Ouyang Xiu was a famous political activist and an advocate of poetry innovation in the Northern Song Dynasty. He once edited the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, and spent most of his life completing a History of the New Five Dynasties, in which the number of words was reduced by half and the deeds were multiplied several times. He is also good at discovering talents and promoting backward people. Many great politicians, essayists and poets in the Song Dynasty came from his school or traveled together, such as Mei, Su Shi and his son, Wang Anshi and Wang Anshi. Ouyang Xiu made an important contribution to the healthy development of poetry in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Ouyang Xiu was a master of literature, poetry and ci in the Northern Song Dynasty. The evaluation of his prose and poetry is the same, but the evaluation of his words is different. In fact, Ouyang Xiu was an important poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. His words are different from his poems, which are thorough in reasoning and full of ambition. He often expresses his love through ci, a new poetic form, which reflects another aspect of the life of politicians and literary leaders. However, some people are skeptical about Ouyang Xiu's writing, and even think that this colorful writing is falsely entrusted by Ouyang Xiu's enemies. People's feelings are extremely complicated, and Ouyang Xiu's private life is not hypocritical, so he has reservations. More importantly, Ci is a colorful word sung before the banquet from the beginning, which mostly reflects the emotional life. In the long-term creative process, it not only formed the tradition of writing feelings, but also accumulated quite rich artistic skills and creative experience. Therefore, it is not surprising that Ouyang Xiu widely reflects his emotional life in his prose and poetry creation.
The different evaluation of Ouyang Xiu's ci is first caused by different versions. There are two versions of Ouyang Xiu's ci. One is Ouyang Wenzhong's Gong Jin Poem Yuefu, a total of three volumes, which was published in the Southern Song Dynasty and collated by the county magistrate Robbie. Robbie also has a postscript: "publicity is the strongest, but it has feelings for things." Gai tries to praise poetry, which is the original meaning, gentle and generous, and the income is deep. In addition to chanting, it overflowed with lyrics, and the Collection of Pingshan was widely circulated in the world, but Zeng Yi's Elegant Ci was not accepted. Today is set as three volumes, and I am happy at the beginning. " Robbie thinks that the "shallow people" in the Collection are "forgeries" and "interceptions", so it is difficult to see the general situation of Ouyang Xiu's ci in this version. A total of 17 1 were recorded in the textual research of Song Ci, but 23 were not recorded. The other is the 6-volume Music of the Drunken Weng, which was first mentioned in Wu Shidao's Poems Supplemented by Wu Li in the Yuan Dynasty, saying that "there are often more than one or two vulgar words." Therefore, it is determined to be a "false word". This speculative view is not credible. The lyrics of the whole Song Dynasty, except the repetition with Ouyang Wenzhong's Gong Jin Yuefu and the words of others, are included in 66 poems. It can be seen that the words recorded in the latter version are a supplement to the previous version, and contemporary scholars have basically unified their understanding that Ouyang Xiu has a sincere side and will also have "gaudy" works.
This is a farewell poem written by Ouyang Xiu when he left Luoyang, and it is a masterpiece among farewell poems. It is not to express emotion by borrowing scenery, but to express the expression and inner activities when leaving, to think about common things in life from the perspective of life and philosophy, and then to summarize and concentrate the deepest and most typical feelings, and to resort to sensibility with rational refinement. This is a vivid example of the lyricism of Ouyang Xiufu's ci. Although this lyric is straightforward, its feelings are very depressed.
The real pain is tasted in the long loneliness and suffering after parting, so Ouyang Xiu's words about lovesickness after parting are also the most touching and famous. "Ted ha" said:
When the museum is destroyed, the bridge is thin. The grass is warm and swaying. Sadness is getting farther and farther away, and the distance is like spring water. Inch by inch, my heart ached, and my eyes were full of tears. The height of the building is not near the dangerous fence. Pingwu is full of spring mountains, and pedestrians are even outside.
