Yang Jiong (about 650-693), a native of Huayin, Huazhou (now huayin city, Shaanxi), was a writer and poet in the Tang Dynasty. He is as famous as Lu, Lu and Qi, and is known as the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty. Yang Jiong grew up smart and knowledgeable. In the fourth year of Tang Xianqing (659), he was promoted by a boy and his brother. The following year, the Hong Wen Pavilion will be completed soon. In 676, Tang Gaozong was promoted to secretary and secretary of provincial studies. In the first year of Tang Yongchun (682), he was promoted to Prince Li Xian and judge. Tang Chuigong two years (686), was demoted.
Yang Jiong's literary talent is outstanding, and he is good at writing prose, especially poetry. There are more than 30 existing poems, which are characterized by five words, such as Joining the Army, Going out to the Great Wall, Fighting South of the City, Purple Horse, etc., with great momentum and bold style, showing the fighting spirit of making contributions to the country. In art, neat antithesis and harmonious phonology have both the rigorous style of metrical poetry and the distinctive features of Yuefu poetry. Other poems that sing in harmony and set foot on the journey have little characteristics and have not completely escaped the colorful wind. There are more than 50 pieces of fu, preface, table, monument, inscription, ambition and shape. Yang Jiong opposed palace poetry and advocated the style of "backbone" and "charm". His poems have the characteristics of breaking through the "palace style" of Qi and Liang Dynasties in both content and artistic style, and occupy a place in the history of poetry development. In the Ming Dynasty, Tong Pei compiled ten volumes of Yang Yingchuan Collection.
Young prodigy
When Yang Jiong was young, he was very intelligent and knowledgeable, and his literary talent was outstanding. In the fourth year of Tang Xianqing (659), he was promoted to a prodigy by his disciples, in the fifth year of Tang Xianqing (660), in the eleventh year of Yang Jiong, and in the sixteenth year of Hong Wen Pavilion construction. When Yang Jiong first entered the Hong Wen Pavilion, he was too young to care whether he was an official or not. With the treatment of "having children", I am satisfied to be able to "wait for the system" in Hong Wen Pavilion. However, with the growth of age and the deepening of experience and knowledge, the belief of "being an official and being academically excellent" has been strongly germinated. During this period, Yang Jiong wrote "Fu on the Moss" and "Fu on the Orchid", expressing his feelings that he longed for his career but failed to achieve it.
Secret textbook
After working in the pavilion for 16 years, Yang Jiong was appointed as the secretary of the collator in Beijing Province in the third year of Shangyuan (676). According to Guan Baizhi, the second edition of New Tang Book, there are "ten proofreaders, four orthographies and four orthographies, who are responsible for proofreading classics and publishing articles." Yang Jiong, who was full of worldly ideals, didn't get an official position of "Examining Classics" until he was in his thirties. Yang Jiong was very depressed about the stagnation of his career. He created Hun Talents to express his feelings. Tang Yifeng (676-679). Dr. Tai Chang, Su's confidant, went to the court and suggested that the coronation system be re-agreed. The emperor ordered a consultation. Yang Jiong wrote "On the Coronation of the Duke or Duchess" and reviewed the ancient canon system, pointing out that Su Zhiyin's suggestion was not discussed and failed to be adopted by the emperor.
Shi Zhi East Palace
In the second year of Tang Yonglong (68 1), Yang Jiong was recommended by Xue, assistant minister of Zhongshu, as a bachelor of Chongwen Pavilion. In the first year of Yongchun (682), Yang Jiong was promoted to Prince Zhan, who took charge of the general affairs of the Prince's East Palace. After six or seven years of stagnation in the secretary province, Yang Jiong finally jumped from the end of the Nine Grades to become the director of the Prince's showroom, and also served as the bachelor of the prestigious Chongwen Pavilion, which started a great leap in his career. According to the book Guan Baizhi of the New Tang Dynasty, there are "two directors, seven grades, in charge of rectifying and disintegrating bureaucrats and leading the government." Zhan is a close confidant of the prince, in charge of the internal affairs of the East Palace, and his position is quite important. In the face of such a career leap, Yang Jiong's heart is excited. During this period, he created articles such as Listening to the Residence Fu to express his happy mood.
