First, the lyric way
Narrative lyric: express the author's inner feelings by describing the experiences of characters or the process of occurrence, development and change of things.
Expressing emotion with scenery: The thoughts and feelings that the poet wants to express are not positive, but completely stay in the natural scenery in front of him and express his feelings with natural scenery.
Lyric with allusions: useful things and quotations from previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings. The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words.
Irony from the past: this is a common expression in epics, which satirizes the present dynasty by using historical events.
Supporting ambition with things (expressing emotion with things): A poet uses the characteristics of something in nature to express a certain ambition or emotion, and things in poetry are personalized.
Moral: Ancient people often wrote philosophical poems not by telling the truth, but by expressing philosophy with images.
Second, rhetorical methods.
Metaphor: Compare one thing or situation with another. It can be divided into simile, metaphor and metonymy. It can highlight the characteristics of things and visualize abstract things.
Metonymy: borrowing related things, not what you want to express. Metonymy includes replacing the whole with parts, the abstraction with concreteness, and the people and things with features. Use metonymy rhetoric to make the language more concise and implicit.
Dual (dual): Use a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two relative or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit.
Analogy: It is anthropomorphic to say things as adults, and imitation to say people as crops. Contrast has the function of prompting readers to associate and making the people and things described more vivid and vivid.
Exaggeration. An enlarged or reduced description of the image, characteristics, function and degree of things plays a more prominent and vivid role in expressing things.
Contrast (contrast). In contrast, we can distinguish different characters, different life phenomena and different thoughts and feelings more clearly, making beauty more beautiful and uglier.
Parallelism: Say several sentences or phrases with closely related contents, the same or similar structure and the same tone in succession.
Ask questions: ask questions first, and then express your opinions. The introduction of questions led to the whole article; Ask questions in the middle, connecting the preceding with the following; Ask questions at the end, deepen the theme and make people memorable.
Rhetorical question: Use rhetorical question to express affirmative meaning, which is used to strengthen tone and express strong feelings.
Truthfulness: use the end of the previous article as the beginning of the next article, and connect it end to end for more than two times, so that adjacent sentences or fragments or chapters can be passed on to the next article, end to end. This figure of speech is called top truth, also called thimble or couplet bead. Using real rhetorical methods can not only make the sentence structure neat and the tone coherent, but also highlight the interlocking organic connection between things. For example, in the third play of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju "Autumn Colors in the Han Palace" in the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu sent Wang Zhaojun to the fortress. When Baqiao was close, there were the following lyrics: "Return to Xianyang and cross the palace wall; Cross the palace wall and bypass the cloister; Around the cloister, near the pepper room; Near the pepper room, the moon is hazy; The moon is bright and the night is cool; The night is cold, and crying stings; Crying stings, green screen window; Green screen window, forget it! " This lyric uses the most authentic rhetorical devices, with ups and downs of melody beauty, showing the melancholy of the Han and Yuan emperors who never left hatred but always loved each other.
Cycle: use the end of the previous sentence as the beginning of the next sentence, and use the end of the next sentence as the beginning of the previous sentence. These two sentences or phrases, the latter is the inversion of the former; The last sentence or sentences are read backwards according to the previous sentence or sentences. This rhetorical method of expressing the relationship between two things or things by word order is called palindrome, also called palindrome. Using the rhetorical method of loopback can strengthen the tone, enhance the appeal of language, reflect the dialectical relationship between things, and express thoughts and feelings deeply and powerfully. For example, Su Shi's "Bodhisattva Man": "Snowflakes come to warm cheeks and melt snow on cheeks. Deceive Xue to be single-clothed, while Ren Xue deceived single-clothed. No plums at other times, no plums at other times. Don't hate to leave late, hate to leave late. " The last sentence is read backwards according to the previous sentence, in a very neat cycle.
Intertextuality: that is, the words used in adjacent sentences of ancient poetry complement each other and combine to express a complete meaning. It is a special rhetorical method in ancient Chinese, and its application in ancient poetry generally has two forms:
A. In order to avoid monotonous repetition of words, synonyms are used alternately in writing. The characteristic of this intertextuality is that in the same or basically the same phrase or sentence, the words in the corresponding positions explain each other. In this way, we can infer another unknown word meaning from the known word meaning. For example, Qu Yuan's "Involved in the River": "Loyalty and righteousness are not necessary, and sages are not necessary." Among them, the positions of "Yong" and "Yi" correspond, so it can be inferred that "Yi" means "Yong". Another example is the idiom "seeking perfection and blaming", in which "seeking" and "responsibility" are in corresponding positions, from which it can be inferred that these two words are synonymous. This intertextuality is easy to understand and master.
