Several common images in Tao Yuanming's poems

Upload: Zou Xianmei update time: 20 12-5-8, 20: 53: 20 eager to escape from the four seas, miss the old forest, miss the old forest and miss the fish in the pond. I'm afraid the three paths are deserted, and the pines and chrysanthemums still exist. In terms of expression, we make good use of objects to express our feelings. The objects here are autumn chrysanthemums, birds, pine trees and other natural scenery. Through the description of external things, I trust my inner feelings and interests. This image injected into the unique emotional activities of the creative subject is the image mentioned in literary expression. The word image has many explanations, but the essence is the same. Cihai explains it this way: a representation, that is, an imaginary representation transformed from a memory representation or an existing perceptual image. In the process of literary and artistic creation, image, also known as "aesthetic image", is the processing and germination of empirical materials provided by imagination in real life, forming an image in the author's mind. The interpretation of "image" in Chinese textbooks is more free. That is, the objective image is an artistic image created by the unique emotional activities of the creative subject. Simply put, the integration of the mind is something with some meaning and emotional appeal. Tao Yuanming, the originator of China's pastoral poetry, struggled in the contradiction between being an official and being an official, and finally felt that "it is not far from being lost, but it was not yesterday". After retiring, he condensed a wonderful chapter with his lifelong efforts. In the article Tao Yuanming, Mr. Zhu Guangqian said: "Generally speaking, Tao poetry is characterized by flatness, talk, dryness, quality, strangeness, beauty, beauty and strangeness ..." "This kind of thing echoes and communicates with me, just like what Buddhists say,' All the lights shine together', which adds luster to each other. Therefore, whether it is the lonely bird in Wei Yun, the rainy scenery, the wind, or the Xiechuan and Xinmiao Qiuju in Fu Nan, they are all interesting. " . Here, Mr. Zhu Guangqian not only made a pertinent evaluation of Tao Yuanming's poems, but also mentioned some extremely important images in Tao Yuanming's poems, namely Wei Yun, birds, new seedlings and autumn chrysanthemums. This paper talks about the most representative images in poetry and pottery from two aspects, namely, autumn chrysanthemums and birds, and pine trees and rice wine, which are not involved here. First, the image of autumn chrysanthemum: Autumn chrysanthemum has always been a common image in the history of China literature. Qu Yuan wrote in Lisao: "Drink Mulan Dew in the morning, and have autumn chrysanthemums in the evening." The author compares Qiuju with Mulan and endows it with beautiful rhyme. Sima Qian in Historical Records? Biography of Qu Yuan praised Qu Yuan as follows: "Because of its pure heart, it is called fragrant; He is an honest man, so he can't die without taking care of himself. "The metaphor of holy and fragrant things expresses Sima Qian's admiration for his noble and arrogant life and praises his unremitting pursuit of the spirit of a better realm. Tao Yuanming's poems often use autumn chrysanthemum as a metaphor. "Tao Yuanming loves chrysanthemums alone" in Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus" is concise, which further shows that Tao Yuanming loves chrysanthemums for a long time. Tao poetry takes autumn chrysanthemum as the image, which can be roughly divided into the following situations: (1) expressing its delicate and elegant hermit image with autumn chrysanthemum. " Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan "and" Twenty Wine Songs "are the fifth kind, which are well-known quips of women and children. In the leisure time of picking chrysanthemums, the image of a hermit stands between heaven and earth, free and elegant, as if in front of him. Through the love and chanting of chrysanthemum, the poet was entrusted with noble and proud feelings, and chrysanthemum almost became the embodiment of Tao Yuanming, which is one of the important reasons why he can be independent from a hypocritical and dirty society. "A Dream of Red Mansions" Lin Daiyu said in the poem "Chanting Chrysanthemum": "After Ling Tao's comments on the chapter, the eternal high wind said today. "Because Tao Yuanming's personality has been integrated with Chrysanthemum's personality, it is not only Chrysanthemum that has been told through the ages, but also a true portrayal of Tao Yuanming's elegant and handsome image. Here, we will naturally think of what Li Qingzhao, a poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty, said, "When the wine passes through the hedge, there is a faint fragrance filling the sleeves", so we use the Tao poem, "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge and seeing Nanshan leisurely". The "delicate fragrance" here is the fragrance of chrysanthemum. On the surface, the fragrance of chrysanthemum is actually the influence of chrysanthemum quality, that is, the influence of Tao Yuanming's character on human spirit, which implicitly expresses our admiration for him. The ancients also had the custom of drinking and enjoying chrysanthemums on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month. There is a saying in Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, "Passing by the Old