the Indian national uprising, Britain carried out some reforms on India's colonial policy, which was also the result of the uprising. 1858 In August, the British Parliament passed the N0383.TXT/PGN's India Improvement Act, which abolished the East India Company and was directly ruled by Queen Victoria. The Ministry of Indian Affairs was established in the Cabinet; The Governor-General of India is the deputy king who manages the country on behalf of the Queen. 165438+ 10 in June, the queen issued an imperial edict, "respecting the rights, dignity and honor of local governors" and "not interfering with the religious beliefs or worship of anyone among the subjects".
/kloc-The people's resistance movements in Indonesia, Iran, India, China and other countries around the mid-9th century were the first climax in the history of modern Asian national movements. Although the situation in different countries is different, from the leading aspect, this is an anti-colonial national movement No matter what class or stratum the movement is led by, such as feudal princes, nobles, Islamic imams, local military officers and leaders among the masses. No matter what program or slogan is put forward, such as restoring the once powerful feudal dynasty, establishing a "just kingdom" of "eliminating oppression and equality for all" and realizing "one family under the world and enjoying peace". There are many reasons for failure, and they are all different. But one thing is the same, that is, these sports belong to the old-fashioned sports and belong to the category of the Middle Ages. None of them put forward the scientific idea of transforming society. This is because there is no new national capitalist economy and no new revolutionary class-the national bourgeoisie. Without the guidance of advanced ideas, religion has become a powerful ideological weapon to unite the people's struggle. At that time, almost all the uprisings were under the banner of religion, such as the worship of gods in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Babism in Iran, and the jihad against pagans in Indonesia and India.