B, due to the constraints of words, rules and regulations, or the need of expressing art, rich content must be expressed in concise words and implicit and concise sentences, so only one of them appears in the context, and the other is omitted, that is, "two things are on one side, and the text is saved", in order to achieve a concise and complicated effect. When understanding this intertextuality, we must combine the words preserved in the context to make them complement each other and set each other off to show the original intention, so it is customarily called intertextuality. For example, in Nineteen Ancient Poems, Jiao Jiao is omitted from the first sentence, which refers to both the Altair and the Hehan female, and Jiao Jiao refers to both the Altair and the Altair.
Argot (homophonic) and pun: In some poems, especially folk songs, in order to express a euphemistic and implicit emotion, the author often adopts argot and pun rhetoric methods.
Li Bai Chunsi: "You are like jade in the north, and I am a mulberry with green branches. When you miss your hometown, you were missed and sad a long time ago. Spring breeze, since I dare not know you, why should I separate the silk curtain beside my bed? ? "This is a well-known poem describing the love between men and women, and it is a monologue about women in Qin. The poet's semantic pun expresses the love between men and women by describing the spring of nature; It also uses the homonym of "silk" (thinking) and "branch" (knowing) to connect the feelings of missing between men and women in different places.
Liu Yuxi's Zhi Zhu Ci: "The river is green with willows, and I can hear the songs on the Langjiang River. Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny but sunny. " Qing and Qing are homophones and puns. This is a love song written by the author in folk style, and puns are often used in folk songs. Judging from the first two poems, it is probably that a woman is sailing on a calm river bank with willows fluttering, and she hears young people who love her singing love to her on the shore, but this love is conveyed implicitly, "better than a hobby without sunshine."
Third, the description technique.
Reduplication: Reduplication (1) enhances the sense of rhythm or plays an important role. "The willows are green at the river level, and I listen to the songs on the Langjiang River." (Liu Yuxi's "Zhi Zhu Ci") "Thousands of families always change new peaches into old ones every day." (Wang Anshi's "January Day") "Looking for it, it is cold and bright, and it is miserable." (Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice" (2) makes poetry more vivid and makes people feel immersive. "It's raining outside the curtain, the spring scenery is fading, and Luozhou is too cold to stand." (Li Yu's "Langtaosha") "Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward." (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain)
Symbol: to express concepts, thoughts and feelings with similar or similar characteristics through concrete and easy-to-associate images. For example, Li Deyu's "Climbing Cliff City": "Castle Peak seems to want to keep people around the county." These two sentences describe that the green hills are surrounded by mountains, and the counties and cities where they are located are tightly blocked and the barriers are strict. It symbolizes the persecution of his political opponents and writes the sadness that he can't go back.
Jin Lie: A rhetorical method in which all nouns or noun phrases are skillfully arranged together after selection and combination to form a vivid and sensible picture, which is used to set off the atmosphere, create artistic conception and express emotions. For example, "a line of twenty-three miles, four or five smoke villages, six or seven pavilions and eighty or ninety flowers", "smoke villages", "people", "pavilions" and "flowers" not only form their own scenery, but also form an idyllic landscape map, creating an elegant and beautiful artistic conception. Another example is Han Yi's Autumn Night and Qin Cheng's poem: "I saw a lone goose crossing the Milky Way, and I heard thousands of washing hammers on the night stone." The interest and poetry of the two poems are rich and profound. The first sentence is a visual picture-a lonely goose flying in the autumn night sky, and the second sentence is an auditory image-the anvil sound of thousands of families. The series superposition of the first sentence and the second sentence not only vividly and accurately depicts the typical characteristics of autumn night scenery, but also creates a melancholy artistic conception.
Enlightenment: Enlightenment is to say something else first to arouse the words to be sung. For example, Li Shangyin's "Jinse": "I don't know why my Jinse has fifty strings, and each string is a flower-like interval." The first couplet was inspired by this instrument, and the idea of "New Year" came into being.
Correlation: linking one thing with another, or linking similar features in things to form a model. How to "chant willow": "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of strands of moss hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " The poet linked the graceful willow branches with the green ribbon, and used clever metaphors to create a novel image with unique romantic color, which changed the symbolic meaning of willow leaves.
