Du Fu has made great achievements in art. In order to better illustrate the artistic achievements of Du Fu's poems, Du Fu's poems can be roughly divided into narrative poems and lyric poems.
First, Du Fu's narrative poems
Du Fu's poems are called "the history of poetry" by later generations. In the late Tang Dynasty, "Poem Fu Gao Yi III" said: "Du's difficulties in the mountains, when moving to Ganchuan, finish what he wrote and push him into seclusion, almost nothing happened. Therefore, it was named History of Poetry at that time. "New Tang Book, Yi Wenzhi, Du Fu's Biography and Praise" says: "Fu is good at telling current events, and his method is profound, so many words have declined, which is called" History of Poetry ".
His poems are called "the history of poetry" because he narrated many important events in the Anshi Rebellion, reflected people's sufferings in the war, and showed a broad picture of the whole social life with vivid and full images.
As Yang Yi said, "One of the great skills of Du Fu's poetry is to put his keen and profound poetic intuition into historical events and social situations and turn it into aesthetic images, from which we can understand the living situation of the nation and the law of the operation of heaven." (On Du Li's Poetry, Part II).
Du Fu's poems describe specific scenes, including the atmosphere and people's feelings at that time, which are more touching than simply providing historical materials of historical events. Such as Ai Jiangtou, Northern Expedition, Three Officials, Three Farewells, Horse Washers, etc. These poems can not only prove history, but also make up for its shortcomings, and are more concrete, vivid and touching than historical events. Du Fu's poems, because of their "poetic history" characteristics, are the most noteworthy achievements in narrative poetry creation. In order to meet the requirements of content, Du Fu's narrative poems mostly adopt five-character or seven-character archaism, which is very flexible.
1. Good at spreading and summarizing.
When talking about the art of Du Fu's poetry, Yuan Zhen said that Du Fu was good at "laying out the truth from beginning to end, which is as big as a thousand words and rhymes" ("The Tomb Inscription of Du Jun, the Shangshu of Tang Industry Department"). Du Fu used Fu's poems in many places, but Du Fu's "laying out the truth" attached great importance to the artistic generalization of real life, and was good at concentrating rich and complex social phenomena and feelings of worrying about the country and the people in some scenes or scenes. There are frozen bones on the road (I sing 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian), which reveals the shocking social reality of class opposition. In Wash Terracotta Warriors, "Guan Shanyue played the flute for three years, and the wind was ahead of the soldiers of other countries" summarized the trauma caused by the war. In "Three Poems of Qiang Village", "My wife complains about me and still cries ... Although it only describes the experience of Du Fu's family, it reflects the tragic fate of the general public. Car Shop is about the dialogue between passers-by and pedestrians, but it also reveals the misfortune of many pedestrians. "Newly Married" is about a wife's pain, but it focuses on the experiences of countless young couples in the Anshi Rebellion.
2. Delicate the details, and see the truth in the nuances.
The Northern Expedition is Du Fu's masterpiece. In his poem, he recalled what he saw and felt all the way from Fengxiang to Zhangzhou provincial capital, and wrote down the scene of his hometown in his poem:
After living in a cabin for several years, my wife was dressed in a mess. She sobbed and sang softly, and the sad spring was suffocating. She is the love of her life.
The color is white. When I saw Ye's back crying, my feet were dirty, not socks. The two little girls in front of the bed are on their knees.
The picture is choppy and the old embroidery twists and turns. Tianwu and Zifeng hang upside down in short brown.
This description is quite delicate, and the image of the unhappy and poor people in the war is vividly reflected through the details of his wife's "knotting clothes", children's "dirty feet are not socks" and "mending them just above the knee" and the upside-down pattern on the patch.
An Introduction to Dan Qing describes Cao Ba's talent. In order to show Cao Ba's superb painting skills, Du Fu chose Cao Ba as the detail of the portrait of the hero: "You crowned all the prime ministers, you put arrows on all the commanders, and you kept every hair of the founder of this dynasty alive and fought bravely". The detailed description plays down the story and strengthens the authenticity.