Exile zizhou
In September of the third year of Tang Yongchun (684), Yang Shenrang, the son of Yang Jiong's uncle Yang Degan, followed Xu Jingye to fight Wu Zetian in Yangzhou. After the incident subsided, Yang De and his son were killed, and Yang Jiong was also implicated. In 686, Yang Jiong was exiled to Zizhou (now Santai County, Sichuan Province) to join the army, ending his 26-year stable life in Chang 'an.
Palace teaching
In the first year of the Tang Dynasty (690), Yang Jiong returned to Luoyang, and Wu Zetian wrote to Yang Jiong and Song to learn art directly, responsible for teaching official books and calculations. Although he was unhappy because of his low official position, he still praised Wu Zetian. In July of the first year of Ruyi (692) 15, a pot of orchids was released in the palace and lent to Buddhist temples. Wu Zetian took the ministers to watch at the gate of Luonan. Yang Jiong presented "Ode to the Orchid Basin", praising Wu Zetian's "Zhou Mingcai was new", and hoped that Wu Zetian, as a "holy emperor", could "look at benevolence, disobey customs, take prison measures, save a feast ... donate pearls, cherish millet, dismiss from office and be considerate of the people" and become a model of emperors.
Final trail Yingchuan
In the winter of the first year of Tang Ruyi (692), Yang Jiong became the county magistrate of Yingchuan (now Quzhou, Zhejiang). In 693, Yang Jiong died in office. When Yang Jiong went to Yingchuan to give an order, Zhang said that he would bid farewell. Due to the different understanding of "Farewell to Yang Yingchuan" by historians of past dynasties, there were two opinions after Yang Jiong wrote the imperial edict. One is the cruelty of Yang Jiong's administration. According to "Old Tang Book", "Jiong is an official, his administration is cruel, and the officials are unhappy, which needs to be criticized." He also lives in the mansion, and he entered the scholar's pavilion. They are all famous for their books, and people near and far laugh at them. "Another way of saying it is that Yang Jiong personally loves the people. In Yingchuan Village, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province (the original site of Yingchuan), there is a Yang Gong Temple near the village with a statue of Yang Jiong in it. The old couplet in Yang Gong Temple reads: "Wukesong outside Yingchuan in those days; Several generations felt virtuous and splashed water on the river. " It shows that the local people have always regarded Yang Jiong as a "virtuous order" for thousands of years. If Yang Jiong was cruel in power, he would not have such a reputation after his death.
Poetic aspect
In the early Tang Dynasty, the style of court poetry, represented by official style, reached its peak in Tang Gaozong's Xianqing (656-66 1) and Longshuo (66 1-663) periods. The official style pays too much attention to the duality of temperament, and talks about the so-called "six pairs" and "eight pairs" while ignoring the essence of poetry. Although Yang Jiong was born in poverty, he was brilliant and generous, and despised the powerful because of his lack of talent. Therefore, there is a clear line between him and the Palace Poetry School headed by Shangguan Yi. What he sings is his own experience and heartfelt feelings, expressing his true feelings, which is quite different from his interest in singing about the weather in Datang. In sharp contrast, he broke through the official style and opened up a new style of poetry. The four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty, including Yang Jiong, took it as their responsibility to get rid of the ups and downs of the poetic world, and took a critical attitude towards the official style, leading them from the narrow palace world to the broad market, from the narrow pavilions to the mountains and rivers frontier, which opened up the content of poetry, endowed it with new life, improved its ideological significance and showed a fresh and vigorous poetic style. For example, "Zizhou Farewell to Zhou Sigong" shows that after seeing off friends, the author looks at the southwest at night, worrying about the dangers of Shu Road and when he will meet again, and his feelings are sincere; For example, Joining the Army, written in a state of eagerness for success, is a masterpiece of Yang Jiong's poetry. This poem is vigorous in brushwork and bold and straightforward in feelings; Yang Jiong also has a group of Three Gorges poems, which are more realistic and natural, express their feelings through history and have profound implications. It is