one
"Shangshu Shundian" says, "Poetry expresses ambition". "Preface to Mao Poetry" says: "Poets have their own aspirations." Lu Xun even thinks that poetry can "hold people's hearts" and "not die with silence" (see "On Moro Poetry"). During his glorious and bumpy life, Lu Xun carefully created 79 poems in The Book of Songs, including national customs poems, Chu Ci poems, modern poems (which Lu Xun called old poems), new poems and folk songs, among which 59 were modern poems, accounting for 74.7% of all his poems. The so-called modern poetry refers to the regular poems and quatrains in the Tang Dynasty, which is relative to the ancient poems before the Tang Dynasty. Lu Xun is good at writing modern poems. The poet shows a pure heart in modern poetry, and the thought of worrying about the country and the people runs through his poems like a red line, which is touching. Undoubtedly, this flashing idea has a great role in uniting the people of China and rejuvenating China.
First of all, the poet strongly expressed his patriotism. In the poems written by Lu Xun in his youth before going abroad, such as Farewell, My Brothers, he only wrote the sadness of parting and did not hate it. When he was studying in Japan, he came into contact with the revolutionary ideas of the old democracy, and made up his ambition to overthrow the Manchu Dynasty and save the Chinese nation. His whole heart was occupied by patriotic feelings.
Try to read the poem "Self-titled Portrait": "Lingtai has no plan to escape the arrow, the wind and rain are like a rock, and the hometown is dark. I want to express my gratitude to Sai Xing Quan, and I recommend Xuanyuan with blood. " This poem was written in 1903. In the poem, the poet not only describes the stormy and dark scene of the motherland, but also tells the loneliness that his compatriots have not yet realized and directly expresses their love for the motherland. "I commend Xuanyuan with blood" is the oath that the poet practiced all his life, and it was also the same wish of patriotic young people Qiu Jin, Chen Tianhua and Wang Jinfa who were studying in Japan at that time.
Rereading Even Success: "The article is like the wish of the earth, hoping that Dongyun will arouse dreams. I hate sparse forests, and Chunlan Qiuju is different. " When the poet wrote this poem, "everything is expensive, and the author is either dead or imprisoned." Most bookstores are closed, and the literary world is left behind. There is no manuscript to sell, which has a great impact on life "(for Li April 193 15). 1932 65438+1On October 28th, the Japanese army attacked Shanghai, and the 19th Route Army rose up to resist. The poet lived in the line of fire, so he had to take refuge in the Neishan Bookstore in the British Concession and didn't move back until March 19. The poet wrote this poem for Shen Songquan on March 3rd1. The poem expresses the poet's feelings that he misses his hometown although he intends to go to this dangerous country (193 1 February 18 "To Li"). This patriotic feeling is consistent with Qu Yuan's loyalty to the motherland.
Secondly, the poet clearly expressed his infinite yearning for the red revolutionary base area. Poets studying in Japan, abandoning medicine to follow the literature, fighting with halberds and destroying bones are all for saving the country. The poet tried to find the way to the ideal realm. When Mao Zedong and the Red Revolutionary Base led by the Party * * * were established, the poet saw the bright future of the motherland and couldn't help singing a moving hymn.
Please read "Xiangling Pavilion": "I used to smell Xiang Shui as blue, but now I smell Xiang Shui rouge marks. Xiangling makeup shines on Hunan water, and her eyes are as bright as the moon. In the lonely night of Gaoqiu, there is no spring in Fang Quan. After the drum beat, the Yao people didn't smell it, and it was as peaceful as welcoming the autumn gate. " This poem was written on March 5th, 193 1. At that time, the Red Army's first victory against encirclement and suppression ended, and the democratic revolutionary regime of workers and peasants on the Hunan-Jiangxi border was further consolidated and developed. The first four sentences of this poem describe the beautiful scene of the revolutionary base area positively, and write the novelty and loveliness of the revolutionary base area with myths, and the lines between them are full of the joy of the poet. "Rouge Mark" and "Yun Tong" describe the beautiful scenery in the water reflected by ten thousand red flags. The legendary Xiangling is sad, but now Xiangling is happy to dress up for Xiangshui, and even Xiangling loves this place. The last four sentences describe the lifeless scene in the Kuomintang-ruled areas, which is used to compare the prosperity of the red revolutionary base areas.