This word is written about lovesickness, leaving love and not hating. As far as the content is concerned, it has not broken through the fence of "flowers", but its conception is unique and its description is profound and meticulous. It breaks the common pattern of traditional ci-poetry, and the upper and lower parts describe two scenes related to parting, which are closely connected by the line of acacia, and the artistic technique of scene blending is skillfully applied to each film. In the last movie, the traveler's sadness changed from scenery to emotion, and from emotion to scenery. The feeling of lovesickness has not been weakened by distance. On the contrary, every step forward, this feeling increases by one point, just like a spring. In the next film, I wrote about the residents' yearning for pedestrians, and the writing style was also from near to far. Write a worrying one first, Lacrimosa; Write down the building, overlook it, but look elsewhere; Then write Pingwu Chunshan, beyond Chunshan. Metaphors are used alternately between the lines, and spring water is used to simulate sorrow, and spring mountains are far away; The scenery in the eyes and the feelings in the heart complement each other and have a charm. Although this kind of poems have inherited the legacy of Huajianji and the tradition of Feng Yansi in the Southern Tang Dynasty, they are not a simple continuation, but have new characteristics of the times and the author's artistic personality. As Liu Xizai wrote in Art? According to the Outline of Ci and Qu, "Yan is handsome, Ouyang Yongshu is deep" and "Jun" is handsome and natural. "Deep" means deep and refined. Ouyang Xiu's ci not only developed in depth and detail on the basis of Feng Yansi, but also showed that European ci had obvious evolution in lyricism and inner portrayal.
There are various reasons for being separated from your lover or husband, either because of a hasty career or simply being abandoned. Women who are also lonely are also missing and suffering, but their psychological background is quite different. The value of Ouyang Xiu's ci lies in that he has come into contact with such different types of women and penetrated into their inner world. "The nearest flower" said:
How deep is the yard? The willow piles up smoke, but the curtain is not heavy. Jade music carving saddle tour smelting place, the building is not high, look at Zhangtai Road. March storm, closing at dusk, not planning to stay in spring. Tears ask flowers silently, and red flies over the swing.
This word is about the sorrow of an upper-class woman. Her husband is out having fun and wandering around all day, but she is imprisoned in the boudoir, alone in the empty boudoir, and her youth is gone, so she can't control her own destiny. The first film is about the loneliness in the boudoir and the wandering life of men for pleasure. The "deep courtyard" has bound the young woman, who can only be isolated in the deep house compound shaded by willow trees. The backchat of How Deep has revealed bitter feelings. Although she went upstairs and looked into the distance, she couldn't see the place where men played. Boudoir men and women, one suffering and one pleasure, one is not free to act, the other is arbitrary, which contains more social content. The next movie is about how spring hurts you. The "storm maniac" in late spring is not only related to the "disorderly red" at the end, but also implies that youth and love have been destroyed by wind and rain. Twilight in March symbolizes the passing of youth. "Closing at dusk, no intention to stay in spring" is an epigram in the article. The young woman endowed "dusk" and "spring" with human feelings with rich inner activities. The "door" can shut out the "dusk", but it can't keep the "spring" around. At the end of the sentence, I wrote the innocence and infatuation of the young woman: "Tears ask flowers without words, and red flies fly over the swing." Tears shows the deep harm to spring; Begging for Flowers shows the infatuation of feelings. The reason why young women want to "spend" is to set out from the infatuation purpose of "staying in spring" and fantasize that they can design a suitable "staying in spring" plan with "flowers". "Flowers don't talk", there is nothing to do, so silence. "Luan Hong" is not only speechless, but also "flies over the swing" and cannot control his own destiny. People and "flowers" are in the same boat, and "asking flowers" means asking yourself; Injury to spring is actually self-mutilation. In the meantime, it reveals the emotional loneliness of young women and the sadness that their youth will die. This word is good at expressing the inner world of characters through the description of scenery, the contrast of environmental atmosphere and the depiction of actions. With distinct layers and delicate brushwork, it is highly respected by future generations. Mao had a detailed analysis of this in Qing Dynasty. He said: "there are tears because of flowers, which means something;" Begging for flowers because of tears is also a meaning; Flowers are silent, and this layer of meaning is also; Not only did he say nothing, but he also fell and flew over the swing. This meaning is also. " (See "On Ancient and Modern Ci") We don't have to divide the levels as carefully as he did, but being good at describing women's complex thoughts and feelings and delicate psychological activities is one of the main artistic features of this song "Dead Hua Lian". This word is also unique in language. Li Qingzhao praised the poem for overlapping words. She said: "Ouyang Gong wrote" Recent Flowers "and he liked it very much. His word is "deep courtyard" and his voice is "Linjiang fairy". (Preface to Linjiang Crane)
Some words, in addition to expressing feelings directly, are combined with narrative when necessary, which are concrete and touching, such as "Health Mistakes":
On the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, the flower market is brightly lit. The moon rose to the willow tree, and he met me at dusk. On the Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first month of this year, the moonlight and lights are still the same as last year. I will never see my old friend last year again, and my tears are soaked through my clothes.