also an excellent work that breaks away from the shackles of palace poetry. Yang Jiong's farewell poems are not elegant, leisurely and self-sufficient, but they are always filled with his gloomy and lonely figure and passion for making progress. Most of them are simple and true, such as See Zhao at Night, with concise and simple language and appropriate allusions. Yang Jiong is one of the four outstanding poets who is good at five laws. His "Joining the Army" is a five-character poem, no matter from the aspects of levelness, duality and knot. Its existing 14 five-character poem completely conforms to the secret method, and it is an intentional pursuit, which dispels the wind of extravagance since Qi and Liang Dynasties and helps to finalize the five-character poem. [5-6]
Cifu style
There are eight existing poems in Yang Jiong, among which three are praises: The Star of the Old Man, The Fu of the Courtyard and the Fu of Meng Lan. Ode to the Old Star uses the old star (that is, Invivo) to praise the magnificent imperial grace and the prosperity of the world. At the beginning of this essay, I strongly praised the imperial power of "inheriting heaven by virtue". Finally, I use the old star as a metaphor to praise the kindness and virtue of the emperor and wish him a long life. Ode to Courtyard Chrysanthemum eulogizes China calligrapher Xue with a noble and fragrant autumn chrysanthemum. Yang Jiong's gratitude to Xue can be said to be the gratitude of his life, which is the source of his motivation and emotion in creating this poem. "Preface to Fu Qian" explains the writing background, indicating that Xue invited various scholars to introspect the East Hall of Zuo Chunfang, that is, Xue's official residence, and held a gathering for Fu. Yang Jiong took this opportunity to praise Qiu Ju's inner character, thus praising Xue's noble character. Although this poem is full of praise, its content is just like its person. Algae decoration is elegant and gorgeous, and it is a work of life, and it has not broken through the routine of officialdom entertainment. Ode to the Lanpen is an eulogy of Wu Zetian's virtue, just like Ode to the Old Man. In addition to three poems praising virtue, Yang Jiong also wrote several poems about borrowing things, which were probably written before he became an official. Due to the long-term "waiting for Hong Wen Pavilion", there is no way to enter the official position, and a kind of resentment and sadness after being left out in the cold will naturally sprout in his heart, so he uses things to express his feelings. Fu on the Moss, Fu on the Orchid and Fu on a Floating Life are the products of this background and mentality. The structure and content of these three poems are basically the same, and they all praise the things described to express their own feelings.
parallel prose (prose written in the parallel style)
There are 46 parallel prose genres in Yang Jiong, which can be divided into three categories. The first category is written for the dead,
Including tombstones, epitaphs, behaviors and eulogies. The largest number of such articles is ***27, most of which are invited by people to do biographies for the deceased. Entrusted by others, I don't know much about the life story of the deceased, and most of them have processed the transcripts, so I don't have much real feelings at all. The second category is four inscriptions written for temples. This kind of writing is also invited to catch a knife, but because the inscription is engraved on the stone tablet of the temple for tourists and worshippers to enjoy and recite, it is a good opportunity for the author to show his talent and an important basis for people to evaluate his literary talent. Therefore, when Yang Jiong wrote these articles, his attitude was still very serious, and he tried his best to show his highest level by laying out details and quoting classics. But in the end, because the content of the inscription is similar and the form is basically unified, even if he tries to show his talents and skills, it is difficult to make a breakthrough. The third category is preface to table, argument and poem, 14, in which preface 1 1, table, argument and argument 1. This kind of writing has no fixed formula in form or content, and can be freely played according to the author's ideas and interests. Among them, the author's carefully conceived words, such as "Preface to Wang Bo's Collection" and "Discussion on Exemption from Coronation below Officials", have both form and spirit, which fully shows his superb literary talent and skill.