Poems describing natural scenery such as mountains and rivers can be found everywhere in The Book of Songs. "Nan Zhou Guanluo" "Guanluo dove, in Hezhou." "Nan Zhou Ge Tan" and "Gezhi Qin Xi" are applicable to Zhonggu, and Ye Wei is growing day by day. The yellow bird comes and gathers in the bushes. It sings. " "Nan Zhou Ailanthus altissima" "There is Ailanthus altissima in the south, for Ge Lei." "Nan Zhou Yao Tao", "Taoyao Yao, burning its flowers" and "Peach is dying, which is actually quite embarrassing." "The peach is dead, it's Ye Zhenzhen." "Nan Zhou worm", "worm, you are rich." "Nan Zhou Yin Lei Zhi" "Yin Lei Zhi, in the sunshine of Nanshan." These poems also describe natural scenery, which can not only create a poetic environment, but also serve as a foil, thus deepening the theme and pinning people's feelings. However, these poems cannot be called landscape poems.
There are also many poems describing the natural landscape in Nineteen Ancient Poems. For example, "the grass by the green river, the willow in the gloomy garden", "the green mausoleum is on the cypress, and the Leilei sword is on the stone." "The bright moon shines brightly and promotes the east wall. Yuheng refers to Meng Dong, and the stars are vivid. Thousands of years of exposure to weeds, the season suddenly changes. In the bushes of Qiu Chan, the mysterious bird died peacefully. " "There are strange trees in the court and the green leaves are gorgeous." "The wind will retreat, and the autumn grass will be green." But these poems are still not landscape poems.
In the first year of Yongchu (420), Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty stood on his own feet. In order to create it, Xie Lingyun's title was reduced from a public official to a county magistrate of Kangle, with 500 inns, and he was appointed as the left-back of the Prince. In May of the third year of Song Yongchu (422), Emperor Wu of Song Wendi died, and Liu Yuxin Yifu ascended the throne, for the sake of less emperors. Xie Lingyun was pushed out by Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang and others, and left Beijing to serve as Yongjia county magistrate. At that time, he was just 37 years old. He once boasted: "There is only one stone in the world, Cao Zijian has eight buckets and I have one bucket. I have always used one to fight one. " Now he is in high spirits, but he has been demoted to Yongjia, which is undoubtedly a heavy blow to him.
After Yongjia's relegation, he indulged in the mountains and rivers with indignation and wrote a lot of poems. Therefore, Xie Lingyun's landscape poems, like Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, are not because they like landscape pastoral poems, but are closely related to the author's personal fate and political experience. For Tao Yuanming, if he hadn't resigned from the Pengze County Order, there might have been no pastoral poetry. Similarly, Xie Lingyun could not have created a series of landscape poems without the misfortune of being demoted as a satrap of Yongjia. Therefore, being demoted to Yongjia is the objective reason for Xie Lingyun's landscape poems.
Xie Lingyun traveled to Yongjia, Huiji, Peng Li and other places to relieve his depression, and described the natural scenery from different angles. Besides expressing his personal feelings, he also expounded some Hyunri. Inadvertently, Xie Lingyun enriched and developed the realm and field of poetry with his creation of expressing landscape feelings, and became an important school in the history of China's poetry development.
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Since he is the pioneer of landscape poetry, what is the difference between his landscape poetry and previous poems describing landscapes? In other words, what are the characteristics of Xie Lingyun's poems, which are called landscape poems?
1, creating a poetic connotation structure of "scene-emotion-reason" trinity.
As a landscape poem, Xie Lingyun created his own unique expression style, that is, the composite structure of scenery, emotion and reason. In the specific writing process, the general mode is to describe the journey first, then the scenery, and then return to rationality. Of course, there are many variations. In most poems, there is often only the combination of scenery and emotion, but there is no reason. The "Li" in Xie Lingyun's landscape poems means that it is unique in his landscape poems.
"Step out of Simon, overlooking the west cen. Even the obstacles are stacked, and the green is deep. Dear Dan, dear Yin. The festival is not shallow, and the affection is deep. Caught a female lover, a lost bird missed the forest. Love or love, how to leave the banquet. Caress the mirror and temples, and take the belt to slow the healing. Arrange empty talk and be alone. " ("Going to the West at Night")
The first two paragraphs indicate the location of the trip, that is, walking out of the city from the west gate, and then looking up at the rolling mountains in the distance. Why did you choose Simon? Obviously, it paved the way for the following description. Because only in the west gate can you see the sunset and the western hills. The following four sentences describe what you saw: the western hills are covered with mountains, the fog is filled with trees, the frosted maple leaves in the morning and the afterglow of the sunset gradually lose their luster. The following two sentences describe the author's mood: the golden autumn has passed, the winter is coming, and the sadness is increasing day by day. Seeing the scenery in late autumn is even more touching. These two sentences not only complement the mood at the moment, but also play a connecting role. In the fourth sentence, the author goes back to the description of the scenery and sees that the female bird staying in the house seems to miss the old couple, and the lost bird is also looking for the old forest nest, which has produced feelings. Everything has love and appreciates each other. The following two sentences "caress the mirror" describe the scene of going back to your residence and admiring yourself in front of the mirror. It turns out that silver silk has appeared on the black sideburns. I felt the belt and found it loose, so I quickly tightened it. In the last two sentences, the author denies Hyunri, and those so-called let nature take its course remarks are just empty talk. I'm afraid I can only comfort myself by playing the piano.
"Going out to the Western Heaven at Night" is a typical landscape poem with the structure of "scenery-emotion-reason", which is composed of mountains, trees, maple leaves, sunset photos, birds and other scenery, forming a beautiful sunset picture. At the same time, he expressed the author's mood in three places. First, he regrets the change of seasons and the passage of time. The second is to see the sigh caused by birds returning to their nests; Moreover, when you look in the mirror, you can see that your temples are stained with frost, your clothes are getting wider and wider, and your feelings are infinite, but your poems are speechless. The last two sentences lead to Hyunri's self-denial, which shows his devotion to heaven and earth and his righteous heart.