I. Language proficiency
Wang Anshi called the language of poetry "the language of poets", which means that the language of poetry is different from other stylistic terms. In the college entrance examination, we need to focus on the following aspects at the language level.
Verbs: When appreciating poetry, we should pay attention to verbs, especially those with "multiple meanings".
Example 1: You remember the Qingxi Banli Bridge, where there was no old red board and there were too few people in Qiushui. There is no one at sunset, leaving a weeping willow. ("Regret for the Past Jiangnan" Kong)
The word "leftover" attracts people's attention here, and the author doesn't use "leftover" or "see". Its beauty lies in that although the meaning of "leftover" is similar to that of "leftover", the word "leftover" is generally passive and has the meaning of "leftover" and "leftover". In addition, the word "leftover" is time-sensitive and gives people a sense of helplessness. "Stay" is not that meaningful. "Seeing" is just in front of us, and it can't give people a sense of change by comparing the past and the present.
Exodus 2: Why should a strong brother blame the willow? The spring breeze does not pass through Yumen Pass.
The word "resentment" is obviously personified, which is not only the emotion in the song, but also the heart of the piper.
Ex. 3: Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sorrows.
The words "splash" and "shock" are not only fresh words, but also add to the poet's inner pain of hating others.
Example 4: Mist from Yungu and Menggu enveloped Yueyang City.
"Steaming" and "shaking" are somewhat exaggerated.
Exodus 5: Rain makes the flowers wet, but the wind makes the leaves dim. ("Suburban Xing" Wang Bo)
Look at this poem. "Wet" means "light" and "sparse" means "shadow", which is unusual in itself. Wang Bo wrote about the spring rain, which rained for a short time. After sunrise, there was no rain on the flowers, and it was even wetter under the sunlight, so the word "wet" was extremely accurate. The word "light" is full of energy, so the word "light" is affectionate. The wind stopped, and under the sunshine, the night shadow was clear and sparse, and the word "sparse" appeared, indicating that the sun was coming from the leaf shadow. It is written completely according to the lifestyle and looks very poetic. The words here are wonderful.
Modifiers: mostly adjectives, but also the focus of poetry appreciation.
Example 1: The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and there is an isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain.
A word "loneliness" can describe the loneliness of the environment and reach people's hearts directly.
Example 2: sneak into the night with the wind and moisten things silently.
Good. The pulse is continuous. It's about opportunities created by nature, which is the closest.
Example 3: Young married women in boudoir don't know how to worry, so they put on Cui Lou in spring. Suddenly I saw the green willows, and I felt uncomfortable; Oh, I regret that I shouldn't have asked my husband to find Hou Feng. ("in my heart forever" Wang Changling)
After dressing up, the young woman rushed to Cuilou to enjoy the spring scenery. At this time, the author used a word "suddenly", which means casual and just right. Who have you met? The color of willow leaves that came into her eyes reminded her of the scene when she broke the willow leaves with her husband, and she couldn't help but feel sad when she thought of her husband. This is a young woman with a childish face. A word "suddenly" vividly describes this emotional change, which is exactly what this poem is intriguing.
③ Special words: In poetry, some words are unique in themselves, and readers can find them quickly:
A. Reduplicated words: Reduplicated words have two functions: enhancing the sense of rhythm of language or playing an emphasis role.
The willows in Jiang Shuiping are green, and I can hear the songs on the Langjiang River. (《lt； "Zhuzhi Ci" Part I, "Liu Yuxi")
Thousands of households? Day, always trade new peaches for old ones. ("Yuan Ri" Wang Anshi)
Looking around, lonely and sad. ("Slow Whispering" Li Qingzhao)
B Onomatopoeic words: Some onomatopoeic words are overlapping words, so they are listed separately because of their high frequency. Function: make poetry more vivid and make people feel immersive.
Outside the curtain, the rain is gurgling, spring is fading, and Luo Can can't stand the cold. ("Langtaosha" Li Wei)
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. ("Ascending the Mountain" Du Fu)
C. Words expressing colors: These words are sometimes used as predicates, sometimes as attributes, and sometimes as subjects or objects. But there is only one function. Color generally expresses mood, enhances the color sense and picture sense of description, and renders the atmosphere.