3. The lyrical color is rich.
Many of Du Fu's narrative poems are written as lyric poems. Du Fu is an emotional person. He can't help pouring love and hate, sympathy and pity into the events described and the characters portrayed. For example, in Introduction to Dan Qing, "You are here, wandering in a chaotic world, sketching some trivial passers-by from time to time. You are so poor that you are blinded by vulgarity. No one is purer than you, and no one is poorer than you." He expressed his deep concern that Cao Ba's genius was not used by the world. What I wrote was that when I returned to China, my elders came to offer condolences, telling me about the hardships of the world and the hardships of life. "Bitter words have a thin taste of wine, and the millet land is uncultivated. The soldier revolution didn't stop, and the children went to the East. Please make an old song for your father and feel sorry for the hardships. This song is full of tears. "The heartfelt words are touching and write the poet's thoughtfulness and helplessness to ordinary farmers in turbulent times.
Homeless is an excellent narrative poem and a gripping lyric poem. In the poem, a soldier farmer told himself, "I will be sick forever, and I will not be able to support myself for five years." If I don't have a home, why should I be steamed! " When he returned to the home he had missed for a long time, he realized that his mother had died of illness. When he was called up again, no one could say goodbye! So he said bitterly, what's the point of such a life? Reading such a poem, who can't help but be moved!
Second, Du Fu's lyrics
Du Fu's lyric poems are more numerous than narrative poems. There are five or seven ancient characters in form, but more are modern. The artistic features of Du Fu's lyric poems mainly include:
1. scene fusion.
Ascending the Mountain, known as "the first of Du Ji's seven laws", is a masterpiece of blending scenes;
In the sharp wind from the vast sky, apes are sobbing, and birds fly home on the clear lake and white beach.
Leaves fall like a waterfall, while I watch the long river roll forward.
I came from three thousand miles away. With the sadness of autumn, with my sorrow of a hundred years, I climbed this height alone.
Bad luck has formed a bitter frost on my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick dust in my wine.
This is Du Fu's work after living in Kuizhou, near the Yangtze River. In the poem, the wind is rushing, apes are whistling, birds are flying, trees are falling, and rivers are crossing. But in these scenes,
, deeply dissolved into the author's sigh of the status quo and his perception of life experience. For example, "Leaves fall like the waves of a waterfall, but I watch the long river always roll forward", with "boundless" in front and "endless" in front of the Yangtze River behind. Onomatopoeia words "rustling" and "rolling" are used to describe the sounds of fallen leaves and running water respectively, so that you can see a very high autumn scenery when you climb up. Obviously, it reflects the author's anxiety about the current situation, his disappointment with his life achievements, and his helplessness in wandering around, supporting the elderly and the weak. Therefore, the poem's neck couplet highly summarizes the "eight tragedies" he felt at this time in fourteen words: "Wan Li is far away."
; Sad autumn, bleak time; Be a guest and travel; Frequent visitors, long-distance travel; For a hundred years, teeth are dying; Sick and sick; Taiwan, high also; Alone on the stage, no relatives or friends. "(He Lu) with" bitter, bitter, hatred "four words at the end, it is heartbreaking. This poet is called "Gao Hunyi, unique in ancient and modern times, and should be the first of Du Ji's seven-character poems" ("Du Shijing Quan"). During his stay in Kuizhou, he also wrote a famous group of poems, Eight Poems in Autumn, which are as follows.
Yulu withered maple forest, Wushan Wuxia was gloomy.
Between the river and the sky, the waves are rough and the clouds are covered with fog.
Cong Ju shed tears on another day, but she was alone in her hometown.
Cold clothes push knives and rulers everywhere, and Baidicheng is anxious.
What the poet saw was autumn scenery in Jiangxia, which aroused his homesickness. He remembered the bitterness of having to stay in Kuizhou for two years because of the blooming chrysanthemums in front of him, and the sound of the evening anvil came from his ear, which brought more intense homesickness to the wanderers in a foreign land. He is integrated with the scenery, and there is a poet's beating passion everywhere in the description of the scenery.