Look at "A Gift for the Painter" again: "The wind makes the forest dark and the fog fills the sky. I hope that the painter is a new painter and only studies Zhu Mo in spring. " This poem was written on193365438+1October 26th. Obviously, the first two sentences describe a white area ruled by Kuomintang reactionaries, which is dark and flowers are dying. "Spring Mountain" symbolizes the red revolutionary base. "Seeking a new artist, only learning from Zhu Mo as the Spring Mountain" requires artists to draw the spring mountain with new artistic ideas. Isn't this a call for artists to describe and reflect the red revolutionary base areas? It contains the poet's infinite hopes and ideals.
Thirdly, the poet implicitly expressed his firm belief in the victory of the revolution. After the failure of the Great Revolution, the poet destroyed the theory of evolution, accepted the class theory, studied dialectics, observed society and analyzed problems with Marxist-Leninist binoculars and microscopes, saw the backbone of China from down-to-earth producers, and saw the bright future of China from the thriving red revolutionary base. Some poems in the poet's later period vividly expressed confidence in the victory of the revolution and greatly inspired the proletariat and the people. May 30 1934, untitled ten thousand families are sleepless without Artemisia lai, which is a masterpiece in this respect: "ten thousand families are sleepless without Artemisia lai, dare to sing and mourn." I'm so worried that I'm connected to Guangyu and listening to thunder in a quiet place. "Listen to the thunder" is a groundbreaking pen. In the darkest age before dawn, the poet's heart was connected with the people of the whole country. He thought deeply and deeply and felt the great power of the people's revolution. Such poems will make reactionaries shudder when they read them, and the revolutionary people will have high morale when they read them. Its social significance cannot be underestimated.
Among these works, My Accidental Works in the Year of the Sea has a deeper meaning: "It's like the pheasant is lonely and the stars are dying." This poem was written in the late autumn of 1935, just as Comrade Mao Zedong led the Red Army to arrive in northern Shaanxi on the Long March and successfully joined forces with the Red Army in northern Shaanxi. At that time, Lu Xun and Mao Dun sent a telegram to the Central Committee to celebrate the victory of the Long March, saying, "The future of mankind and China depends on you." The meaning of this message is also included in the poem "Hai Nian and Late Autumn". This poem was written by contrast. In the first half, it is clear that Kuomintang officers fled south under the threat of the Japanese army, and at the end, they secretly said that the Red Army won the Long March and went north to resist Japan. This points out to people that although China is still a dark society, the victory of the Long March has revealed the dawn to the dark times. What exciting news this is! This is how poets look forward to tomorrow, to dawn and to the future. Their hearts are full of hope, and they write poems when they see the dawn, just like chickens crowing, which gives great encouragement to the people of China who live in the long night.
two
Poetry is the literary form that can best reflect social life. As a great realistic writer, many important historical events in old China are also reflected in Lu Xun's modern poems. Especially in the 1930s, Lu Xun's poems developed from revolutionary democrats to proletarian soldiers' songs, which truly reflected the class struggle during the ten-year civil war, effectively attacked the Kuomintang reactionaries, destroyed their prestige and increased the revolutionary people's ambition.
One is to angrily oppose the military and cultural "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang reactionaries. For example, The Untitled Flying General of Yuyu exposes the brutality of the Kuomintang Air Force's indiscriminate bombing of revolutionary base areas. "New Year's Day of the 22nd" even pointed the finger at Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of the Kuomintang. This poem writes: "The cloud seals the high point to protect the general, whether to attack the cold village and destroy the people. In the end, it is not as good as the concession, and there is a New Year in the sound of playing cards. " This poem was written on193365438+1October 26th, describing Chiang Kai-shek's criminal activities of setting up a headquarters in Lushan and carrying out counter-revolutionary "encirclement and suppression". Gaoyou refers to Lushan Mountain. The first couplet is dual, and "protecting general" and "destroying people" are opposite, which just shows that the chief culprit of "destroying people" is "general", that is, Chiang Kai-shek on Lushan Mountain. This short poem is like a big battle against single husbands and thieves. What courage it took to write like this at that time!