Ten miles after the spring breeze, the wheat is green. ("Yangzhou Slow" Jiang Kui) Red lotus root fragrance, jade dies. (Li Qingzhao, pruning plums) The green grass in spring stained the steps, and the birds sang happily under the leaves. ("Shu Xiang" Du Fu)
④ Overall evaluation: The focus of overall evaluation of language is that some terms can be used. In the style of poetry, there are bold and graceful words, and so are poems and songs. But the special appreciation terms are: agitation and loudness. Elegant and beautiful. Gorgeous language, extremely fine ability. Language is simple and meaningful. In terms of language structure, inverted sentences generally emphasize, for example, seven or eight stars are outside the sky, and two or three points of rain are in front of the mountain. ("Xijiang Moon" Xin Qiji) Sweet rice pecks at parrot grains, and old phoenix sticks to green trees. ("Eight Poems by Du Fuqiu") The list of images is to make the description more lens-like, which is the film language;
Old vines and faint crows, small bridges and flowing water. ("Tianjingsha? Qiu Si (Ma Zhiyuan)
Riding a princess in the world of mortals talking and laughing (Du Mu, Huaqing Palace quatrains).
The waning moon in Xiao Feng, Yang Liuan (Liu Lingyong, Yu Lin).
Two. Content level
The content level mainly refers to grasping the appreciation of poetry from the content. The college entrance examination syllabus requires students to master the general meaning and artistic techniques of poetry, which shows that this topic will not be difficult. Therefore, in terms of content, it is still necessary to "grasp the key points" and "understand the terminology".
(1) Pay attention to scenery and feelings, things and feelings; The relationship between scenery and people, things and people: technical terms: a. borrowing scenery to express emotion (Autumn in the Mountains by Wang Wei) b. supporting things to express emotion (Wings Wind by Wang Bo) c. feeling the injury of things (Cicada by Li Shangyin) d. blending scenes e. controlling scenery with emotion f. expressing emotion with scenery.
② Pay attention to the relationship between ancient and modern poetry genres: technical terms: A. Borrowing the ancient to hurt the present B. Borrowing the ancient to satirize the present ("Visiting the Ancient in Vietnam" by Li Bai) C. Comparing the past with the present D. Nostalgia for the past hurts oneself ("Nostalgia for Gubeiting in Yonghe Lejingkou" by Xin Qiji).
③ Special images:
Some things have specific symbolic meanings in themselves, and these things appear in poetry, so we should give priority to these special symbolic meanings as the appreciation direction. For example, three friends (pine, bamboo and plum) and chrysanthemum symbolize noble character, peach blossom symbolizes beauty, and bird symbolizes freedom.
(4) Use allusions skillfully and turn them into poems of predecessors. This aspect requires students' extracurricular reading and history knowledge, but sometimes it is very obvious. For example, the poem (Jiang Kui) in Du Mu's "Yangzhou Slow" and the story (Xin Qiji) in Tuoba Tao's "Looking Back at the Ancient Pavilion in the Jingkou of Yong Yule" are all familiar. For example, "Farewell to the Pavilion" (Wang Shifu) "Crying red with tears is wetter than Sima Qing's shirt." "But who among them cried the most? , this Jiujiang officer. "My blue sleeves are wet" in Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip is obviously used. This poem.
⑤ There are two kinds of poems: lyric poems and narrative poems, among which there is a kind of mystery poem, which is small in number but has great influence. The truth contained in these poems only needs students to point it out a little. It is particularly important to note that these poems are all about specific things, which is their * * * similarity. In the works of several great poets, such as Du Fu, Lu You and Su Shi, we can often see sentences with far-reaching meaning.
"If the mountains and rivers are waiting, the flowers and willows are selfless." ("After Tour" Du Fu)
Writing a portrait of a beautiful country is waiting for people to appreciate, to illustrate the selfless truth of nature.
"The heart of water is indisputable, and it is too late for the cloud to care." ("Jiang Ting" Du Fu)
Seeing that the water is slow, the clouds are still, and the idea of flying is stagnant.
"From one side of the ridge, it is the peak, and the distance is different." I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but I am only on this mountain. "("Title Xilin Wall "Su Shi)
This poem shows that you are trapped in it and can't jump out. You are often confused by various phenomena and can't see the truth of the incident clearly.
