Legend has it that in ancient times, there was a man who went out to war, and his wife leaned against the big tree on the mountain day and night to pray; I cried under the tree because I missed my lover in frontier fortress. When the tears dried up, bright red blood dripped out. Blood drops turn into red beans, take root and sprout, grow into trees and be full of red beans, which people call acacia beans. Day after day, I went to Qiu Lai in spring. The fruit of the big tree, along with the miss in the girl's heart, has gradually become the most beautiful red heart-shaped seed on the earth-acacia beans. -turn from: whose heart does red bean represent?
Red beans have a profound cultural heritage. Real acacia red beans, extra-large grain shape, diameter of 8-9 mm, per catty 1700. This real acacia red bean is endowed with a special quality by nature: hard as a diamond, bright as blood, like a beating heart, red and shiny, not decaying, crystal clear and never fading. Its shape and texture are "heart-shaped". Really big-hearted, careful and soul mate. Legend has it that lovesick people can't dissolve under the tears tree and finally condense.
In the folk, acacia red beans are as spiritual and auspicious as jade: make a promise and send a string of acacia beans, and you will get a smooth love; When getting married, the bride will wear a bracelet or necklace made of bright red locust beans on her wrist or neck, which symbolizes that both men and women are soul mates and grow old together; After marriage, six acacia beans are placed under the pillow of the husband and wife, which can ensure that the husband and wife are United and happy for a hundred years. At present, acacia red bean ornaments are popular in South China. Fashion women are proud to wear exquisite red bean ornaments, and male and female lovers choose acacia red bean ornaments to express their love. Red beans, as the sustenance of acacia, have existed since ancient times.
Wang Wei (70 1~76 1) was born in Taiyuan. Representative of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. There are few talents, and the famous "Shandong Brothers' Mountain Vacation Thoughts" was an improvisation when he was seventeen. He can draw and write, he is proficient in music, and calligraphy is also known to everyone.
Wang Wei wrote a lot of well-known poems in his life, especially pastoral poems.
First, the creative basis of Wang Wei's landscape poems
Pastoral poetry has a long history. As early as the Book of Songs and Songs of the South, there were some poems describing this aspect. Since Tao and Xie, rural life has become an important theme of poetry creation and accumulated rich artistic experience. On the basis of predecessors, Wang Wei naturally learned from ceramic art and thanked it. In addition, Wang Wei has a high accomplishment in literature, painting and music. Therefore, Wang Wei wrote many immortal poems all his life and became a master of poetry school. This is the literary basis for the formation of his landscape poems.
Throughout Wang Wei's life, it can be divided into two periods, about forty years old. In the early stage, his official career was smooth sailing, his political enthusiasm was high, and he was full of ambition and wanted to help the world. He also wrote many political poems and frontier poems, which were warm and bold in style. After forty years old, with Li in power, the politics of the Tang Dynasty gradually became corrupt, his political enthusiasm was suppressed, and he gradually embarked on a leisurely life path to escape political struggle and pursue something. He initially lived in seclusion in Zhong Nanshan, Lantian and Wangchuan. As an official, his whole body was in trouble under the forest. During this period, he wrote many beautiful pastoral poems. This is his landscape poem. The social and ideological basis of creation.
Second, the basic characteristics of Wang Wei's landscape poems
With a fresh, simple and natural style, Wang Wei created the artistic conception of "painting in poetry, poetry in painting" and "Zen in poetry" and set an unshakable banner in poetry.
(A) Poetry is like a picture scroll, beautiful.
Su Shi once said, "Poetry is like painting in charm, and painting is like poetry in charm" (Dongpo Zhi Lin). Wang Wei is versatile. He brought the essence of painting into the world of poetry and painted vivid works for us with spiritual language and beautiful brushwork. His landscape poems are about coloring and creating momentum, such as "An egret flies over a quiet wetland and a mango bird sings in a tree in midsummer" ("In my Wangchuan cabin after a long rain"), "Blue and green can be dyed in the rain, and flying flowers are red water." ("Wangchuan Bie Ye") "White water is outside the field, and Bifeng is behind the mountain" ("New Sunny Wild Hope")
The structural pictures of Wang Wei's landscape poems make them rich in levels, even both dynamic and static, with good melody and sound, which are more dynamic and musical, such as "Song contains wind, flowers reflect the pool" ("Lin Yuan is a matter of mourning for his younger brother") and "Thousands of trees touch the sky, and thousands of peaks cuckoos crow". After a night in Shan Yu, hundreds of silky waterfalls will appear on every mountain top. "(Bao Zizhou made Li)" Where people live, it is like a wave in the far sky. " (Looking at the Han River) "Autumn grass rings, cicadas in the mountains are sad. (Working in the mountains in early autumn) Another example is autumn insects in the mountains: an empty mountain after the rain, standing in the autumn evening. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time. There are close-ups of distant views, looking up and looking down, cool colors and warm colors, and voices and sounds, which fully integrate the beauty of painting, music and poetry.