When the soldiers and civilians in the revolutionary base crushed the Kuomintang's three military "encirclement and suppression", Lu Xun excitedly wrote "Untitled, the grass in the blood nest is fat and strong": "The grass in the blood nest is fat and the earth is cold and fruitful. Many heroes find husbands sick, and tears spill over the noisy crows in Chongling. This poem points out that there are only two results of the Kuomintang reactionaries' military "encirclement and suppression": one is the expansion of the Red Army and the expansion of the revolutionary base areas; Another result is that the counter-revolutionary camp is more divided and more desperate. This is a vivid portrayal of real life.
193 1 February, "Send A E Jun and Lan to China" accused the Kuomintang reactionaries of "encirclement and suppression" of culture, resulting in "learning from a mistake". In March 1933, the untitled Xiao Ye with many hooks and thorns, there was a poem "Flowers and trees wither", which pointed out that the cultural circles in China were greatly devastated. The poem "Accustomed to the Long Night" reflects the complete failure of the cultural "encirclement and suppression" of the Kuomintang reactionaries, who used the last resort of cruel arrest and slaughter to deal with revolutionary writers. It reflects the infinite grief and indignation of revolutionary writers and poets headed by Lu Xun and the fighting spirit of "finding short poems from the knife" after five young revolutionary writers, including Li Weisen, were secretly killed, and has strong political appeal.
What is more worth reading is the untitled: "Clear set of Xiangling, nine chastity winds to comfort and wake up alone." But I finally lost my little Amy, but I became a relocated guest and spread the fragrance. " The "clear spirit" in the poem is a genius pen to praise Comrade Qu Qiubai. Xu Guangping said in Memoirs of Lu Xun, Comrade Qu Qiubai and Lu Xun that1March 933, Comrade Qu Qiubai wrote five essays on fighting in one day, including About Women, True and False Don Quixote, Inside and Outside, and Talented People in the Grand View Garden. He said, "You can write them in the same day. He added a lot of weight to the power of revolutionary literature. " This is the best footnote of "a spirit of fresh and fragrant flowers" and "nine-year-old chastity comforts people to wake up alone", which points out the unshakable revolutionary struggle spirit of the broad masses of the people in the revolutionary base areas and also gives Comrade Qiu Bai great comfort. The value of this poem lies in that it reflects the social reality that the people in the revolutionary base areas opposed military "encirclement and suppression" and the revolutionary writers in the Kuomintang-controlled areas opposed cultural "encirclement and suppression" closely cooperated and won great victories at the same time.
In addition, "Feeling on an Autumn Night" points out that the Kuomintang reactionaries are "doing Dojo by cypress trees", exposing the two hands of the Kuomintang reactionaries to suppress the people: one hand is the executioner, killing people without blinking an eye; On the one hand, priests, religious deception. This is also very beneficial for the revolutionary people to sum up their struggle experience and increase their struggle talents. The second is to vividly outline the ugly face of decadent reactionaries. The Kuomintang reactionaries are extremely cruel to the people and often intrigue with each other inside. 193 1 In the spring of, there was a serious factional struggle within the Kuomintang, and there was a serious conflict between Chiang Kai-shek and Hu. In May, Guangzhou unexpectedly set up another national government to support Hu and oppose Chiang Kai-shek who split the Kuomintang rule. Lu Xun's political sensitivity is very strong, exposing the ugliness of reactionaries in time. In February of that year, To Wu Qishan wrote: "I have lived in Shanghai for 20 years, and I see China every day. Don't take medicine when you are sick, but read when you are bored. A wide face has changed, and more and more people are beheaded. Suddenly entering the wild, there is no Amitabha in the south. " The ingenious stroke of "changing as soon as you have a wide face" in the poem vividly depicts the image of "Zhongshan Wolf" who is "crazy when you get it". "If you are sick, don't seek medical advice, but if you are bored, you will learn", which makes fun of Reservoir Dogs. Lu Xun also wrote the words "there is no Amitabha in the south" in the manuscript, which reflected Lu Xun's contempt and cynicism for warlords and politicians.
