1. Poetry with poetic eyes is the art of language, and the ancients paid special attention to "refining words" when writing poems. The most vivid words in a poem or a poem are usually verbs or adjectives. For example, the word "Jian" in "Seeing Nanshan leisurely" and the word "Noisy" in "The branches of red apricots are full of spring" make poetry vivid and full of realm.
2. Image poetry is the perfect combination of the scenery written by the author and the things expressed, the objective "image" and the "emotion" and "ambition" expressed by the author through the scenery.
Images in ancient poetry are often established and have rules to follow. For example, "plum blossom" is a symbol of noble morality; "Moon" stands for homesickness; "Hongyan" is a messenger who delivers books and the like. Poets sometimes create a group of images, such as Ma Zhiyuan's Qiu Si, and create 1 1 images, and use the central image of "heartbroken man" to express Qiu Si who misses the future.
3. Artistic conception is a harmonious and broad picture of nature and life in literary works, which permeates the author's implicit and rich feelings and forms an artistic realm that can induce readers' imagination and thinking. Excellent ancient poems create artistic conception and have broad artistic space. The relationship between poetic artistic conception (scene) is often felt, moved and blended in the scene. Artistic conception features are: generous and tragic, vigorous and powerful, calm and natural, majestic and spectacular, tragic and desolate, lonely and cold, and so on. It can be seen that by grasping these key points, we can cross the language barrier, quickly touch the poet's spiritual world, enter the artistic realm of poetry and solve problems.
Second, master the basic knowledge of ancient poetry.
Poetry is divided into classical poetry (also known as "ancient style") and modern poetry (also known as "metrical poetry").
Classical poetry: including all poems except Chu Ci before the appearance of modern poetry, and all poems except modern poetry after the appearance of modern poetry. "Song, line and tune" are respectively a genre of classical poetry. Such as "Bai Xuege Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home", Bai Juyi's "Pipa Trip" and Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream".
Modern poetry: divided into metrical poems and quatrains. Each poem has five laws (five characters) and seven laws (seven characters). First couplet (one or two sentences), parallel couplet (three or four sentences), neck couplet (five or six sentences) and tail couplet (seven or eight sentences), parallel couplet and neck couplet must be couplets. Each quatrain has five quatrains (five characters) and seven quatrains (seven characters), and two, four, six and eight sentences rhyme. The first sentence can be played or not, and it usually rhymes in the end.
Ci is a new poetic style, which was produced in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, popular in the middle Tang Dynasty, developed in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and achieved success in the Song Dynasty. Words are also called long and short sentences (the number and length of sentences vary) and poems (developed from poems). According to the length of words, words can be divided into monotonous (also called Xiao Ling, which is generally considered to be within 58 words), midrange (generally divided into upper and lower gaps, 58-96 words) and long tone (more than 96 words, more than three gaps). Words have epigrams, and the rhythm and rhyme of each word are strictly defined.
Qu: Sanqu, which is divided into "Xiao Ling" and "Ji Shu". It is a new poetic style gradually formed in the Song and Jin Dynasties. The biggest difference between Qu and Ci is that Qu can add lines to the specified number of words, thus increasing the vividness of language and expressing thoughts and feelings more freely and flexibly.
The knowledge test on poetry covers a wide range. Shanghai Volume 1993, 1996, 2000 and 2004 all test the candidates from the aspects of poetry genre, rhyme and antithesis. To master the knowledge of poetry, we should not only remember it, but also use it. 1997 Shanghai volume sorting problem is an example.
Third, grasp the poems with different themes.
According to the different themes of poems, ancient poems can be divided into scenery (lyric) poems, chronicle (nostalgia) poems, history (nostalgia) poems, pastoral (landscape) poems, frontier (battle) poems and so on.
Writing landscape poems: students have been exposed to it since high school, needless to say.
Poems about nostalgia: Narrating and expressing feelings, expressing personal feelings such as farewell, nostalgia, sadness and feelings about time through the narration of specific events. Such as "Farewell to Du Fu in Shu" and "Wang Chun" by Du Fu.
Poetry recitation: The poet's recitation of a historical event or historical figure has generally been integrated into the poet's unique knowledge, which is to recite with history, to recite with history, to govern history with history, and to compare history with today. For example, Tao Yuanming, Liu Yuxi and Du Mu are all poets.
Poetry about things: the main feature is to express one's ambition by supporting things. The "things" in this kind of ancient poems are mostly images with specific meanings. For example, peach blossom symbolizes beauty, peony symbolizes wealth, Huayang means autumn and so on. Different images have different connotations.
Pastoral poetry: Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of pastoral poetry, and Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasties is the originator of landscape poetry. The school of pastoral poetry was formed in the Tang Dynasty, mainly including Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Chu Guangxi and Chang Jian.
Frontier Poems: Describing frontier life and ethnic contradictions, and a series of things related to frontier fortress, which were formed in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, with Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling and Wang Zhihuan as the highest achievers.
Fourth, distinguish between various styles and genres.
"Style" refers to the poet's creative characteristics in choosing themes, shaping images and using language. For example, Tao Yuanming's poems are quiet and peaceful, Wang Wei's poems are paintings, Li Bai's poems are bold and elegant, and Du Fu's poems are depressed and frustrated.
Genre mainly refers to the genre of poetry and the genre of writing.
1. Realism and romanticism.
Realism: advocate objective observation of real life, describe reality accurately and delicately, and truly represent typical people in typical environments. Source: The Book of Songs; Representative writers: Du Fu, Bai Juyi and Lu You.
Romanticism: Good at expressing passionate pursuit of ideals, using passionate language, strange imagination, exaggeration and fairy tales to shape images. Source: Chu Ci; Representative writers: Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Li He, Gong Zizhen, etc.