2. Lyric, argumentative and narrative are integrated.
Du Fu's narrative poems are very lyrical, which has been seen above. In his lyric poems, things are often combined, such as "going to Fengxian for 500 words", "relaxing" and "etc.
Qinzhou miscellaneous poems, eight mourning poems, etc. Because of the combination of narrative and lyric, it highlights the color of the times. In Du Fu's lyric poems, lyricism is often combined with discussion, especially modern poems. Shen Deqian said: "Read (Du Fu) eight autumn poems, five poems of scenic spots and historical sites, and five poems of generals, and don't waste discussion." In the horizontal and vertical intrusion, it is complicated by macro; The goal is great success, but it is not empty talk. ('On Poetry') Du Fu's argument' follow the feelings', for example, in' Generals', he said:' Why do you worry about the country alone, and how can you answer? "Ironic generals can only enjoy the success, but they can't share the worries for the country; "Going to the Tower" says: "If the Arctic court does not change, bandits dare not take risks from the western hills". The former sentence is full of confidence in the stability of the country, and the latter sentence warns the invading Tubo army that you will undoubtedly lose.
"Death before enlistment, tears on the hero's long clothes" in Shuxiang not only spoke highly of Zhuge Liang's achievements in his life, but also expressed rich emotions in his words.
3, lyrical twists and turns euphemistic, ups and downs.
Du Fu's lyric poems truly reflect the author's inner contradictions and complex feelings of pain and happiness, such as the recapture of both sides of the Yellow River by the imperial army;
The news of this distant western station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop crying on my coat.
Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily.
On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine.
Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! .
When Du Fu lived in Zizhou, he suddenly heard the news that Shi Chaoyi, a rebel, hanged himself and his men went to Tang Jun. He was ecstatic and blurted out. Although his mood is warm, there are ups and downs. When he wrote about himself for the first time, he burst into tears, and then he saw * * *, and his troubled wife swept away the gloom. He was even more ecstatic, singing and drinking, and then immediately went home. Adverbs, prepositions and verbs such as "namely", "bian", "cong", "wear", "Xia" and "Xiang" are linked together to express the author's homesickness. This poem is full of surprises, and it is called "the first poem in life" by Lao Du (Reading Du Xin Jie), but it refuses freely.
In the first paragraph of the poem, the poet tells himself that his lifelong ideal is "stealing chickens and touching dogs" and laments that the years have passed: "In fact, it has declined."
Although fate is so unfair to him, he is still "worried about Li Yuan in poor years and sighing hot in his intestines". It's not that he didn't want to stay away from the secular world and live a life of "relying on others, relying on others"
It's just that "sunflowers are biased towards the sun, and physical properties are difficult to take away", which can't change your original intention! Only this first paragraph, full of twists and turns, makes people feel Du Fu's feelings.
Third, Du Fu's artistic attainments.
Du Fu's poems have high attainments in language art. In narrative poems, he pays attention to the individualization of language, and uses different languages to describe characters according to their personalities and identities. For example, the famous "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" reveal the theme of poetry and shape the characters through dialogues and monologues, among which the dialogues in "Tongguan Officials":
I would like to ask Tongguan officials: "Is it necessary to repair the customs?" He told me to dismount and walk, pointing to a corner of the mountain and showing me: "Even the clouds are in rows, and the birds can't get through. If you don't fool around, you can't worry about Xijing! My father-in-law saw an important place, which was narrow enough for a bicycle. It takes generations to fight. " "Alas, the battle of Taolin turned millions into fish."
Please advise Guan Jiang not to imitate Shu Ge! "
In this conversation, both sides have a clear expression. The "I" in the poem is extremely concerned about the safety of Tongguan. "Is it necessary to repair the customs?" Reveal the urgency of the mood. The official's answer shows that he is full of confidence in the fortifications he has built. He cheerfully invited me to look around, pointing out the danger of the pass while watching it, which reflected the high fighting spirit and winning belief of the officers and men guarding the pass. Pu Yin Long rated these eight sentences as "vivid expressions" (Reading Du Xin Jie), while "I" commanded freely.