In June, Lu Xun wrote Untitled: "The great river flows eastward day and night, gathering righteousness and traveling far. After six generations, the front edge became an old dream, and Shicheng Moon was like a hook. " This poem is about the loneliness and desolation of the Nanjing government. It is not difficult to see from here that the end of the Kuomintang reactionaries is not far away. In another "Untitled" written on the same day, the poet could not help sighing: "I thought the beauty was invisible, but I remember Jiang Tianfa's magnificent singing." This is through the memory of Sun Yat-sen, a "beauty", that is, Chiang Kai-shek betrayed the New Three People's Principles and ruined the spirit of the Revolution of 1911.
Poems such as "Students and the Jade Buddha" and "Hanging College Students" reveal that reactionaries only want to exaggerate, dare not resist the Japanese invaders, plunder a large number of antiques, and lead a drunken life in the "fireworks field", expressing the indignation of the broad masses of the people. The reactionaries betrayed North China and China at the critical moment when the Japanese aggressors were pushing forward the nation step by step. Lu Xun wrote "The Year of the Sea", and used the poem "The golden wind is bleak, and thousands of officials go" to denounce the reactionaries who did not resist the Japanese imperialist aggressors and ran away blindly.
The third is to satirize the ugly behavior of reactionary literati. Reactionaries kill people with steel knives and reactionaries kill people with soft knives. Lu Xun also profoundly exposed this ugly social phenomenon. Such as "Hanging Lu Sao": "Take off your hat and lead out, and your husband is poor. Head to Wan Li and make a mistake. " Lu Xun revealed here that Liang Shiqiu's attack on Lu Sao, a romantic scholar in general, was to "show off his head" and kill people with a soft knife, which is the same as the nature of showing off his head after killing people by Kuomintang reactionaries and is a counter-revolutionary crime.
three
To measure the social significance and historical value of a poet's works mainly depends on its popularity. Lu Xun's modern poems show deep sympathy for the oppressed people, and reflect the poet's most ardent concern for social life and his self-generated voice for justice.
The first is to express deep condolences to the progressives who were persecuted to death. No matter during the rule of Beiyang warlords or during the period when Kuomintang reactionaries were rampant, progressives were excluded, and some even persecuted to death. The poet was filled with grief and indignation, and wrote several mourning poems, which made people cry. For example, "Three Chapters of Mourning for Fan Jun" depicts Fan Ainong's stubborn image of "looking at chickens and worms with supercilious eyes" and praises Fan Ainong's noble quality of leading an honest and clean life and despising powerful people. In the poem, the poet asked Fan Ainong with concern, "Can you sink the clear water and wash your heart alone?" How sincere and profound feelings are! In the poem, the poet also profoundly reveals the social causes of Fan Ainong's tragedy, that is, "the taste of the world is bitter in autumn, and the world is poor", and "the fox went to the cave and the peach doll appeared". This vividly shows that the Revolution of 1911 did not complete the task of opposing imperialism and feudalism, and there was still no justice in society. The bad guys were in power and the good guys were bullied.
Another example is "Mourning for Yang Quan": "Is there any old pride? Flowers bloom and fall. When did you cry at Jiang Nanyu and Simin? " From this poem, we can see that the poet tried his best to bury his grief deeply in his heart and not let it show, but when Yang Quan, the executive member of the China Civil Rights Protection League, was assassinated by the agents of the Kuomintang Blue Club, he couldn't help crying. There is also a song "Mourning Ding Jun", which comes from the rumor that Ding Ling was killed, mourning the people who killed "Yaogaoqiu", that is, talented people, and exposing the crimes of reactionaries.
Secondly, we should express our deep sympathy for the unfortunate women in the old society. Years of civil war and Japanese imperialist aggression have seriously damaged the social economy and the peaceful life of countless families, plunging millions of women in Qian Qian into the abyss of suffering. Seeing the tragic fate of women in old China, the poet expressed his deep sympathy for them in his poems, and sternly condemned the Kuomintang ruling clique and the Japanese invaders.
