Relegated poems
1. Basic knowledge of relegated poems
(1) Three major elements of relegated poems:
The political future is bleak , the poet felt inner pain, and the natural environment of the place where he was relegated was harsh.
(2) Classification of relegated poets
The relegated poets we have come across, Qu Yuan and Liu Zongyuan, belong to the same category, with depressed and sad moods. The vast majority of relegated poems in the Tang Dynasty, It is based on "resentment" and is generally a sad outpouring of resentment or an angry struggle.
Liu Yuxi and Su Shi belong to the same group. They have strong psychological endurance, are not knocked down by criticism, and show a broad-minded, optimistic and positive attitude towards life. After being demoted, Liu Yuxi was still able to sing an inspirational song in "Autumn Ci", "Autumn has been sad and lonely since ancient times, I say autumn is better than spring.", showing a detached attitude towards the gains and losses in life. There is always a process of "from not thinking about it to thinking about it" in Su Shi's poems. Take a closer look at his "Shui Diao Ge Tou? When Will the Bright Moon Come" and "Red Cliff Ode", we all have this idea. At first, I felt worried and angry, tossing and turning, and couldn't sleep. But then I saw a beautiful scenery and was inspired by it. I abandoned all the dust and tiredness and regained my inner indifference and tranquility.
Representative poets:
1. Li Bai: From wild romance to grief and indignation
2. Wang Changling: From majestic and lofty to clear and elegant
3. Han Yu: From tense situation to loneliness and desolation
4. Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi: relegated throughout their lives
5. Liu Zongyuan’s resentment and anger
6. Liu Yuxi’s Open-minded and bright
(3), common images
Choice of environmental objects
The guilty person will be punished by administrative demotion and be sent to a wild and uncivilized place. It is a barren place, so poems often contain descriptions of the harsh natural environment, such as: "South China Sea Storm", "Xijiang Miasma", "Yellow Reed Bitter Bamboo", "Bashan Chushui" and other objects or place names, which have also become the poet's The pain that will never go away from my heart.
Guiyan: The desire to return to one’s homeland or capital.
"The geese flying south under the Yangyue Moon are rumored to be back here. I have not finished my journey, when will I come back." (Song Zhiwen's "Inscription on Dayuling North Station")
River water: symbolizes the poet's full of melancholy, or his feelings about the passage of time and historical changes.
"The cold stream water is not locked after the door is closed, and the gurgling water sends away the sorrow of the guests all night." (Li She's "Residence at Wuguan")
"The water of the Yangtze River is flowing, and the long and distant guests feel." (Wei Chengqing's "Farewell to My Brother Southbound")
Vanilla and citrus: symbolize people's noble quality.
"Hu Jiangli and Pizhixi are admired by Ren Qiulan. In the morning, I greet you with magnolias, and in the evening, I greet you in the wilderness." (Qu Yuan's "Li Sao")
Other common images: wind and frost, rain and snow, sunset, partridges, apes, green mountains, boats on flowing water, the moon, fallen flowers and leaves, solitary lanterns, hibiscus, fluffy grass, and 蜜荔
蜜荔, in the Songs of Chu , is a symbol of good moral character.
Hold the roots of the trees to form knots, and penetrate the fallen pistils of the pomegranates. The fungus and osmanthus are used to embroider the hui, and the hu rope is tied to the genggen (Li Sao)
The mulberry, cypress and hui silk are used, and the sun and radials are used to decorate the jing. Collecting sedge and lychees in the water, and picking hibiscus and wood powder. (Xiang Jun)
The only thing is to cut off the prunus and peel it off. (Mrs. Xiang) If someone comes to the mountains, he will be taken by Xili and his daughter. (Mountain Ghost)
In later Tang Dynasty poems, it is a portrayal of neglect and even misery.
The turbulent wind disturbed the hibiscus water, and the dense rain slanted into the Xili wall. (Liu Zongyuan)
(4) Commonly used techniques
1. Bixing: Considering the special situation of the officials who demoted officials, the literature about demoting officials often adopts the technique of Bixing, which is expressed in a tortuous way. own emotions. For example, the love between men and women is used to describe the relationship between monarch and ministers, and he is good at writing about herbs, beauties, etc., represented by Qu Yuan.
2. Express emotions through scenery (embodiing feelings in the scenery and blending the scenes): "The storm stirred up the hibiscus water", "The dense rain slanted into the sedge wall", the poet expressed his life experience in the description of the scenery without revealing anything. The pun is a pun that implies lamenting the perils of the official career. Jingfeng and dense rain are like the evil forces destroying themselves. Hibiscus and Xili symbolize the beauty and purity of personality. The flowers and herbs were attacked by the storm, and I felt the worry, confusion and heavy mood of the poet after he was demoted.
