Poetry in early Qing dynasty
The mainstream of poetry in the early Qing Dynasty is "adherents' poetry". At that time, there was a sharp national contradiction between the Han people and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty. Some Ming Dynasty "adherents" poets with anti-Qing thoughts directly participated in the anti-Qing political and military struggle and even died. Some people live in exile, live in seclusion, or cut their hair to become monks in order to keep their integrity and yearn for Jiao Ran. They wrote many poems that showed the national justice and shone with fighting light. Some poems are lost because of imprisonment, but they are still full of rebellious spirit. These poets mainly include Yan, Fu Shan, Huang Zongxi, Du□, Qian Chengzhi, Gui Zhuang, Gu, Wu Jiaji, Wang Fuzhi, Qu Dajun and Chen Gongyin. Among them, Gu's poem Du Fu, which prefers boys to girls, is easy and painless, with solid meaning and strong character. Wang Fuzhi's poems, such as "Poems of Falling Flowers", are magnificent, elegant and graceful, and have deep sustenance. Yan hangs ancient poems, expresses feelings of parting, and has strong feelings. Qian Chengzhi's poems have a wide range of themes, and the works expressing the thoughts of the motherland are extremely desolate, while the poems describing the sufferings of the people are melancholy and secluded. Wu Jiaji's poems not only express the anti-Qing thought, but also reflect the sufferings of people's livelihood by drawing lines. He lived with poor peasants and salt people for a long time, and the coastal people suffered from natural and man-made disasters, leaving a clear mark of blood and tears in his poems. Du Yu's poems are beautiful and melancholy, while Gui Zhuang's poems are sad and beautiful, and writing feelings is quite painful; Gui Zhuang's poem "Ugly New Year" says: "I don't believe in millions of households in the south of the Yangtze River, but only till the dragon head. "Holding full hopes and estimates for the people's war of resistance can stimulate the people's will to struggle. Qu Dajun and Chen Gongyin, who were born later, rose to Lingnan. Many of their poems are mourning for the national subjugation, and they are also written forcefully, with both charm and beauty.
Qian, Wu and Gong Dingzi are three famous poets in the name of being an official, and they are also called "three outstanding poets in Jiang Zuo". Among the three, Gong Dingzi has few characteristics and little influence. Money has great fame and influence. His poems opposed the extremes of the Ming Dynasty and tried to sweep away the disadvantages of the former Seven Scholars and Jingling School. He combines the strengths of Tang poetry, Song poetry and Jin poetry, and his works in the next season have revealed his spirit of pulling the trend of poetry. After entering the Qing dynasty, poetry mourned for the room and inspired deeper. Because he was an official of the Ming Dynasty, critics once laughed at him for being pretentious. Qian is from Changshu, so he is also called the leader of "Yushan Poetry School". This school of poets includes his students and descendants Feng Ban, Feng Shu and Qian Ceng. Their poetry styles are different and their achievements are not high. Wu wrote about the history, rise and fall, and the feeling of life in the late Ming Dynasty with the pen of "the combination of flowers and thoughts, beauty and sleep". His seven-character song "The General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu" was rated as "the rhythm was dominated by four outstanding figures (four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty), but his feelings were profound. The narrative is similar to Xiangshan, and it is elegant. " It has great appeal and influence, and has innovative significance in the history of poetry. He is a native of Taicang, also known as the leader of "Loudong Poetry School". However, the poems of "Ten Scholars in Loudong" written by Wang Yi and others follow the old path of "the last seven scholars" such as Wang Shizhen in Ming Dynasty, and they can't write songs like Wu's.
Poetry in Kang Yong's Period
There are two poets who mainly lived in the Kang Yong Dynasties, namely "Heather Northern Song Dynasty". Stone refers to the poems of Wang, Meng, Wei and Liu in the Tang Dynasty, and is famous for its gentleness and gentleness. Some Yuefu songs can reflect real life. Song Zhi was a Lu You poet in Song Dynasty and a teacher of Du Fu and Han in Tang Dynasty. He is known as "resolute and vigorous". However, "Southern History and Northern Song Dynasty" could not represent the mainstream of poetry at that time, and the first-class poets in this period should push Wang Shizhen. Wang Shizhen's poetry advocates "verve", and he is the leader of "verve school" in Qing Dynasty, which has influenced the poetry circle for decades. He is good at seven-character modern poetry, full of emotion and leisure, good at integrating feelings into the scenery, and has a leisurely charm. He mainly advocated Wang Wei and Wei's "Tangyin", which has new artistic characteristics; However, most of the contents belong to "Mo Shan Pan Shui" and "Mourning the Ancient", which is a sign that the spirit of reflecting social contradictions tends to be indifferent after the Qing poetry entered the "prosperous age". Zhu Zun, who is as famous as Wang Shizhen, is a famous scholar. He is very talented in poetry, but his original appearance is not as good as Wang Shizhen's. Poets of this period, such as You Dong, He Liang, and so on. There is a long and meaningful poem. There are also,,, Zhang, and others, whose poems are heroic and beautiful. Among them, He's songs are close to Wu's. Although he is not from Taicang, he is a healthy person who can get the "Loudong" method. Wang Shizhen's nephew wrote "Talking about Long Lu", expressing dissatisfaction with Wang's poetics, which had a great theoretical influence; Poetry "thinking and carving" is also more realistic, but unfortunately the artistic conception is often not deep and the achievements are not great. During this period, Wang Shizhen was regarded as a first-rate poet, and Cha should be promoted. Cha was the greatest scholar in Qing Dynasty and Song Dynasty. His poems are deeply influenced by Su Shi and Lu You. They are refined with a pen, engraved with ideas and not slippery. He pays attention to the color of syllables and has the benefits of Tang poetry. Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" said: "So it is really difficult to name a person after the Tang and Song Dynasties after Meicun. However, at the beginning of the investigation, I was talented and skilled, and I wanted to succeed the sages. " Only four poets, Li Bai, Du Fu, Han Yu and Bai Juyi, were listed in the Poems of Oubei in the Tang Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, only Su Shi, Lu You, Yuan Haowen and Gao Qi were listed. Only two poets, Wu and Cha, were listed in Qing Dynasty. From this, we can see the historical position of Wu Hecha. At this time, Luo Song, a famous poet of Song School, highly praised Su Shi. His poems are not as skillful as Zha's, but there are some excellent works.