The handwriting is written in a girlish tone. The last film recalls the joy of last year, when the lights were on and the moon was bright, and dating in love also added luster to the joy of January night. The phrase "willow shoots on the moon" has typical significance. The beautiful scenery under the moon, in front of the trees and at dusk adds a lot of poetry and painting to the first couple, and also symbolizes the happiness of love. So these two sentences spread to the crowd and spread like wildfire. The next paragraph is about human error, which is in sharp contrast with the previous paragraph. The light is still on, the moon is still on, and there is no secret date after dusk. How can you not make people cry when you are shocked and sad? All these reflect the girl's innocence, beauty and devotion. The language of this word is popular and lively, with strong contrast and strong folk flavor. "Biopsy" refers to Zhu's works (see heartbroken words). But in the early Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fu Ya Ci compiled by Zeng Yi was regarded as Ouyang Xiu's work.
Ouyang Xiu also has two poems "The Pride of the Fisherman", which reflect the life of a girl picking lotus, and do not spare her charm:
At the bottom of the flower, I suddenly heard two paddles, and my companion came to look for it. The wine lamp rotates the lotus leaf. The lotus boat swings, and red waves are generated from time to time in the lamp. Flowers and wine are fragrant, and cheeks are red. Get drunk and sleep in the shade. Startled, the bow pavilion is on the beach.
There are cool breeze and dew in the leaves, and the cage flowers cover the lovers. Top silk, red brocade and white brocade. Miss Lian is jealous and is not allowed to be together for a long time. The sun is red, the sky is dusk, and the umbrella is raining slightly. Shui Han has no place to stay. You must go back and let it fly in the rain.
The works reflecting the life of picking lotus are common in ancient folk songs and literati poems. It is found in the Han Yuefu, in the folk songs of the Six Dynasties, and also in the Tang poems. But before Ouyang Xiu, there were few works that used words to reflect the life of picking lotus, especially one aspect of taking a nap when picking lotus, as Ouyang Xiu did. This reflects Ouyang Xiu's artistic originality. The last song captured a dramatic scene during a labor break. The scene of girls wandering around, visiting each other, taking lotus leaves as cups and sleeping in the shade was vivid and lifelike. What is particularly commendable is that the poet wrote the girls' naive, generous and naughty characters, which made readers feel as if they were real people. The latter song reflects the love pursuit and inner activities of lotus pickers through the bird "Yuanyang", which symbolizes love and happiness. Because the girl picking lotus has not found an ideal partner, when she saw the mandarin ducks, she couldn't help feeling jealous and separated them in a mischievous way. However, it was freezing and drizzling at dusk, and the girl thought of Yuanyang, who was stunned by herself, "Shui Han has no place to live", so she felt remorseful. The first part and the second part are compared with each other, showing the rich inner world of girls in emotional ups and downs.
Second, various themes are randomly integrated into words.
Since the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Ci has gradually been defined as "Ke Yan", and most of them are based on the love affair, children's affair and lovesickness. The responsibility of expressing literati's life feelings, such as their official career, has been implemented in poetry. The so-called "poetry expresses ambition and words express feelings." Literati only occasionally express feelings other than "eroticism" in their poems. Only Li Yu, after the national subjugation, poured out all his inner sufferings in his poems. Among many poets, Li Yu is a writer with distinctive personality. Ouyang Xiu is another poet with a flamboyant personality after Li Yu. In the field of literary creation, he doesn't care about established conventions or the popular aesthetic style of customers. He set off a vigorous innovation movement in the field of poetry and prose creation, and pushed this movement deeper with brilliant creative practice; In the field of ci creation, he often broke through the barrier of "Ke Yan" and expressed his temperament, which set a precedent for the poetic innovation of Su Shi's ci. Therefore, the content of Ouyang Xiu's ci is rich and colorful.