Please read Smell: "Deng Hua shines brilliantly at the banquet, and the charming girl is strict in makeup. Suddenly I remembered my feelings and kissed the earth. I looked at Luo socks to cover up the traces of crying. " This poem was written on 1932 1 after the Zhabei bombing on 28th. It describes the luxury of one side and the ignorance of the other. The evil war of aggression turned houses into scorched earth, and countless girls' parents and brothers were killed, so these girls were reduced to rich and powerful families to serve banquets. The poem outlines the image of a sad girl: under the arrogance of powerful people, even the inner pain can't be revealed. When the inner pain is unbearable, they quickly "pretend to look at stockings to cover up the traces of crying". The poet showed the girl's painful feelings in great detail and was full of sympathy for the "charming girl".
Look at "Two Gifts to People" again: "Qin female Rong Yuzheng, her days are full of enthusiasm, and the night wind is light. In an instant, the ice string was definitely broken, but I saw the sound of stars. " "Bright eyes Yue Nv morning makeup, water and wind is the hometown. When you sing all the new words, you can't see them. Dry clouds are like fire on the Qingjiang River. " These two poems are both about the misfortune of female singers. The first song is about Qin women (generally referring to women in Gansu and Shaanxi). They run guzheng and run for stars, fearing that their loved ones will be killed, and their hearts are full of terror. The second song is about Yue Nv (generally referring to women in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces), who, persecuted by natural and man-made disasters, left her hometown to make a living in the city and learned to sing new words. Her smile disappeared at the thought of the severe drought in her hometown. Such a vivid poem undoubtedly has a shocking effect.
The third is to show warm concern for Japanese comrades in trouble. In the 1930s, Japanese fascists were rampant and military groups were rampant. They launched a war of aggression against China and suppressed the resistance of the Japanese people at home. Therefore, the poet is very concerned about Japanese anti-fascist comrades. "Work after World War I and World War II" is a reflection of this mood: "The clouds of war are temporarily gathered in spring, and the heavy artillery is silent. I don't have a poem to send back, but I sincerely wish peace. " This poem is written for the beauty of Yamamoto Chuchu in Japan. 1932 In February and March, Japanese military groups planned many political assassinations. In May, even Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi, who advocated "caution" in the strategic politics of invading China, was not spared. Yamamoto Chuzhi is a singer who hates fascism. Therefore, Lu Xun paid special attention to her safety in this poem and sincerely and enthusiastically wished her peace.
Dr. Nishimura of Japan "lost his pigeon at home after the war in Shanghai and adopted it; At the beginning, there was peace, but in the end, it all went away. Build a tower to hide and ask questions. "Lu Xun wrote a poem called" Sanyi Tower ",which expressed the friendly feelings of the Chinese and Japanese people:" Fly to the sky @ ① Destroy the son of man, and leave hungry pigeons after being defeated in the well. I left the fire house with a great heart, and I finally left the tower to Miss Yingzhou. A fine bird still dreams of holding a stone, and a fighter is determined to fight against the current. Try your best to rob brothers, meet and laugh and forget the enmity. "In this poem," a good bird still holds a stone in its sleep "makes us see that the spirit of China people's resistance to Japanese imperialism will never die; The phrase "the fighter is sincere and firm against the current" shows us that the anti-imperialist fighters in China and Japan are sincere and strong, fighting side by side; What's more worth mentioning is that the poet pointed out a bright future for us, saying, "Let's try our best to rob the wave brothers, and meet and laugh. "That is to say, after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Chinese and Japanese people will still maintain brotherly friendship and forget the past hatred with a smile. This shows how broad-minded and far-sighted the poet is! These touching poems have given profound enlightenment to the Chinese and Japanese people and set up a bridge for friendly exchanges between the Chinese and Japanese people.
To sum up, although the number of modern poems written by Lu Xun in his life is small, their contents are profound, which truly reflects the real life of the semi-feudal and semi-colonial society in old China, reveals the basic social contradictions, and puts forward thought-provoking social problems, encouraging people to strive for a better future and create a better new life. This is the historical achievement and social significance of Lu Xun's modern poetry.