2. The genre of the word: bold, graceful and restrained, bold: majestic, high-style, rich artistic conception and emotional agitation. Representative figures: Su Shi and Xin Qiji.
Graceful school: soft style, delicate feelings, euphemistic lingering, and far-reaching charm. Representative figures: Liu Yong, Jiang Kui, Qin Guan and Li Qingzhao.
Five, pay attention to the analysis of various expression skills
◆ For example, in terms of deliberation, refine words, sentences and meanings.
◆ Combination of reality and reality in material selection.
Real scene is the realistic and objective scenery described by the poet, that is, the immediate scenery and considerable scenery; Virtual scenery is the scenery created by the poet through feeling, association or imagination, that is, the scenery in his heart and the scenery that can be imagined. The combination of reality and fiction is often the basic method of artistic conception of ancient poetry.
◆ Comparison of material selection.
Contrast in the expression skills of ancient poetry is an expression skill relative to "positive contrast". In order to make the description of something more clear and prominent in the works, opposites and opposites are used to complement each other. It is different from "contrast", in which the relationship between two things is juxtaposed, and the result is to highlight both sides; Contrast, however, can clearly distinguish what is set off from what is set off, and highlight the one that is set off.
◆ Combination of dynamic and static content. Sometimes it can be understood as "moving against static" and "moving against static".
◆ The bedding and care of the structure.
The author's hint at the reader's casual place makes the poem structure rigorous, echoing from beginning to end and echoing the title.
◆ Structural comparison.
Contrast refers to the method of juxtaposing two contradictory things or two contradictory aspects of the same thing in a work. This method is suitable for highlighting the image characteristics and revealing the image meaning, and it is also easy to have a sharp and profound effect on the expression of the theme.
◆ Questions and suspense about the structure.
◆ In terms of meaning, you can express your feelings by borrowing scenery, satirize the present by borrowing ancient times, and express your feelings by implication.
In more cases, the artistic techniques of ancient poetry are not all single, but often comprehensive and complex. When appreciating, we should pay attention to analyzing the artistic characteristics in the specific context and the overall poetic context, and don't simply fall into the strange circle of terms and concepts. Sometimes, according to different questions and different requirements, we should make a correct judgment from the specified angle.
Sixth, pay attention to taste various language styles.
The examination of words in ancient poetry is often from literal interpretation to connotation interpretation, so it is very important to understand different language styles. The language style of ancient poetry is generally solemn, serious, humorous and humorous; Image, vividness and conciseness; Concise and meticulous; Implicit and clear; Sharp and peaceful; Delicate, euphemistic, generous and warm. The level of language sense largely determines the level of poetry appreciation.
Taste the words in the artistic conception: The words in poetry are in a unified artistic conception, and only by analyzing them in the artistic conception can we get a correct understanding. If we pay attention to the overall artistic conception of Remembering Brothers on a Moonlit Night, we can correctly understand "Moonlight how bright at home!" The moon in my hometown is brighter because I miss my hometown.
Special grammatical phenomena should be grasped: in order to conform to the laws of poetry, sentences with variant characters often appear. For example, "the bamboo language laundry woman returns, and the lotus leaf bends before the fishing boat." In poetry, we should also pay attention to the flexible use of parts of speech, such as "green" in "Spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan" (green, adjectives are used to make … green).
Seven, pay attention to distinguish between various rhetorical devices.
In ancient poetry, the author often uses various rhetorical devices to enrich images.
◆ Metaphor: the most commonly used skill. You can also write the same thing with different metaphors. For example, Li Yu's "Like water flowing eastward" is written as "like water flowing eastward" and "with many worries and endless sources".
◆ Synaesthesia: Communicate vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch, such as Lin Bu's "Dark Fragrance Drifting with the Moon at Dusk", which uses the visual "darkness" to describe the smell "fragrance" and highlight the characteristics of plum fragrance.
Metonymy: sails are used for boats, and Zhumen is used for the house of dignitaries.
Intertextuality: in a coherent text, words that should be included together are arranged in the upper and lower sentences or the upper and lower paragraphs of a sentence, which saves words and expresses meaning. For example, Bai Juyi's "My master has dismounted and my guest has boarded the boat" actually said: "The master disembarked and the guest disembarked".
◆ Question: For example, Li Yu's "How many worries can there be, just like a river flowing eastward".
◆ Exaggeration: For example, Xin Qiji's "Thousands of trees bloom in the east wind night, and the sky is full of stars and rain".
Rhetoric commonly used in ancient poetry also includes personification, questioning and repetition, which need our attention.
Eight, pay attention to the topic of poetry
The title of a poem is very important and often reveals important clues. For example, in the 2000 Shanghai Paper, the test question was "Appointment". The author made an appointment and the other party didn't come. In the environment, the rendering of "it rains at home and frogs everywhere" invited guests. Why didn't he come? It highlights the author's anxiety about waiting.
Nine, pay attention to the examination.
After appreciating ancient poems, there are often some notes, and the existing content in the title of filling in the form is actually an example. For example, in the autumn exam in 2000, before or after filling in the blanks. The implication of "An Shi Rebellion" in 200 1 Spring Test 18 gives humanistic care to the candidates' answers. Paying attention to these aspects will help solve the problem.
Ten, pay attention to the use of association and imagination.
Poetry appreciation is a kind of re-creation. The main ways of re-creation are association and imagination. For example, in Wang Jia's "After Rain Clears Up", the author did not describe the scenery of the courtyard next door, but wrote the real scene of "bees and butterflies climbing over the wall". If candidates hold on to this poem, they will think of the beautiful spring scenery next door through the fog of meaning, so that passers-by can stop and watch it, not to mention bees and butterflies who like flowers!