Among William Empson's seven ambiguities, the theory of "ambiguity" is:
(1) One thing is similar to another, but they are similar in several different properties; (2) Various meanings caused by context coexist, including polysemy of words and polysemy caused by poor grammar; (3) Two apparently unrelated meanings appear at the same time; (4) Two or more meanings of a sentence are contradictory, reflecting the author's complex comprehensive mentality; (5) Looking for the true meaning while writing, resulting in inconsistent meanings of a word; (6) the statement is contradictory or cumbersome, forcing the reader to explain himself; (7) The two meanings of a word and the two values of a vague language are exactly the opposite meanings stipulated by the context.
Compared with metaphors, symbols, hints and other common expressions, "seven kinds of ambiguity" is more rational, but in my opinion, its point (6) is even more unacceptable and not impossible. The problem is that this seems to add obstacles to the reader, rather than adding meaning to the work. Of course, the literary creation under the "vague" thought has indeed achieved good results: for example, Mu Dan's love poem "Eight Poems"-
"You saw the fire with your own eyes,
You can't see me, although I light up for you;
Alas, that burning is only a mature age,
Your bottom, my bottom, we are separated like mountains!
From this natural transformation process,
I love you temporarily.
Even if I cry, turn gray, turn gray and be reborn,
Girl, that's just God playing with himself. "
It seems nothing to explain "play" in the most primitive sense, and "God plays with himself" can be interpreted as God's self-entertainment. But if you reread this poem carefully with this understanding, you will feel that there is a mysterious force (God) in control of everything. The love between "you" and "me" and the "fire" that "ignites" you and makes me cry, grey, grey and reborn are just a game of God. He created human emotional maturity (natural need), but he hated drama and separated people. In this painful and contradictory entanglement between men and women, God's game mentality has been greatly satisfied, and how small people are! Since love is at the mercy of God when he amuses himself, it can't last long, but it can only be short-lived and nihilistic. This is the tragic nature of love. And "fire" and "mature age" can also have different interpretations. From here, readers can read the helplessness of love and feel the understanding and consideration of other things. The key depends on how readers understand and grasp it.
Modern literary works (especially poems) are more ambiguous than in the past. Generally speaking, they have richer connotations, greater flexibility and tension in language and diverse meanings. The ideas expressed sometimes even contradict the tradition, so it is really difficult to understand. However, I think it should be acceptable as long as it is not too divorced from reality, not too obscure language, not too many images and not lacking space for spiritual connotation.
If "ambiguity" goes too far, it will be too difficult for readers to understand the work, and the author will inevitably give people a mysterious and even deceptive feeling. Moreover, it is not very beneficial to the continuation of the artistic life of the work, and it should not be too worthy of recognition.
As for the reclassification of fuzzy types in China: 1, the ambiguity of the specified object; 2. Ambiguity of the author's attitude; 3. Grammatical ambiguity. In fact, it is basically a generalization of Empson's fuzzy theory, and there is not much new idea.
Of course, there are a lot of knowledge and theories related to fuzziness, but the author really lacks fuzzy knowledge and can only say something extremely superficial or even not superficial. In a word, fuzziness, a literary theory, can make the language of a work full of more uncertainties, full of semantic echoes and bring readers a richer reading experience.
2. Han He's poem about "dim" cold food night
In the middle of the night, the autumn rope is oblique and the pavilion is hazy and drizzling.
Nishimiya Shinichi complained about Wang Changling in the spring.
Obliquely holding the clouds and seeing the moon, the hazy trees are hidden in the sun.
Five poems about a member of Wu Ping's tour of the lake: Chu Guangxi ordered Wu to solve the altar of gold.
The hazy bamboo shadow covered the stone leaves, and the clothes swayed in the wind.
Tijia Renshan Garden Lulun
The bamboo shadow is hazy and the pine shadow is long, and the sound of the piano is cool.
Looking east at the postal building, businessmen feel Luo Yin.
The song revolves around butterfly lovers at night, dancing in the spring and dancing in the snow.
Yuan Ye Zhu Shu Zhen
I hope to be an adult for a while, and I may hope to be hazy for a long time.
Liang Zhu Ouyang xiu
How many heartfelt words have not been said, and the bead curtain is hazy every night.
Iris and He Zhu
Counting the rain and the wind, the hazy and pale moon clouds come and go.
Zhang Xian, a youth trip.
Broken and hazy, spring flowers are thick.
Nalanxingde, Caisang people.
Oblique sweat hazy, cold felt curtain fire is not red.
Shagou Yuanmei
The shadow of the sun in the sand ditch is hazy, and the Yellow River looms from the trees.
3. Jianghu Poetry 1, where the lake in August is in harmony with the sky.
Author: Meng Haoran
Dynasty: Tang Dynasty
Source: A letter from Dongting Lake to Premier Zhang.
Vernacular translation: Autumn water wins and rises, almost flush with the shore, water and sky are the same color, and it is integrated with the sky.
2. Sailing alone in the blue sky, I can see the Yangtze River flowing in the sky.
Author: Li Bai
Dynasty: Tang Dynasty
Source: Yellow Crane Tower Meng Haoran's farewell on his way to Yangzhou
The sail went farther and farther, leaving only a shadow, and finally disappeared into the blue sky connected with water and sky, only to see the surging Yangtze River flowing eastward.