Wang Shanshui's poems are characterized by quiet humanity. Ruzhulou: I am leaning alone in the dense bamboo, playing the pipa and humming a song. The voice is too low, and no one can hear me except my partner Mingyue. The quiet bamboo forest and the bright moonlight made the poet furious, screaming in the sky and depressed. But there are so many thoughts, only the bright moon knows each other.
The remoteness of verve is the soul of painting in Wang Wei's poems. Chai Lu said: "There seems to be no one on the empty mountain, but I think I heard a voice. The sun entered a forest and shone on me from the green moss." In the poem, the author deliberately describes that he was alone in an empty mountain and deep forest, and saw a beam of oblique rays of the sunset shining through the gap in the forest and sprinkled on the moss in the forest. The poet captured the most fascinating moment in the vast and complex natural scenery, and painted a quiet and peaceful picture with simple pen and ink, which was far-reaching and fascinating.
(2) Scenes blend together, just like nature itself.
Wang Wei's landscape poems are picturesque, and many of them are full of affection. Many of Wang Wei's landscape poems are full of strong local flavor and life interest, showing his leisurely life and quiet state of mind. For example, the sixth sentence of "Seven Pastoral Songs" says: "Peach red, willow green is more smoky. The flowers fell at home, but the maids didn't sweep them, and the Ti Ying Shanke still slept. " My message to Pei Di from my cabin in Wangchuan said, "The mountain is cold and blue now, and the autumn water has been flowing all day. At the door of my thatched cottage, leaning on my cane, I listened to the cicadas singing in the evening breeze. Sunset lingers at the ferry, and the smoke from supper rises from the house. Oh, when will I make a wish to the great hermit again and sing a wild poem under five willows? Express your feelings of diluting idleness in the beautiful scenery and rich pastoral atmosphere. Another example is a farmhouse by the Wei River: "The sun shines obliquely in the countryside, and cattle and sheep go home along the path. A rugged old man in a thatched door leaned against a cane and thought about his son, the shepherd boy. There are whistling pheasants? Full ears of wheat, sleeping silkworms and peeled mulberry leaves. Jojo and Fu Tian greet each other cordially. No wonder I yearn for a simple life, and I am surprised to be' micro'. " Write from the details, capture the typical plot and express infinite affection.
Wang Wei's love writing also talks about the separation of lovesickness and the care and comfort between friends. In the poem "Qi Shang Farewell Zhao", I wrote: Laugh when we meet, and cry when we send each other. My grandfather confessed that I was already sad to leave, and I was more worried about the city. In the cold season, the distant mountains are clear and bright, and at dusk, the river inverts. Untie the rope. Go away and watch you. I'm still standing for a long time. Rich and affectionate, come to the front.
In Wang Wei's poems, scenery is used to express feelings, and scenery is used to set off feelings, which makes his scenery full of aftertaste and lyricism. For example, "Lin sent Li to pick up the skeleton": "What is Chuanyuan when sending Lin?" Birds are still flying and pedestrians are still walking in the sunset. "Write love without words, just copy the scenery." Send Yang Changshi to Zhou Guo: "Birds travel thousands of miles and apes crow at twelve o'clock. "It is not only a landscape language, but also a sentimental name. It combines the desolate scenery of the road with the sadness of travelers, which is natural and implicit and memorable.
In Wang Wei's poems, many people express their feelings directly, which often appears natural and smooth, with implicit meanings. Such as "Send Yuan 20 An Xi": Weicheng is rainy and dusty, and the guest house is green and willow. Sincerely advise friends to drink a glass of wine, and it is difficult to meet their loved ones when they go out to Yang Guan in the west. Care and consideration are beyond words.
The beauty of Wang Wei's love writing lies in his simple and popular description of the real scene, which contains deep and graceful feelings. One of his "Acacia", with a small red bean, is a classic of "Acacia".
Wang Wei writes about love with many metaphors. Such as "Two Miscellaneous Poems": I live by the river, with my door facing my mouth. There are often boats in Jiangnan. Do you send the book home? You have just come from our hometown, and we must understand the world. When you passed my window, did the plum blossom bloom its first cold flower? . I have seen cold plum hair and heard birds singing. Looking forward to the spring grass, I am afraid of my previous life. The whole article does not have the word "acacia", which seems handy, but in fact, every sentence is profound. With the metaphor of "cold plum" and "spring grass", the feeling of lovesickness is vividly on the paper.