3. Yongdian (reciting history and expressing nostalgia): After being demoted, they looked for stories about the ancients from history, and expressed their feelings euphemistically by chanting history and expressing nostalgia for the past. For example, Su Shi's "Niannujiao? Chibi Nostalgia" portrays the heroic image of Zhou Yu, and uses Zhou Yu's story to express his sadness of political failure and his great ambition to make achievements.
4. Contrast: Feeling the changes in identity and the contrast between the past and present, literature about official demotion often uses contrasting techniques. For example, "A letter is written in the morning to the nine heavens, and it is demoted to eight thousand people on Chaozhou Road in the evening." "Chao" is played in the "Xi", and the destiny changes drastically in one day. A memorial is in sharp contrast to Lu Baqian, and the sadness and anger are contained in it.
5. Express one's feelings directly: When officials are about to run out of words, they often cannot help but express one's feelings directly. The descriptions of scenes in derogatory poems often contain strong subjective emotions, and sometimes poets will express them directly. "The apes cry and the guests scatter at the end of the river at dusk, and the people are sad and the water flows away" (Liu Changqing's "Resending Pei Langzhong to Jizhou") "Leaning on the couplets until the end of the day, what will I say when I am lonely" (Liu Zongyuan's "Watching the West Garden at Midnight on the Moon") "), etc., all express their sadness and anger clearly and directly with words such as "resentment", "sadness", "sadness", and "loneliness".
6. Contrast
7. Combination of virtuality and reality
8. Symbols, metaphors, and ambitions: Due to the decline in power status, most frustrated poets feel depressed. Instead of stating it clearly, symbols, metaphors or objects have become his usual methods of expressing his thoughts in poems. For example, "If you want to cross the Yellow River, you will have to climb the Taihang Mountains covered with snow" (Li Bai's "The Road Is Difficult"). "Ice-blocked rivers" and "snow-covered mountains" symbolize obstacles such as the power of political enemies on the official career; "Conquer Peng and leave the Han Dynasty" , Returning wild geese into the Hutian" (Wang Wei's "Envoy to the Fortress"), the poet compared himself with "Peng" and "Wild Geese", saying that he came to the Han Fortress like fluffy grass blown away by the wind, like fluttering his wings to the north The flying "Guiyan" also enters the "Hutian", implying the inner anger and depression.
(5) Ideological content
1. Express the grievances, melancholy, frustration, dissatisfaction, and even indignation of being demoted due to loyalty.
2. Missing one’s hometown, relatives and friends (the feeling of homesickness and nostalgia for one’s relatives) (the longing for the capital is actually the longing for the good life and relatives and friends in the past, including the attachment and pursuit of political ideals or even power). For example, Liu Zongyuan's "Looking at the Mountains with the Master Hao Chu to Send Relatives to Beijing": "The sharp mountains by the sea are like sword rays, and autumn comes and cuts the heart of sorrow everywhere. If you are transformed into a thousand billions, they disperse to the peak and look at your hometown."
3. The feeling that time flies by and ambitions are hard to achieve. For example, Xin Qiji's "Broken Zhenzi: Composing a Poetry for Chen Tongfu": "I was drunk and read the sword with the lamp on, and I dreamed of blowing the trumpet in the company camp. ... I solved the affairs of the king and the world, and won the reputation before and after my life. This pity happened in vain!" (Xin Qiji at that time! Being dismissed from office and living in Daihu, Jiangxi Province)
4. Despite the wind and rain, he has a broad-minded and optimistic attitude.
5. It expresses the mentality of admiring the mountains and rivers and retreating to the countryside in order to seek self-liberation.
6. The more frustrated you are, the more courageous you become, and the confidence that you can make a comeback. For example, Li Bai's "Three Poems on a Difficult Journey (Part 1)": "The journey is difficult, the journey is difficult, and there are many divergent roads, but now I am safe. There will be strong winds and waves, and I will hang up my cloud sails to help the sea. (Written by the author when he left Chang'an)"
7. The pain of traveling in prison, the sorrow of a hero who has lost his way, the anger and melancholy of being born at the wrong time and having unappreciated talents. ("Where is Yun Heng's home in Qinling? The snow embraces the blue gate and the horse stops moving forward.").
8. Be persistent and self-sufficient. For example, Wang Changling's "Farewell to Xin Jian at the Furong Tower": "The cold rain comes to Wu at night, and I see off my guest in Chushan in the bright morning. Relatives and friends in Luoyang are asking each other, and their hearts are as cold as in the jade pot." (written when the poet was demoted to Long Biaowei) )
9. Express the ambivalence of not forgetting to serve the country and paying attention to the common people after being demoted, but being a hero has no place to play.
10. Ridicule and resentment towards the treacherous villain.