First of all, Ouyang Xiu expressed his dissatisfaction with life, including sadness about the passage of time, anxiety about the storm of official career, and his lofty outlook on life and vitality, which created a self-image with great personality characteristics. As "Linjiang Xian" wrote, his political career was bumpy:
I remember that Jin Luan sang the first song together, and the spring breeze made the country prosperous. Now I am a poor official and an old man. Ten years of fork in the road, empty negative Qujiang flowers. It is said that Lang Mountain leads to Yuen Long, but that building is too high to see your family. This lonely city has nothing to do in cold days. It is difficult to leave sorrow, but the mangrove is far away.
Ouyang Xiu was repeatedly demoted because he insisted on his own political views and actively participated in the political reform of the imperial court, and it was inevitable that he would complain in frustration. The emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty trusted and relied on the literati, and the political environment in the Northern Song Dynasty was very relaxed, which made the literati have the vision to realize their personal political ambitions and the courage to practice. However, the Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty deliberately created a situation of mutual restraint among the literati, trying to make the individual mediocre, making the literati with ideals and talents depressed and frustrated, and it was difficult to pay for their ambitions. This is the tragedy of Ouyang Xiu, a scholar-bureaucrat in the Song Dynasty, who longed for proper work. In the word, it is a sharp contrast: when I first entered the first place, I was proud of my spring breeze and thought I had a bright future. I don't know, "I am a poor official" and "Ten Years" have been wandering, wandering, or "can't get rid of troubles" and achieved nothing. I wrote this word because I met a scholar and the "same year" of that year, which aroused infinite feelings in my heart. "St. Worry-Free" also lamented that "there is danger of wind and rain in the world" and turned to "good wine can eliminate the scenery."
Ouyang Xiu always has infinite feelings whether seeing friends off or meeting each other, which contains a kind of friendship between friends. The rush of official career has made Ouyang Xiu and his friends have more separation and reunion, and every reunion will definitely affect many feelings in his heart. Lou Yuchun said:
Two Weng Fengjie, just like Liu Mianfei like snow. Be sure to drink the enemy's youth and don't be ashamed of new flowers. Life is like a string, but you have to say goodbye when you are old. Everyone's golden lanterns hang down the lotus, and the west building next door is low and the moon is low.
"Liu Mian" reunited in the snowy Spring Festival. The "new flower" is still brilliant, but the "two Weng" is "white-haired", and there are so many personnel changes. Looking back carefully, I'm afraid it's unbearable. It is better to indulge in "binge drinking", put aside the bitterness of "gathering and dispersing" and let the "West Building" sink. This inner feeling caused by seeing friends off or meeting again is sometimes revealed in words. "Picking Mulberry Seeds" said: "Don't flow at the speed of light once every ten years, meet each other with old heads, and don't talk about it. But before the fight, I laughed. " "White-headed Old Man" contains infinite setbacks and hardships. It is inevitable to be a little depressed when encountering setbacks. But Ouyang Xiu is always unwilling to be depressed, and encourages his friends with this optimistic attitude. "Laugh before you" can heal the wounds of each other's hearts. Another song, Picking Mulberry Seeds, after reviewing the bumpy course of Mourning for the Past, comforted friends and said, "Although Hua Bin has changed his mind, he has not changed. Try listening to the old songs again. It's still like being drunk in the past. " Ouyang Xiu is not drugging himself with debauchery, but encouraging himself and his friends to rise again in difficulties. Song Shi? Ouyang Xiuchuan called it "brilliant and courageous. Although the well is ahead, it is explosive." Exile and displacement, as for repetition and willfulness. "It is such a self-image expressed in words.