Village": "Wait until the mountain holiday, and I will come back in the chrysanthemum season". Double Ninth Festival, enjoying chrysanthemums with wine, is a very interesting thing in life, which also shows from another side that Tao Yuanming's delicate and elegant hermit has a far-reaching influence on later generations. (2) Self-excited by the quality of chrysanthemum, showing its high integrity. " Fang Ju Lin Yao, pine crown pillar. With this beautiful appearance, it is outstanding for first frost. ""Two Poems with Guo ". The first two sentences of the poem describe the external beauty of Songju: the chrysanthemums are in full bloom, and the fragrance is overflowing, and the Woods add luster to them ... The last two sentences tell the internal beauty of Songju: their down-to-earth and beautiful posture is really a frost hero. In the noble and brilliant autumn scenery, he entrusted an extraordinary spirit, and expressed his elegant and virtuous character and moral integrity by eulogizing the spirit of Song Opera. Why does chrysanthemum become the object of the poet's character? This has to be analyzed from the nature of chrysanthemum itself. Chrysanthemum is a kind of flower that blooms late in four seasons. At that time, all the flowers were destroyed and all the trees withered. The poet Yuan Zhen once commented on it in the poem "Chrysanthemum", "This flower is more blooming". In the autumn wind, everything is bleak, only chrysanthemums are in full bloom in the cold wind, which undoubtedly brings infinite vitality to the cold and desolate nature. However, Tao Yuanming is cynical, totally honest, unwilling to go with the flow of the dark officialdom, cultivating his mind, pursuing the transcendental realm of Ren Zhen's complacency, and perfectly overlapping with the outstanding uniqueness of Chrysanthemum. Tao Yuanming has become a personalized chrysanthemum, and chrysanthemum has also become a symbol of Tao Yuanming's moral quality of being content with poverty, keeping the road and being noble and proud. The two are integrated and inseparable. There is a sentence in the preface of Xiao Tong's Collection of Tao Yuanming: His article "Go with the Flow and Go Forward" is a high evaluation of Tao Yuanming's self-disciplined and proud personality. (3) To express the pursuit of perfection and beauty by pinning good feelings on Qiu Ju. The fifth part of "Drinking" wrote: "Autumn chrysanthemum is lewd, and its dew shows its beauty. This carefree thing is far away from me. "It can be seen that the author's disdain for the troubled times shows his strong desire to stay away from the secular and pursue a beautiful realm represented by Qiu Ju. There is a narrative in the preface to "Idle for Nine Days": "I am idle and love the name of Nine. Autumn chrysanthemums are full of gardens, but I can't bear to take wine. My hands are empty and I have words. "Jiuhua, the flower of Jiujiu, is chrysanthemum. Tao Yuanming loves chrysanthemums, which is unique in that he not only sees the medicinal value of chrysanthemums, but also notices the aesthetic value of chrysanthemums and gives them personality significance. " Three paths lead to famine, and pine chrysanthemums still exist. "After returning to the ground, the author was particularly pleased to see that his favorite autumn chrysanthemum was still growing happily. In fact, the autumn chrysanthemum here is a symbol of a better life in the author's mind. For a long time, many critics often say "diluting nature" when evaluating Tao's poems, which is inseparable from his indifferent and leisurely temperament and is also the concrete embodiment of his spiritual integrity. The elegant style advocated by Si Kongtu, a poetry critic in the Tang Dynasty, in Twenty-four Poems is best confirmed in Tao's poems. Tao poetry is as fresh and elegant as chrysanthemum; His pursuit of ideals and freedom is as proud as autumn chrysanthemum; His life track is as calm and affectionate as a chrysanthemum. Gong Zizhen can be said to be Tao Yuanming's bosom friend. He wrote in Jihai Miscellaneous Poems: "Like Wolong Hao, Xunyang is tall." Here, the author also spoke highly of Tao Yuanming's character and poetry by taking Song Ju as a metaphor. Second, the bird image "bird" is one of the common images in Chinese classical literature. The birds in Tao Yuanming's poems are endowed with rich connotations, including high birds, flying birds, caged birds and solitary birds. This paper only discusses the characteristics of bird images in Tao Yuanming's poems from three aspects, namely, high birds, caged birds and returning birds. These three images generally show the author's mental journey from taking the initiative to become an official-trudging back to nature, and reflect the author's bumpy and troubled life. (1) high bird image: Looking through Tao Yuanming's poetry collections, we can easily find that in his early works, many poems expressed the poet's lofty aspirations, such as "being strong and strong when he was a teenager, swimming alone with a sword", "running around the world and loving Philip Burkart" and so on. When he was a teenager, Tao Yuanming was active and enterprising, with the intention of helping your career and benefiting him all his life. Tao Yuanming, who is in the prime of life, actively joined the WTO, hoping to revitalize the Jinshi family through his own efforts, promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages, and reform and clarify the decadent atmosphere of society