In addition, a more famous reasoning poem, such as Zhu's Random Thoughts on Reading, says, "Half an acre of square pond is opened, and the sky is full of clouds." I wonder why the canal is so clear, because there is running water at the source. ""Last night, the river was full of water, and Meng Chong ships were a dime a dozen. "It has always been in vain, but today it is wandering freely." Lu You's "Traveling to Shanxi Village" "There is no way to doubt the mountains and rivers, and there is another village in the dark." Wang Zhihuan is at the Heron Villa. "But you only need to go up a flight of stairs to broaden your horizons by 300 miles." Wait a minute.
Three. Extended dimension
The expansion level mainly refers to grasping poetry as a whole and improving one's appreciation ability to a higher level.
Artistic conception and thoughts and feelings: the main terms are melancholy, depression, cheerful, generous, euphemistic, implicit, empty, frank, natural, humorous and plain. In addition, thoughts and feelings are sometimes divided into levels, and the main terms are: "expanding and deepening layer by layer" and "feelings are surging".
② Lyric mode: The main terms are "direct lyric (direct expression of mind)" and "indirect lyric".
(3) Rhetoric: Rhetoric is applied to poetry, and its function is roughly the same as other styles. The metaphor is more vivid (just like the strong wind in spring, which blows at night and blows open the petals of 10 thousand pear trees. ), personification is to personalize things. ), rhetorical question to emphasize (if two feelings are long, is it sooner or later? ), exaggeration is to emphasize and highlight (white hair, like sadness? Dragon), the antithesis is to enhance the musical beauty of poetry, concise and expressive, lyrical, and enhance the external formal beauty of poetry (leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, and I think the long river always rolls forward), and the call is to express feelings more directly. What students should do is to discover rhetoric and directly explain its function. One thing that deserves special attention in rhetoric is contrast. The technical terms are "moving with quietness" and "quietness with sound". ("Birds stay in trees by the pool, monks knock on the moon gate", "The cicada forest is quieter, and the Yingong Mountain is more secluded").
Multi-angle appreciation: Some poems render the atmosphere from hearing, touch, vision and other aspects, enriching the content of poems.
Four. Complementary size
Students should pay attention to "Three Notices" when answering subjective appreciation questions;
First, we should pay attention to the topic selection, some of which are suggestive in themselves: Yang Jiong joined the army, Li Bai visited ancient times in Vietnam, and bid farewell to Meng Haoran on his way to Yangzhou, Luo's Political Prisoner Listening to Cicada, Du Fu's and so on.
Second, pay attention to the author. Generally, the selected poems can represent the author's main creative style, such as Xin Qiji and Mao Zedong's bold words, Liu Yong and Qin Guan's graceful words, Li Bai's romantic poems, Wang Wei's "painting in poetry" and so on. Paying attention to this is very beneficial to the overall appreciation.
Third, we should pay attention to annotations, which are the most noteworthy content in appreciation. Although it is only a few words, it is a hint from the questioner. Some introduce the writing background and hint at the ideological content of your poem; Some of them are introductions of related poems, suggesting the allusions or artistic conception of your poems. Sometimes introducing the author hints at the writing style of your poem. So, be sure to study your notes carefully!
It is no exaggeration to say that poetry appreciation is half the battle if the "three essentials" are achieved.
Examples of Appreciation of Images in Classical Poetry
The images in classical poetry are different from those in general novels and dramas. It can be a character image, a scene, or something with certain symbolic significance.
(1) The characters in classical poetry are generally not as plump and complete as those in novels. It can be a gesture, a smile, an action, a subtle psychological change, the language and voice of a group of characters, or a typical detail, and so on. Through accurate description, the characters are portrayed with concise brushstrokes, the characters' personalities are expressed, and the thoughts and feelings of the characters are reflected. These images are often expressed in fragments, which need readers to further supplement with their own imagination. Tell me, where do you live? ? Near here, next to the fishing pond? . Let's catch our boat together, and let's see if we belong to the same town ... "(Cui Hao's" Longgan Canal "-describes the first meeting of young men and women of boatmen in the form of self-questioning. Created a passionate, generous and intelligent girl image. "Broken battlefield rags, south of the city has a tight encirclement. The sudden camp shot General Hu Yan and led the wounded soldiers to ride home alone. " (Li Bai's "Joining the Army")-There are descriptions of dressing up (iron clothes) and movements, which create a heroic and awe-inspiring hero image in the narrative.