One of the most valuable qualities of scholar-officials in the Northern Song Dynasty is to always maintain an optimistic attitude and enterprising spirit in the face of adversity. The emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty attached importance to and trusted the literati, especially consciously selected talents from the poor class. This large number of intellectuals from poor and humble backgrounds were able to enter the leading core class and really shoulder the historical mission of "ruling the country and leveling the world", relying entirely on the vigorous promotion of the imperial court. Therefore, they are grateful to the Song royal family and swear allegiance to the death, even though their official career has been frustrated repeatedly. This is the root of their optimism and enterprising spirit. Ouyang Xiu was demoted to Yiling for the first time, living in a harsh environment of "the spring breeze is beyond doubt, and there are no flowers in the mountain city in February", but he still firmly believes that "Ye Fang does not need night terrors" ("The Play Answers Yuan Zhen"); After being demoted to Chuzhou again, Ouyang Xiu, a magistrate who enjoyed himself with the people and appeared in Fengle Pavilion and Zuiweng Pavilion, still had considerable confidence in his career. After Chuzhou moved to Yangzhou, Ouyang Xiu built Pingshan Hall in Shugang. Later, Ouyang Xiu returned to the imperial court, and his friend Liu Chang learned about Yangzhou. Ouyang Xiu filled in a broad-minded and optimistic "Zhong Chao Measures?" Ping Shan Tang saw me off, which fully reflected Ouyang Xiu's personal temperament and said:
There is a clear sky on the railing of Pingshan house, but there seems to be no mountain in the distance, a mist. There are willows planted in front of the hall, so there are several spring breeze. My favorite article is written by the governor. It is a long text. Let's have a drink. Now using young people, you can see the old man sitting in front of the bottle.
The poem describes his heroic image in Yangzhou. Adapting to the poet's broad and surging mind are the endless "clear sky" in front of him and the "mountains" that can be seen in the distance. The pride of "writing too much" and "drinking for 1000 minutes at a time" is a sign of extreme confidence. "Declining Weng" implies a stubborn will of not getting old at such a moment. The personality expressed by Ci is related to the spirit of Zuiwengting. Later, Su Shi passed by Pingshan Hall and was deeply touched. He wrote a poem "Xijiang Moon" and said, "If you want to hang an article, you can still sing Liu Chunfeng." I admire Ouyang Xiu's open-minded and optimistic spirit.
Secondly, Ouyang Xiu's small words describing the scenery of mountains and rivers are pleasing to the eye, and he maintains a strong interest in the scenery of the four seasons, which shows the poet's optimistic attitude towards life from another angle, which is quite unique. Among them, there are ten famous songs "Picking Mulberry Seeds". Ouyang Xiu retired to Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui) in his later years to sing the spring and summer scenery of the local West Lake. Every song begins with "Good West Lake", but the content of each song is not repeated, calling itself "couplet", just like what we call "poetry group" today. Three songs were specially selected as follows:
The canoe is short and the West Lake is good, the green water winds, the grass grows and the warblers fly, and the music is everywhere. On the windless water, the glass was slippery, and the boat moved, causing slight ripples, which made the sand bird fly ashore.
It is good to draw a boat carrying wine in the West Lake, and the string is controlled urgently, and the jade lamp urges it to pass, which is steady and smooth. The clouds are under the boat, the empty water is fresh and the asphalt is lingering. I suspect there will be another day in the lake.
After all the flowers are gone, the West Lake is good, messy and residual red, birds are misty and weeping willows are withered. When all the tourists left, they began to feel the spring sky, put down the curtains and went back to the drizzle.
Most of these words are immediate, touching and handy, not fake carvings, but poetic. The spring of "West Lake" is very beautiful, with "winding green water", "long grass embankment" and "faint music". The lake is clear and fresh, with white clouds reflected in it. Tourists indulge in this "glass" world, forget the honor and disgrace, and integrate with me. Even in late spring, the poet is still full of interest. In the face of "Shuang Yan" returning from "messy residual red, misty flying group" and "drizzle", the poets found another kind of quiet beauty. These words describe the scene on the lake in spring or late spring with beautiful and relaxed style, and describe the beautiful scenery when boating on the lake or the quiet scenery during sightseeing. The colors are fresh and elegant, and the artistic conception is smooth and cheerful.