with his sincerity and kindness, so as to assume the responsibility of being a man. Therefore, in poetry creation, birds are often used to pin their lofty aspirations. The earliest image of a bird appeared in life? Second, "The phoenix is hidden in the forest, and the hermit is in the mountain", from which we can see that Tao Yuanming's youth is full of fantasy and longing. "Twelve Miscellaneous Poems" Part V: "I am eager to escape from everything in the world, and I am eager to be a" ambitious "and" far "tall bird. In reading "Shan Hai Jing", "Jingwei holds a log and will fill the sea. Xingtian dance is always there. " It entrusted the poet's generous mood and will, hinted at the attack on the historical countercurrent of usurping power to get gold, and showed a strong sense of home and country and the spirit of resistance. Tao Yuanming was full of good wishes to be an official, but the cruel reality ruthlessly shattered his dream. When he appreciated the corruption and filth of officialdom and knew that his ideal was difficult to realize, he showed a heavy sense of moving away. Therefore, in some later poems, he lamented that "looking at the clouds shames birds, swimming in water and swimming in fish" and "joining the army in the town" also showed remorse for his official career. The image of "high bird" in his early works focuses more on expressing the ambition of "Kun Peng spreading his wings in Wan Li" and shows the lofty interest of the poet "Philip Burkart". (2) The image of a caged bird: Tao Yuanming had three bitter experiences of being an official and retiring three times in his life, and finally realized that "the world is against me, what can I do if I go back?" Go back and say goodbye. He doesn't like the corrupt world style and the turbid phenomenon of official greed. Therefore, when he saw the birds flying freely in the high sky, he deeply felt the unhappiness brought by his detention. "Looking at the clouds, he looked at the birds and swam in the water." ("Song of Initiating the Town Army to Join the Army"), which clearly revealed his shame and regret for his misguided career. Stay in a cage for a long time compares strayed into officialdom to a bird bound by a cage, and has a strong desire to get rid of it. "The dense net cuts the fish, and the macro net scares the birds." In "Love Men Never Meet Fu", he finally understood a truth: those in power can't be trusted, and officialdom is tantamount to a dense net for scary fish and a macro net for scary birds. The autocratic system of the ruler and the sinister nature of the traitor who framed Zhong Liang are like a huge net. If an honest official is caught in it, his personality and mentality will be distorted. But unlike all officials, Tao Yuanming will never sacrifice his personality to adapt to the filthy world. As mentioned above, Tao Yuanming only hopes to promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages through his own efforts, revitalize the Jinshi, and reform and clarify the decline of society with his sincerity and kindness. Suffering from unspeakable depression and helplessness, the poet sang, "The clouds come out of the hole unintentionally, and the birds are tired of flying" ("Homecoming"), "The birds love the old forest, and the fish in the pool are homesick." (Return to the Garden). After struggling with the contradiction between being an official and not being an official, I finally sent out the feeling of "fleeing back to agriculture". "When you wake up, you have to think about it. Birds will waste their good bows." (Drink 17) The career is sinister, and the captive birds finally wake up in the painful search. Only by retreating to the countryside and protecting your noble and fragrant integrity is the wisest choice. "Away from bondage, with one heart and two ends" (the first of four miscellaneous poems) further shows the poet's extremely complicated and tangled ambivalence when he was in office. It can be seen that the poet's implication and emotion in the image of "caged bird" is extremely profound. (3) The image of returning birds is the most familiar image, which embodies the poet's good wish to retire to the countryside and the author's attachment and conversion to the spiritual home. After experiencing all kinds of contradictions and entanglements, Tao Yuanming got the relief of "staying in the cage for a long time and returning to nature" (the first part of returning to the garden), and felt more comfortable and relieved than ever before. And "returning birds" is the carrier of this emotion. "The cloud has no intention of coming out of the hole, and the bird is tired of flying, but it knows how to return." The poem "Return" used a lot of space to describe his infinite joy of getting lost and leaving the officialdom, and showed the author's yearning and love for nature and seclusion, which was a declaration of Tao Yuanming's complete break with the upper class. In the poem "Returning Birds", the article "Returning Birds with Wings, Carrying Xiang and Flying". Although I don't want to swim, I see Lin Qingyi. When you meet a cloud, you go home with a sound. The returning birds, whether singing, flying or perching, are all leisurely mountains, and the birds are back every day. "("Drinking "Part III), the poet refers to the homing birds in the sunset, which is a metaphor for getting rid of all worldly fetters and finally finding a happy mood when returning home. "Birds are happy to be entrusted, and I love my house. "("read "