Facing the mist on the water, I still waved my hand and cried.
Author: Qian Qi
Dynasty: Tang Dynasty
Source: Look at Wang Nanzheng
Watch your ship sail to the boundless sea of clouds, say goodbye with tears, and put on a shawl frequently.
I will walk until the river blocks my way, then sit down and watch the rising clouds.
Author: Wang Wei
Dynasty: Tang Dynasty
Source: My retreat in Zhongnanshan
Vernacular translation: Go anywhere at will, but unconsciously reach the end of the running water, seeing that there is no way to go, so simply sit down and look at the white clouds floating in the sky at will.
5, even the sea level spring tide, the sea bright moon tide.
Author: Zhang
Dynasty: Tang Dynasty
Source: Chunjiang Flower Moonlit Night
Vernacular translation: In spring, the river is mighty and connected with the sea, and a bright moon rises from the sea, as if spewing out with the tide.
6. Tianmen cut off the Chu River and Higashi Shimizu River.
Author: Li Bai
Dynasty: Tang Dynasty
Source: Wangtianmen Mountain
Tianmen Mountain was washed away by the Chu River, and the water from the east turned back and turned to the north, so it was cut off by the middle.
4. Vague idioms are ambiguous: vague and unclear.
Indiscriminate, unclear. Describe the attitude is unknown, the relationship is unknown.
Source: Qing Wenkang's "Heroes of Children" The eighth time: "I buried your girl in a chivalrous intestine again, what a pity!" Half-spit and half-dew describe vague and straightforward speech. Source: The 50th chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions: "Because the old lady hasn't explained it yet, it's difficult for her to draw it up, so she told the old lady half-vomited and half-exposed:' It's a pity that this child is not blessed! His father died the year before last.
"Swallow and vomit to describe vague and straightforward. Source: See "Half Spitting and Half Exposing".
Vague means vague. Also describe ambiguous behavior.
Source: Yuan Anonymous's "The Chain Plan" is the fourth fold: "I don't know why, my father and son quarreled all night." East branch and west branch refer to vague and perfunctory words and deeds.
Source: "Surprise at the Second Moment" Volume II: "[Miao Guan] The feeling of watching the third scene frequently. Passers-by knew it, but they still supported me in the east and let him pass. "
Distinctive grievances: grace; Complain: hatred. The line between kindness and hatred is very clear and unambiguous.
Source: Ming Luo Guan Zhong's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" The fiftieth time: "It is well known that a cloud is arrogant and can't bear it, bullying the strong and not bullying the weak; The grievances are clear and the beliefs are always there. " The meaning is vague.
Vague: unclear, ambiguous. Text: Text.
Deliberately ambiguous, unclear, unclear Source: On the Fortitude of Border Guards: "That is to say, the evidence is based on each other and the points are reasonable. Every time the court was vague and never poor. "
Speak vaguely or vaguely. Describe having concerns and dare not say it.
Source: Song Yuanxie's "Zhai Zhai Ji Ji" Volume 18: "Take is not vague; Volkswagen is not, but you can say yes, otherwise you will sayno. " Reward and punishment are clear, and punishment is unambiguous.
Come and go to clearly describe a clear procedure or a person who is unambiguous in property. Ambiguous: vague, ambiguous; Ambiguous: it can be this way or that way.
Not expressing a clear attitude or opinions. Source: The Biography of Suwei Road in the old Tang Dynasty: "If you don't want to make a decision, you want to understand things. If you do something wrong, you will be accused, but you can stick to both ends."
Say something: keep saying something. It used to refer to monks chanting scriptures, but now it refers to talking to themselves or mumbling.
Source: Wu Ming Chengen's Journey to the West: "Twist the beads with your hands, mutter to yourself, blow a breath on the lonely ground, and suddenly blow it down, which is a strong wind." Oh, yes, Confucianism. Oh, yes: the way you flatter and smile, your voice is vague.
Describe the old face and try to be happy. Source: Qu Yuan's Buju in the Chu Ci of the Warring States Period: "Reese, do you care about women?" Correct sentences are clear and definite. Ding is Ding, Mao is Mao. A nail must be placed at the corresponding riveting place without any mistakes.
Describe it seriously and clearly. Source: Cao Qingxue Qin's Forty-third Story of A Dream of Red Mansions: "I think you are interested. If I have something to do tomorrow, I am' Ding is Ding, Mao is Mao', so don't complain. "
Nail is nail, rivet is rivet. A nail must be placed at the corresponding riveting place without any mistakes. Describe it seriously and clearly.
One is one, one is two. It is described as honest and clear. Source: Qing Yu Wanchun's "Dangkou Zhi" back to the eightieth: "So I will tell you how Yang Tengjiao wrote the confession, how Liu Er pleaded, and the villain refused to accept it. I was afraid that he would get into trouble. One is one and the other is two. "
One, one, two, two describes being honest and unambiguous. Take "one is one, two is two".
Source: Yuan Anonymous's "Holding a Makeup Box" is the third discount: "If you want one, two will be two.