The author stayed in Xijing to promote the official position. When he left Luoyang, he said goodbye to his relatives and friends, and his heart was desolate. At the parting party, I was going to say I would return, but I swallowed it first. The words "Zhunba" and "Yu Yu" contain many feelings of farewell that I can't bear to say. But as a rational poet, although parting is inevitable, he is not addicted to his own parting, and he can't get rid of it himself. On the contrary, he pushed the parting to others on the same theme of the whole world. The author clearly realizes: "Leaving love without hating is an emotion that people are afraid of, and it has nothing to do with romance." So, don't reinvent the farewell song, because it is heartbreaking. Ci is remarkable in expressing the theme of parting, with sadness and lofty sentiments, which embodies the poet's love for beautiful things and his understanding of the impermanence of life.
The first two sentences of this poem, "I plan to return to my hometown before the bottle, and I want to talk about spring before I swallow it", are a direct description of the present situation, and at the same time, between the wording and structure, the poem shows a unique artistic conception. In front of the bottle, what a happy occasion it should have been, what a beautiful figure it should have been, but in front of the bottle, it was about the return of parting, so the joy in front of the bottle and the beauty of spring turned into sadness. In this transformation and contrast, we can see the tension between Ou Gong's love for beautiful things and his sorrow for the impermanence of the world, and the contrast between them.
Before the regression theory, the word "quasi-ba" was used; But before "Chunrong" and "miserable swallow", the word "desire language" was used. Although the word appears to be repetitive on the surface, it actually contains two different levels. "quasi-ba" is still just what I think, and "I want to talk about it" is the time to speak. On the contrary, I can see how much I can't bear to recall and express my deep affection for the "return date" that points to parting.
As for the following two sentences, "life is infatuated, and this resentment has nothing to do with romantic feelings", it is a kind of ideological reflection and reflection on the status quo, and thus extends the feeling of the status quo to the cognition of the whole world. The so-called "life is born with infatuation", the ancients said that "love is too forgetful, not as good as love, and love lies in me." Therefore, Kuang Zhouyi once said in his "HSBC Thorn", "I look at the wind and rain, I look at the mountains and rivers, and I often feel that there are people who touch my heart besides the wind and rain." This is life's own infatuation, which has nothing to do with romance, so it is said that "life has its own infatuation, and this hatred has nothing to do with romance." Although these two sentences are conceptual thinking and reflection, they are actually more difficult to understand through concepts. And this kind of infatuation is just echoing the sad and embarrassing parting secret feelings written in the first two sentences. Therefore, the beginning of the next movie is to say that "a song can teach the intestines without renovation", and then return to the farewell event in the last movie from the infatuation in the concept. A "farewell song" refers to a farewell song sung in front of a bottle. The so-called "renovation" is almost like Bai Juyi's saying, "Don't listen to the old songs, listen to the new ones". It is the same as Liu Yuxi's and Bai's poems, saying, "Please don't play the previous songs, listen to the new ones". Before the words "picking mulberry seeds", Ouyang Xiu's Reading the West Lake also said "turn over the old words and write them in a new style". Covered as the old song "Yangguan", it is already unbearable to listen to, and it is also a "song that can teach intestines to tie knots." The dissuasion of the word "end of qi" in the previous sentence is written so earnestly that it is enough to contrast the sadness of the "intestinal knot" in the latter sentence.
The last two sentences suddenly rose, writing the pride of "seeing all the flowers in Los Angeles, it is easy to bid farewell to the original spring breeze". Ouyang Xiu's poem "Spring on the Jade Tower" clearly contains deep sadness of parting and melancholy of returning to spring, but it happened that such a bold sentence was written at the end. In these two sentences, he not only "read" the "Flower of Los Angeles" completely, but also showed a sense of ridicule, and his tone of "straight beard" and "beginning * * *" was also extremely heroic and powerful. However, the "flower of Los Angeles" is "tired" after all, and the "spring breeze" is "farewell" after all, so there is a heavy sadness in luxury. Therefore, when Wang Guowei talked about these sentences of European words in "Words on Earth", he said that they were "calm in bold and unrestrained, so they were particularly high".
I hope it helps you.