Imagination: People create new ideas through association, reasoning, analysis and synthesis on the basis of existing materials and ideas. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Looking at Dongting": "The lake is full of moonlight, and the mirror on the pool surface does not grind. Look at the Dongting landscape, there are green snails in the silver plate. " This poem chooses the perspective of looking at the moonlit night, and skillfully reproduces the lakes and mountains of Dongting on paper through extremely imaginative description.
Set-off: Set-off A with B to make the characteristics of A more prominent. There are two kinds: front lining and back lining. For example, Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia: "The river of no return is a romantic figure through the ages. On the west side of the base, humanity is the Red Cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms "Zhou Yu is the character to be portrayed in this poem, but starting from the" romantic figures of the ages ","How many heroes "in" Battle of Red Cliffs "is led out, and finally Zhou Yu is concentrated, which highlights Zhou Yu's dominant position in the author's mind, which is a positive contrast. Writing about the beauty of Zhou Yu's wife highlights the poet's melancholy and painful mood, which is a contrast.
(1) Set music scenes and sad scenes as the background, and set off the same things, such as Li Bai's "To Wang Lun": "Li Bai was about to go boating when he suddenly heard singing on the shore. Taohuatan is deep in thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun. " Three or four sentences vividly set off Wang Lun's sincere and pure feelings for the poet, which is in positive contrast with the music scene. Du Fu's "Looking for Flowers Alone by the Riverside": "The flowers in Huang Si's family are full of diameter, and the flowers are low. Even butterflies dance from time to time, and charming Yingying just cries. " This poem is about Du Fu's temporary shelter in Chengdu Caotang after he went through troubled times, and his mood is cheerful and peaceful. The whole poem describes the scenery from beginning to end, which is rich and beautiful, conveying the author's joy and joy, which is also the music scene in positive contrast. Xie Lingyun's "Climbing the Pool Upstairs": "Spring grass grows in the pool, and the garden willows become songbirds." From the grass in spring, from the willows and songbirds in the garden, the poet felt the vitality and joy of spring, which is also a perfect contrast in the music scene.
Yuan Zhen's "Wenle Tianshou Jiangzhou Sima": "The residual lamp has no flame shadow. I heard that you are in Jiujiang tonight. Sitting up in critical condition, the black wind blows the rain and hits the cold window. " Yuan Zhen was exiled to other countries, seriously ill and in a bad mood. Now I suddenly heard that my best friend was wronged and demoted, and I was extremely shocked. All kinds of grievances and worries come to mind. With this sad mentality, all the scenery becomes gloomy, which is the contrast between sad scenery and sad feelings. Yu Jing's Mountain Pavilion: "Trees hide autumn colors, and birds return with dusk." These two poems paint a bleak picture for us, expressing the poet's lonely and desolate mood, and also setting off sadness with beautiful scenery;
② The contrast takes movement as stillness, sound as stillness, music scene as sadness and music scene as sadness. Contrast is set off with the opposite things, such as Wang Wei's "Birds in the Stream": "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty. When the moon comes out, it surprises the birds and sounds into the spring stream. " The touching scenery of flowers falling on the moon and birds singing is written in the poem, which not only makes the poem look full of vitality, but also highlights the silence of the spring stream through movement, which is based on movement and sound. The sentence "Monks knock on the moon door" in Jia Dao's "A secluded place with Li Ning" has the same effect as the famous sentence "Yin Gong Shan is more secluded", both of which are examples of silence.
Yuan Zhen Palace: "In the faded old palace, the peony was red, but no one came to see it. The ladies-in-waiting are already white-haired and arguing about the grand occasion of Tang Xuanzong. " This poem is about an empty ancient palace, where flowers are in full bloom and it is spring. Write a few white-headed ladies-in-waiting in three or four sentences and sit back and reminisce about Xuanzong's past. It can be seen that these ladies-in-waiting were the ladies-in-waiting of Xuanzong, and now they are all old. He expressed the sadness of ladies-in-waiting's life and entrusted the poet with the ups and downs of the past. Poetry expresses a sad mood, but deliberately describes "the palace flowers are red", which is to use music scenes to set off sadness and make the sadness of love more intense.
Li Bai's "Xia Sai Qu": "Five In the snow in Tianshan Mountains are cold without flowers. Spring can only be imagined in the flute "Folding Willow", but it has never been seen in reality. The soldiers fought the enemy in the golden drum during the day and slept in the saddle at night. I would like to put my sword under my waist and cut Loulan straight. " The first three parts are about harsh environmental conditions and tense fighting life, but the last part turns to the heroic passion of soldiers to kill the enemy, which is also the center of the whole poem. In this way, we feel the image of a soldier who is not afraid of difficulties and has an iron will. The "mourning" scene here is used to contrast the lofty sentiments of soldiers, that is, to compare joy with mourning scenes.