Poetry in Qianlong period
Li E, who mainly lived in the early years of Yongzheng and Qianlong, wrote the Chronicle of Song Poetry, which was widely collected. He has a deep study of Song poetry, and his poems are profound and elegant, and he is good at refining words. He is the leader of Zhejiang School in Song Dynasty. Shen Deqian was an important official in Qianlong Dynasty, and his poems focused on "style", imitating the prosperous Tang Dynasty in Han and Wei Dynasties. A few chapters can reflect the reality, but most of his works have a strong feudal atmosphere of defending morality and lack vivid feelings. His poems are called "de stijl", and his anthology and criticism have great influence. Qian Zai, a native of Zhejiang Province, started from Li E, and his poems can avoid "familiar tone" and win by rough. His poems claim to imitate Han Yu, but they are also deeply influenced by Song poetry. After the popularity of verve poems, style poems, Tang Zongshi poems and Zongode poems, the poetry of Qing Dynasty gradually formed a new pattern. Among the poets in this period, Yuan Mei and Zhao Yi can open a new pattern. Yuan, Zhao and Jiang Shiquan are also called "the three great masters of Qianlong". At that time, Yuan Mei's thought was well-informed, he talked about things and feelings, tried to forgive, and dared to belittle the concept of worshipping the ancient and mud, which impacted the traditional "poetry teaching" advocated by Shen Deqian School. He wrote poems against imitation and advocated writing his own "spirit". The works are innovative in both content and form. Unfortunately, the creative attitude is not serious enough, many chapters are meaningless, and they are caught in frivolous. Zhao Yi is also a knowledgeable and innovative person. His five-character ancient poems are reasonable and humorous, and often have incisive and progressive opinions, which are very distinctive. Jiang Shiquan's poetry strength is stronger than Yuan and Zhao's, but he is not as good as them in innovation. Shi Jing's Yuefu poems written in his early years are unique and have certain practical significance. Yuan and Zhao are the representatives of "Soul School" poetry in Qing Dynasty. In addition to these three schools, Zheng Xie's classical poems, such as lynching evil, fleeing from the famine, ancient evil articles and orphan's trip, inherit the fine tradition of ancient Yuefu poems, which are simple and vivid, sympathetic to the people and deep in feelings. Huang Jingren is a precocious and short-lived poet, and his poetic talent is extremely high. His works describing social injustice and personal misfortune have strong feelings, fresh style and true realm, which are both "clear thinking" and "heroic" and make people sad to read. Zheng Xie's and Huang Jingren's poems are similar to the "school of spirituality" in emphasizing artistic conception and painting. During this period, Weng Fanggang advocated the theory of "texture", and he wrote textual research on classics and epigraphy into poetry, which became the so-called "learning poetry".
Poetry after Qianlong
Zhang Wentao was a famous poet in the late Qianlong period and Jiaqing period, and a master of seven-character poems. Zhang Wentao also talks about "spiritual nature" and agrees with Yuan Mei's poetics, which can be regarded as a poet with "spiritual nature". Shu Wei, Sun Yuanxiang and Wang Tan are considered as another poet after Yuan Mei, Zhao Yi and Jiang Shiquan. Among the three, Wang Tan's poems are rough. The poems of Shu Wei and Sun Yuanxiang are mostly in and out of Li Bai, Li Shangyin and Du Mu. Sun Yuanxiang's poems are full of originality and colorful language; Shu's talented people are vertical and horizontal, and they are fantastic. Their creative tendency is basically inherited from the "spiritual school", but compared with Yuan and Zhao, their position and role in the poetry world are not as good as theirs. It can be seen from this that the influence of "spiritualism" has gradually declined. During the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods, there were many poets. In addition to the above-mentioned poets, Yan Suicheng, who devoted himself heroically to history, should also be mentioned. Yao Nai took Qing Jiong as the Sect; □ Li Jian, chiseled, with paintings in his poems; Wu Xiqi, whose style is beautiful and elegant, and whose words are beautiful; Hong, bold and unrestrained writing, strange language; Don't shy away from rude and straightforward Song Xiang and so on. However, judging from the general trend, his later poetry creation gradually declined.
During Daoguang and Xianfeng periods, internal and external contradictions broke out, and the Opium War marked that China entered the modern history stage, and the development of Qing poetry also entered a new period.