(3) Poetry permeates Zen and is elegant and ethereal.
On the contrary, Wang Wei's poems are cold and quiet, far away from the world and full of Zen. The artistic conception of mountains and rivers has gone beyond the ordinary natural aesthetics and entered a religious realm, which is the inevitable embodiment of Wang Wei's Buddhist cultivation. Wang Wei lived in an era when Buddhism flourished. Scholar-officials learning Buddhism is very popular. Several times of political dissatisfaction and seclusion in his life made Wang Wei concentrate on studying Buddhism in order to despise fame and fortune and get rid of his troubles.
Some poems can be traced back, such as Crossing Ji Xiang Temple: I don't know the way to Jixiang Temple, but I wander under the mountains and clouds for miles. In the evening, come to the empty pool and meditate quietly to suppress the dragon. "Some poems are ethereal, without Zen, but also with Zen. Like a gazelle, there is no trace. For example, I will walk until the river blocks my way, then sit down and look at the rising clouds. One day, I met an old woodcutter, laughing and never coming back (I was in the seclusion of Zhongnanshan), and the wind blew my belt, and my pipa was as bright as the mountains and the moon. You ask me good or bad luck? Listen, there is a fisherman singing on the lake! (Answer to Deputy Governor Yin Zhang) It is full of Zen machines that are close to nature, body, materialization and fate. Another example: there seems to be no one on the empty mountain, but I think I heard a voice.
Sunlight enters the grove and reflects to me from the green moss (Chai Lu)
People are idle, osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and empty. When the moon comes out, the birds are startled, and the sound enters the spring stream. ("Birding Creek")
Everything is silent and inaction, illusory and impermanent, aimless, unconscious, without joy in life and sorrow in death, but everything is immortal and eternal, as Hu Yinglin's poem and Huang's Tang Poetry "Expression" commented: It makes people "forget their life experience after reading, and all thoughts are silent, which does not mean that there is such a wonderful interpretation in the melody". "
Thirdly, the influence of Wang Wei's landscape poems on later generations.
Wang Wei's landscape poems are mostly written in the later period. Compared with his predecessors, he expanded the content of this kind of poetry and added its artistic style, which made the achievements of landscape poetry reach an unprecedented height. This is his outstanding contribution to China's classical poetry. Among them, the pastoral poems describing rural scenery and farm life are full of pastoral sentiment, showing his leisurely interest and calm and comfortable state of mind. Such as farmhouses on the Wei River and pastoral songs in spring. More works focus on the picturesque scenery of the countryside, "New Sunny Wild Hope": "The new sunny Yuan Ye is vast and has no atmosphere. There are no idle people on the farm and the home is in the south. " Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains describes the beautiful scenery of the mountain village when it rains at dusk. Those landscape poems in Wang's poems that depict the beauty of natural tranquility have high aesthetic value. Such as Qingxi:
I sailed the Huanghua River, every stream. 10,000 laps over the mountains. On a journey of less than thirty miles. The rapids buzzed on the piled rocks, but the light dimmed among the dense pine trees. There is no water in the water, and weeds are flourishing on the shore. Deep down in my heart, I have always been pure, Qingchuan Dansuo. Oh, stay on a wide flat rock and cast the fishing line forever! .
Throughout, the heart shines on the water, the heart is lined with the water, and things and I blend, which embodies an inherent pursuit of beauty. While some pastoral poems focus on rendering ethereal artistic conception and lonely feelings. For example, "Zhu" and "Zhu" are both weak points, aiming at quietness and interest. This will undoubtedly have a certain negative impact on later landscape poems.
Wang Wei is brilliant, and the infiltration of different arts has had a far-reaching impact on his poems. He put painting into poetry, which made his landscape poems poetic.
The language of Wang's poems is implicit, fresh and lively, with varied sentence patterns and rhythms, loud and harmonious phonology and musical beauty.
In a word, Wang Wei's landscape poems have a far-reaching influence on later generations, both in subject matter and artistic style.
Wang Wei's name and words are taken from the Vimalakīrti Classic. He lived as an official, a hermit and a layman all his life. After An Lushan was trapped in Beijing, Wang Wei was once a fake official, which was a political disgrace. Wang Wei's achievements in poetry are various, whether it is frontier poems or quatrains. There are excellent works spread to the crowd. Most of his frontier poems can express the heroic spirit of soldiers who defend their territory to the death with impassioned emotions. His landscape poems inherited Xie Lingyun's tradition, but did not have Xie's obscure shortcomings. They are varied, have different styles and emotional appeal, describe all kinds of natural scenery, and have achieved high attainments.