1. Poetry - the sound of the prosperous Tang Dynasty
The literature and art of the prosperous Tang Dynasty permeated with a rich, youthful enthusiasm and imagination. Even hedonism, decadence, melancholy, and sadness are still shining with youth, and its typical representative is Tang poetry. Whether it is the landscape pastoral poems of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, or the frontier fortress poems of Gao Shi and Cen Shen, they all make the poems of the Tang Dynasty rich in sound, rhythm and character. The poem reaches its climax with Li Bai and Du Fu.
The innocent and wild Li Bai deepened the romantic spirit of Tang poetry and reached a state as high as the sky. Even though he was "returned with money", his high spirits and enterprising spirit inspired people. Li Bai's poems are unrestrained, just like the cursive script of Zhang Xu, the "Sage of Grass", with connected words and strokes, flowing quickly, pouring the joys and sorrows into the pen and ink. His poems played the strongest note of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He was dissatisfied with reality, despised the world, denounced life, smiled proudly at the princes, drank wine and wrote poems. "The emperor couldn't get on the boat, so he claimed that he was a wine fairy." This wine fairy who is also a "poetry fairy" has no restraints, and his happy and dripping poems jump out on the paper, and are eloquent and unparalleled. The blood is boiling, and all men with ambitions are inspired.
If Li Bai’s bold and elegant romantic poetic style is an important part of the poetry of the Tang Dynasty, then another person who represents the highest achievement of poetry in the Tang Dynasty is Du Fu, the "Poetry Saint" who cared about the country and the people. Su Shi said in "Dongpo's Inscriptions and Postscripts", "The poetry is due to Du Zimei, the writing is due to Han Tuizhi, the writing is due to Yan Lugong, and the painting is due to Wu Daozi, and the changes in the world from ancient to modern are completed." Du Fu is the master of poetry. His melancholy realistic poetic style brought a perfect end to the heyday of Tang poetry. From studying and wandering, to being trapped in Chang'an, to being trapped by thieves and serving as an official, and finally wandering in the southwest, I will record the events. Du Fu experienced a rough life path, was involved in wars, and was reduced to the lower class. His heart is deeply rooted in the soil of reality, and he shouts, "There are tens of millions of buildings in peace, and the great shelter of the poor people in the world will make them happy." "Three Officials and Three Farewells", which he wrote with blood and tears, is melancholy and frustrating. It is not only a history, but also full of humanistic care.
2. Ci - Extra-rhyme effects
Just as fu is to the Han Dynasty, parallel prose is to the Six Dynasties, poetry is to the Tang Dynasty, music is to the Yuan Dynasty, and novels are to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Ci is the best creative form for literati in the Song Dynasty, and it also reached its climax. Ci is a different style of poetry, also known as melodic lyrics, long and short sentences, and poems. It is originally used to sing for joy and entertain guests. The more influential schools of Song poetry are the graceful school and the bold school. The content of the graceful school mainly focuses on the customs of children. The structure is deep and meticulous, the music is harmonious, the language is mellow, fresh and beautiful, and it has a soft and graceful beauty. The Wanyue school has Qin Guan who "specializes in emotion" and "can win with rhyme". The words written are sad and moving, with both emotion and charm, and express the two words "love" and "sorrow" vividly. There is Li Qingzhao who proposed the phrase "Don't Be a Family". The style of writing is cordial and touching, the melody is harmonious, and it is full of phonological beauty. People say that his words show his "true character" and are beyond rhyme. The Bold and Unconstrained School has a broader creative vision and grandeur. They like to use poetic techniques, syntax and calligraphy to write words. They have grand words, use more words, and do not stick to music. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian, Chao Buzhi, He Zhu, etc. Everyone has works in this style. After traveling south, due to the great changes of the times, tragic and generous high-pitched tunes developed and became popular. Xin Qiji became a giant and leader in the creation of bold lyrics. The bold and unconstrained Ci School not only established its own sect and shocked the poetry world of the Song Dynasty, but also widely influenced the Ci community. From the Song and Jin Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, they have always held the banner of bold and unconstrained, and vigorously studied poets such as Su Shi and Xin Qiji. . Among the many poets of the graceful school and the bold school, Liu Yong and Su Shi must be mentioned. Words are transformed in the hands of both.
Liu Sanbian (Liu Yong), who "composed lyrics according to orders", injected new vitality into the creation of lyrics and changed the style of poetry in the Northern Song Dynasty. He created a large number of long tunes, was good at both slow words and small tunes, and had various styles, both vulgar and elegant. At that time, there was a scene where "anywhere with well water can sing Liu Ci". His description of "three autumns of osmanthus and ten miles of lotus flowers" in Hangzhou made Wan Yanliang, the patron, "aspire to cross the river with a whip after hearing about it." When Su Dongpo commented on the lines "The gradually frosty wind is becoming sad and tight" in his "Eight Sounds of Ganzhou", he said that "these lines are as high as those of the Tang Dynasty". And his farewell poem "Yu Linlin" is even more touching and pathos. In his "Feng Qiwu", "The clothes are getting wider and I don't regret it anymore, and I feel haggard because of the beauty." It became one of Mr. Wang Guowei's three realms.
Su Shi is the most typical figure among the bold and unconstrained faction. He was called by Mr. Li Zehou as "a literary and artistic all-rounder who is omnipotent in poetry, literature, calligraphy, and painting, and is extremely smart and sharp." . He incorporated poetry into his lyrics, breaking through the barrier of "words are a beautiful subject" and bringing his words to a state where "no intention can be entered, and nothing can be said". His reform from the key to the rhythm made his words implicit and profound: "The spring cold blows away the drunkenness, and it is slightly cold. The mountains are shining slantingly, but they welcome each other. Looking back to the desolate place where I came from, there is no wind, rain or sunshine when I return." , ten years of life and death are boundless, without thinking, unforgettable. Thousands of miles of lonely tomb, nowhere to say desolation. Even if we meet each other, we should not know each other, our faces are covered with dust and our temples are like frost. "We looked at each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears." It is expected that the broken part of the intestines will be cut off every year, on a bright moonlit night, there will be short pines. "Not only is it popular to read, but it also shows the extra-rhyme of the words.
In Mr. Li Zhehou’s opinion, “When I was young, I liked Tang music, but when I got older, I tended to Song tune. This kind of change of personal mood and preference over time is exactly like a march-like reproduction of China’s late feudal society and its The protagonist, a secular landlord intellectual, goes from young to old, full of vigor, indulges in life, becomes contented and decadent, and retreats from reality." In a short paragraph, the teacher summarized the similarities between Tang poetry and Song lyrics, human life, and even the development of a society. When young people read Li Bai's "The same is true for worldly pleasures, everything has flowed from ancient times. When will you come back when you have gone? Let me leave the white deer among the green cliffs, and ride to the famous mountains as soon as I need to go. An Neng can crush his eyebrows and bend his waist to serve the powerful, which makes me unhappy." Yan." You will have more fighting spirit. And when the old man read "I chatted like a teenager, holding the yellow on the left and catching the green on the right, wearing a brocade hat and mink fur, riding thousands of horses on the same hillock. In order to repay the beautiful city, I followed the prefect, shot the tiger myself, and watched Sun Lang." After reading this poem , people consciously or unconsciously follow Su Shi's footsteps and recall that the old things were all in vain. Whether happy or sad, for an old man, they are all just floating clouds.