Static and dynamic: dynamic description and static description are indispensable in artistic creation, either by moving against static or by static; Or move quietly, complement each other. The former is a foil technique, such as Du Fu's "Mancheng Yi": "The sand-headed bird is silent, and the fish at the stern is whistling." The fourth sentence "dynamic" of fish jumping sets off the "static" of the first three sentences. The latter is like Dai Shulun's "Lanxi Acura": "The cold moon is like the brow of Guiliuwan, and the more you look at Zhongshan Mirror. Peach blossoms rained in Lanxi for three days, and carp came to the beach in the middle of the night. " The first two sentences in the poem describe the beautiful and moving landscape and the refreshing and bright moonlight, which is a quiet scene; The last two sentences are about naughty fish rushing into Xitou shoal for fresh water, which is a touching scene. The whole poem combines static and dynamic, and writes the beauty and vitality of Lanxi landscape.
Atmosphere rendering: describe the environment and scenery in various ways to highlight the image and strengthen the artistic effect. For example, Zhao Shixiu's Guest: "It rains at home in Huangmei season, and frogs are everywhere in the pond in early spring. If you don't come at midnight, knock off the chess pieces and die. " In the poem, "it rains at home" and "frogs everywhere" render an atmosphere, which sets off the depth and silence of the night.
Color rendering: such as Luo's Goose: Goose, Goose, Goose. White hair floating green water, red palm clear waves. " The white feathers of the goose float on the green water, the red palm stirs and the green water ripples. The contrast between red, white and green is warm, vivid and harmonious. Under the blue sky and white clouds, on the lush green water and by the crystal clear pond, "white hair" is more beautiful than "green water", and "red brown" and "clear wave" win. What a beautiful picture! How naive and lifelike! It's really like something in front of you.
Suppress: Speak the negative and positive aspects at the same time, and only emphasize one of them, so as to suppress one, promote the other or suppress the other. There are two kinds: first rising and then restraining, first restraining and then rising. For example, Wang Changling's "Forever in My Heart": "Young women in boudoir don't know how to worry, and they will put on makeup in high buildings in spring. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the marquis. " This poem first describes the young woman's "no worries" and then her "regrets". Through the description of the subtle changes of young women's mood, this paper profoundly expresses the sentimental feelings of young women caused by touching the scene and highlights the theme of "in my heart forever".
Concern: refers to the necessary answer to what is written in front of the poem. If this writing method is used properly, it can make the structure appear compact and rigorous. Such as Wei's "Night Rain Farewell to Li Zhou": "Is there rain on the Chu River all the way? The bell in the evening came to us from Nanjing. Your wet sails are dragging and you don't want to go, and the birds in the shadow are flying slowly. " In the first two sentences, the poet stood by the drizzling river at dusk, pointed out the "dusk rain" in the poem title, and took care of the word "send" in the poem title.
Front: the direct description of the front of the described object is the front description; The description of the surrounding things that can make the object of description more vivid and prominent is profile description. For example, Bai Juyi's "Yang Liuzhi Ci": "A spring breeze is softer than gold and softer than silk. Who owns the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng all day? " The first sentence and the second sentence of the white poem describe the beautiful form of willow in spring by means of positive description.
Sketch: It was originally one of the traditional techniques in China's painting, which is roughly similar to the sketch or sketch in western painting. Its characteristic is to outline the picture with simple ink lines, freehand brushwork, no contrast and no color. This painting method is introduced into poetry creation, that is, without adjectives and modifiers, it is carefully carved and rendered layer by layer, not to mention melody or foil, but by grasping the object of description, using accurate and powerful brushstrokes, concise and lively language and plain words, the shape and light and dark (sound) of things are outlined neatly to show the author's feelings about things.
Virtual reality: refers to the scenes and events in reality and imaginary scenes and events set off each other, intertwined and express the same feelings. For example, Yang Wanli's "Seeing Lin Zifang at Dawn in Jingci Temple": "After all, in mid-June, the scenery of the West Lake is different from that at four o'clock. The next day, the lotus leaf is infinitely blue, and the lotus color is different. " The first two sentences in the poem generally say that the scenery of the West Lake in June has its own characteristics and is imaginary; The last two sentences describe the lotus leaves all over the lake in the early morning sun, and the endless green and brilliant red are in harmony, which is a real writing style. The whole poem is true and false, which complement each other.