(2) Landscape scenery generally includes: scenery description, scene description, color description, etc. Of course, the scenery in the poem is also the external expression of the feelings of the characters (often the poet himself), which often has a certain subjective color. Such as: "Good rain knows the season, when spring comes." Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently. The wild path is dark, and the river is bright. Look at the red and wet place, the flowers in Jinguancheng are heavy. "(Du Fu's" Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night ")-The poem vividly depicts the rainy scene on a spring night, and writes the magic of rainy night with anthropomorphic techniques, and the joy is vividly on the paper.
(3) Some things refer to some works which take some things as specific description objects and endow things with individuality in image description. From the perspective of the whole poem, that is, using symbolic image description to express the poet's character or thoughts and feelings in a tortuous way. The images often described in classical poetry include cicada, eagle, wild goose, pine, plum, bamboo and horse. Such as: "The weeping ear drinks clear dew, and the flowing sound is like sparse tung. This is not because of the autumn wind. " In this poem, Yu Shinan, with the image of cicada, shows his lofty feudal scholar-officials. There are also familiar words in Lu You's Yongmei.
(4) The concrete image description Some poems contain the actual content of the poem in the image description, which is permeated with concrete images, and readers need to grasp the implied content through the image description in combination with relevant background materials. Like what? Magnetic field is difficult? In the two poems describing Niu, we should grasp the poet's thoughts and feelings through the image of Niu 2.
(5) There are often some music names about music tunes in ancient poems, which often have specific meanings, emotions or implications, and have a direct effect on the overall image or emotional expression of the whole poem. Therefore, understanding this point is of certain significance for appreciating ancient poetry, which is the proposition of the college entrance examination in 2002.
Here is a brief introduction to the common tunes in classical poetry.
The Guan Shanyue-Yuefu tune is more about the feelings of defense and parting. For example, "the new sound of pipa dance is always the old love." (Wang Changling's "Seven Military Services" (2))
Plum blossom falls-the name of the tune. For example, "The Jade Emperor blows the Yellow Crane Tower, and plum blossoms fall in Jiangcheng in May." (Li Bai's "Listening to the Flute on the Yellow Crane Tower with Shilang Zhong Qin") Imagine the scene of plum blossoms flying all over the sky from the falling flute, and then the feeling of awe is produced by the falling plum blossoms, which is in line with the poet's mood at that time. In this way, the poet thought of plum blossom from flute, appealed to vision from hearing, and described the feeling of being left out in a synaesthesia way.
Caiyu-a dance music adapted from Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, which mainly shows song and dance scenes. Such as: "until the sound of drums from Yuyang shook the earth and broke the tune of rainbow skirts and feather clothes." (Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow)
Yushu back garden flower, back garden flower, is said to be a tune composed by a late master in the Southern Dynasties, with a beautiful voice. For example, "a strong woman in business doesn't know how to forget her national hatred, but she still sings backyard flowers across the river." (Du Mu's Bo Qinhuai)
Yang Liuqiu's Yuefu song "Yang Liuzhi", sometimes called "Folding Willow", is mainly about military life. From Liang and Chen to the Tang Dynasty, most of them are sad words, and most of them miss recruiting people. For example, "Why should a strong enemy complain about Liu? Spring breeze is just like Yumenguan." (Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci") "I heard the willow in the flute, but I didn't see the spring scenery." (Li Bai's Six Poems of Xia Sai, Part I)
Difficult to go, an ancient name, is about the hardships of the world and the sadness of parting. Such as: "After the snow in Tianshan Mountain, the sea is cold and it is difficult to play the flute all over" (Li Yi's "Joining the Army in the North")
(VI) Artistic conception Artistic conception refers to the harmonious unity of subjective thoughts and feelings and objective scenery description in works, and is a meaningful image reflected from this unity. With its vivid artistic image and scene blending, it makes the appreciator step by step into the unique atmosphere and realm created by the poet, and produces an immersive strong artistic appeal in thoughts and feelings. In classical poetry, artistic conception is generally expressed as picturesque artistic realm or artistic atmosphere with strong artistic appeal, which is the result of the harmony and unity of the poet's thoughts and feelings and the life picture depicted in his works.