A large number of proverbs are quoted in Du Fu's poems, which make people feel cordial and realistic and help to highlight the personality of the characters. For example, "My parents and my wife are going to see you off" in "Auto Shop", "They run with you, cry, and they pull your sleeve"; In frontier fortress: "Bow should be strong, and arrow should be long. Shoot the horse first, catch the thief first, and catch the king first "; In "Wedding Farewell", the tendrils that don't grow long and don't spin, and "chickens and dogs ascend to heaven when giving birth to girls" all conform to the identity and tone of ordinary people. Yuan Zhen's "Reward and Gift" says: "Du Fu is a genius. Every time he looks for a poem, he seems to be close to his family." He is good at choosing expressive words and using them in appropriate places. For example, the word "Guo" in "Summer Tour" is "mud on the wall", which describes the relationship between Du Fu and his neighbors and the scene of his humble room being low because of poverty. He is not only good at using verbs to make poetry lively, but also good at using adverbs to make poetry full of twists and turns, such as the use of the word "zi" "Self-pity and self-pity begin at home", "Lonely cloud without self-heart", "flying in the dark" and "taking one's country as one's own" increase the expressive power of sentences. Du Fu attached great importance to the refinement of ci, saying that "new poems should be changed and recited by oneself", and "I like beautiful sentences for human nature, and the ci will never stop until it is amazing" (Talking about the water on the river like the sea).
The artistic styles of Du Fu's poems are diverse, as Yuan Zhen, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said, "Poetry is thin and elegant."
Next, Shen Song, together with Su and Li, said that Cao and Liu were taken away, and Yan and Xie's aloof height was hidden, mixed with Xu and Yu's elegant beauty, and they showed their ancient and modern postures with their own characteristics. "(Tomb of Du Jun, Yuan Wailang, Tang Dynasty Prosecutor), as Wang Anshi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said:" As for the beauty of a child, it is sad and poor. "
Some are indifferent and quiet, some are secluded, some are romantic, and some are honest ... This child is beautiful, so he hid his predecessor and then he didn't take over. "("Du Jing Quan "Appendix III)
Du Fu's unique style, which combines the strengths of many families, is both unified and rich. The overall style of Du Fu's poems is a passage he said in Jin Dynasty: "Although I can't pass on the Six Classics, I'll sing a few words first. As for depression and frustration, I am always agile, and those Yang Xiong and Gomez can be achieved by ordinary enterprises. " And accurate. Du Fu cares about life and loves things. He not only has the ambition to help the world, but also suffers from poverty, disease and displacement. "Frustration" and "frustration" here refer to the author's poems, sometimes written as "calm and happy"; Sometimes it says "very deep"; Sometimes "health is male"; Sometimes it is thick and crooked, and the root chassis is deep; Sometimes the waves roll and fluctuate, and syllables show the priority of intonation.
Du Fu lived in a difficult and devastated era, and his personal fate was as unfortunate as that of his country. As a kind and deep poet, his poems show a deep sense of hardship, and all kinds of feelings come to mind and act on his heart, which embodies the aesthetic characteristics of Du Fu's poems.
Du Fu's main style is depression and frustration, and it also has the characteristics of "being a mistress" and "being natural". This style is generally manifested in landscape writing and lyric poetry, which is a work in a relatively stable period of life, such as "Seven quatrains on the River" (3):
There are two or three quiet families in Shenjiang, with red flowers reflecting white flowers.
Enjoy the spring scenery, know where it is going, and die with wine.
Jiangcun:
Qingjiang river surrounds the village, and everything in changxiajiang village is quiet.
Go to church to visit swallows and kiss seagulls in the water.
Old wives draw paper as chess, while young children knock needles as hooks.
What do many diseases need more than drugs?
The realm is peaceful and quiet, showing a chic, leisurely and pleasant taste. Such as "the heart of water is indisputable, why can't the cloud care" ("Jiang Ting"), "Look at the birds on your back and look back at the wrong person" ("Two Poems in a City"). , wrote a carefree mood and expression.