The beauty of artistic conception is an important feature of China's ancient literary works (mainly poems). When reading and appreciating classical poems and songs, we must enter the artistic conception created by the works through language media, so as to better grasp the works and appreciate and evaluate them.
Enjoy the following Tang poem and finish 1~2.
Narrating oneself
Du Xunhe
The altar piano book is accompanied by illness, familiar with current affairs and willing to be poor.
It is better to be a leisure singer of the universe than to be a thief.
The purpose of poetry has not forgotten to save things, and the value of the world is not true.
All my life, my heart is speechless and my hair is white.
1. The content of "wandering" in the poem is; "Unreal" and "true" mean.
This poem describes an image.
Read Lu You's "The Fairy of Queqiao Smells Du Fu at Night" and complete 3~5 questions.
Queqiao Ye Xian Duwenfu
Lu you
The eaves are quiet, the window lights are dim, and the spring dawn is even stormy. The warbler's nest swallows are always silent, but they often crow cuckoo day and night. Rushed into tears, stunned (1) lonely dream, picked up deep branches and flew away. Therefore, the mountain (2) wanderers are unbearable and can live for half a lifetime.
Reading Tip: At the beginning of the eighth year of Song Xiaozong Trunk Road (1 172), Lu You served as the adjutant of Wang Yan, the special envoy of Sichuan Fu Xuan, in Nanzheng (now Shaanxi Province), and actively participated in the War of Resistance Against Gold, with remarkable achievements. Just as Chang 'an was about to recover after the victory on the front line, Wang Yan was transferred to the Privy Council of Lin 'an, the capital city, and Lu You was also transferred to the pacification department of Chengdu Mansion to participate in the discussion, leaving the front line of the Anti-Japanese War. This work was written after he arrived in Chengdu, and it is a "fable of taking advantage of the situation".
Note: ① shock disability: wake up. 2 Laoshan: that is, hometown.
3. What kind of scene is described by the words "the eaves are quiet, the window lights are dim, and the spring is stormy"? What is the poet's purpose in describing such a scene?
A:
4. What kind of artistic technique is used in the sentence "The warbler's nest is always silent, but it often cries day and night"? What are the advantages of writing like this in expression?
A: Five. What kind of thoughts and feelings are expressed in the last two sentences of the poem, "The mountain is too uncomfortable to listen to, and the feelings float for half a life"?
A:
Read the following Tang poems and complete questions 6~7.
Widows in the mountains
Du Xunhe
Because of the soldiers, the husband clung to Mao Peng and his linen clothes were burned.
Mulberry leaves come to Judah to pay taxes, and seedlings are still harvested after rural famine.
When picking wild vegetables and roots for cooking, spin raw wood and burn leaves.
If you are in a deep mountain, you should also avoid the levy.
Note: ① Tax payment: pay silk tax. ② Young crop tax: young crop tax is levied.
The poet vividly portrayed the image of the widow in the mountain in the first couplet. The second couplet uses the word "harmony" to show that the people are overwhelmed.
7. What role did the argument of the fourth generation of poets play?
A:
Read the following words and complete questions 8~9.
Xijiang Moon Night Tour Huangsha Road Middle Section
Xin Qiji
The moon on the horizon rose to the top of the tree, scaring away the magpies perched on the branches. The cool evening breeze seems to have spread to cicadas in the distance. In the fragrance of rice and flowers, people talk about the harvest of a year, and frogs croak in their ears, as if in a bumper harvest year. In the old days, Maodian was near the forest, and the road turned to the stream bridge.
8. What kind of artistic conception and atmosphere does this word describe?
A:
9. What are "suddenly seeing when the road turns to the bridge" and "suddenly seeing"? Is it Xiqiao? And briefly talk about the linguistic characteristics of poetry.
A:
Appreciation of expressive skills of classical poetry
The difficulty of this item is that candidates should analyze the works appreciatively according to their own appreciation ability and summarize the answers in their own language. For a brief knowledge of this item, please refer to the book Tsinghua Reference. )