In 2002, the Chinese examination questions in the college entrance examination were greatly reformed, the main feature of which was to increase the proportion of subjective questions in the whole volume, among which the reform of poetry appreciation questions was particularly noticeable. Some students reported that because the exercises of poetry appreciation are usually multiple-choice questions, there is no way to change them into subjective questions at once. In fact, after studying the outline and sample questions, the author found that doing this kind of questions is not arbitrary, but there are still many rules to follow. In addition, we need to master some appreciation terms, so that we can easily achieve "one goal". Through research, I divide poetry appreciation into the following levels (for the convenience of memory, some sub-items are not completely tied):
I. Language proficiency
Wang Anshi called the language of poetry "the language of poets", which means that the language of poetry is different from other stylistic terms. In the college entrance examination, we need to focus on the following aspects at the language level.
Verbs: When appreciating poetry, we should pay attention to verbs, especially those with "multiple meanings".
Example 1: You remember the Qingxi Banli Bridge, where there was no old red board and there were too few people in Qiushui. There is no one at sunset, leaving a weeping willow. ("Regret for the Past Jiangnan" Kong)
The word "leftover" here attracts people's attention, and the author doesn't need to "leftover" or "see". Its beauty lies in that although the meaning of "leftover" is similar to that of "leftover", the word "leftover" is generally passive and has the meaning of "leftover" and "leftover". In addition, the word "leftover" is time-sensitive and gives people a sense of helplessness. "Stay" is not that meaningful. "Seeing" is only temporary, and it can't give people a sense of change by comparing the past and the present.
Exodus 2: Why should a strong brother blame the willow? The spring breeze does not pass through Yumen Pass.
The word "resentment" obviously uses personification, which is not only the emotion in the song, but also the heart of the piper.
Ex. 3: Petals fall like tears, and lonely birds sing their sorrows.
The words "splash" and "shock" are not only fresh words, but also add to the poet's inner pain of hating others.
Example 4: Mist from Yungu and Menggu enveloped Yueyang City.
"Steaming" and "shaking" are somewhat exaggerated.
Exodus 5: Rain makes the flowers wet, but the wind makes the leaves dim. ("Suburban Xing" Wang Bo)
Look at this poem. It is unusual to say that "wet" is "light" and "thin" is "shadow". Wang Bo described the short-lasting spring rain. There is no rain on the flowers after the rain, and they are more moist under the sunlight. So the word "wet" is extremely accurate. The word "light" is full of energy, so the word "light" is affectionate. The wind stopped, and under the sunshine, the night shadow was clear and sparse, and the word "sparse" appeared, indicating that the sun was coming from the leaf shadow. It is written completely according to the lifestyle and looks very poetic. The words here are wonderful.
Modifiers: mostly adjectives, but also the focus of poetry appreciation.
Example 1: The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and there is an isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain.
A word "loneliness" can describe the loneliness of the environment and reach people's hearts directly.
Example 2: sneak into the night with the wind and moisten things silently.
Good. The pulse is continuous. It's about opportunities created by nature, which is the closest.
Example 3: Young married women in boudoir don't know how to worry, so they put on Cui Lou in spring. Suddenly I saw the green willows, and I felt uncomfortable; Oh, I regret that I shouldn't have asked my husband to find Hou Feng. ("in my heart forever" Wang Changling)
After dressing up, the young woman rushed to Cuilou to enjoy the spring scenery. At this time, the author used a word "suddenly", which means casual and just right. Encounter: The willow color that broke into her eyes reminded her of the scene of folding willows with her husband, and she couldn't help but feel sad when she thought of her husband. This is a young woman with a childish face. A word "suddenly" vividly describes this emotional change, which is exactly what this poem is intriguing.
③ Special words: In poetry, some words are unique in themselves, and readers can find them quickly:
A. Reduplicated words: Reduplicated words have two functions: enhancing the sense of rhythm of language or playing an emphasis role.
The willows in Jiang Shuiping are green, and I can hear the songs on the Langjiang River. (《lt； "Zhuzhi Ci" Part I, "Liu Yuxi")
Every day, new peaches are exchanged for old ones. ("Yuan Ri" Wang Anshi)
Looking around, lonely and sad. ("Slow Whispering" Li Qingzhao)
B Onomatopoeic words: Some onomatopoeic words are overlapping words, so they are listed separately because of their high frequency. It has a function: to make poetry more vivid and make people feel immersive.
Outside the curtain, the rain is gurgling, spring is fading, and Luo Can can't stand the cold. ("Langtaosha" Li Wei)
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. ("Ascending the Mountain" Du Fu)
C. Words expressing colors: These words are sometimes used as predicates, sometimes as attributes, and sometimes as subjects or objects. But there is only one function. Color generally expresses mood, enhances the color sense and picture sense of description, and renders the atmosphere.
Ten miles after the spring breeze, the wheat is green. ("Yangzhou Slow" Jiang Kui)
Lotus root is fragrant, and jade is lingering in autumn. ("A Plum Piece of Li Qingzhao")
The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. ("Shu Xiang" Du Fu)
④ Overall evaluation: The focus of overall evaluation of language is that some terms can be used. In the style of poetry, there are bold and graceful words, and so are poems and songs. But the special appreciation conditions are:
Excited and loud.
Elegant and beautiful.
Gorgeous language, extremely fine ability.
Language is simple and meaningful.
In the language structure, inverted tables emphasize, for example:
In the fragrance of rice and flowers, people talk about the harvest of a year, and frogs croak in their ears, as if in a bumper harvest year. ("Xijiang Moon" Xin Qiji)
The fragrant rice pecked at the parrot's grain, and the branches of the old phoenix perched in Wu Bi. ("Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity" Du Fu)
The listing of images is to make the description more lens-like, which is the film language;
Old vines and faint crows, small bridges and flowing water. ("Tianjingsha? Qiu Si (Ma Zhiyuan)
Riding a princess in the world of mortals talking and laughing (Du Mu, Huaqing Palace quatrains).
The waning moon in Xiao Feng, Yang Liuan (Liu Lingyong, Yu Lin).
Two. Content level
The content level mainly refers to grasping the appreciation of poetry from the content. The college entrance examination syllabus requires students to master the general meaning and artistic techniques of poetry, which shows that this topic will not be difficult. Therefore, it is still necessary to "grasp the key points" and "understand the terminology" in the content.
(1) Pay attention to scenery and feelings, things and feelings; The relationship between scenery and people, things and people;
Terminology: A. Lyricism by borrowing scenery (Autumn in the Mountains by Wang Wei) B. Lyricism by supporting things (Yongfeng by Wang Bo) C. Feeling the injury (Knowing) D. Blending scenes E. Controlling scenery with emotion F. Lyricism by scenery.
② Pay attention to the relationship between ancient and modern poetry genres: technical terms: A. Borrowing the ancient to hurt the present B. Borrowing the ancient to satirize the present ("Visiting the Ancient in Vietnam" by Li Bai) C. Comparing the past with the present D. Nostalgia for the past hurts oneself ("Nostalgia for Gubeiting in Yonghe Lejingkou" by Xin Qiji).
③ Special images:
Some things have specific symbolic meanings in themselves, and these things appear in poetry, so we should give priority to these special symbolic meanings as the appreciation direction. For example, three friends (pine, bamboo and plum) and chrysanthemums symbolize noble character, peach blossoms symbolize beauty, and birds symbolize freedom.
(4) Use allusions skillfully and turn them into poems of predecessors. This aspect requires students' extracurricular reading and history knowledge, but sometimes it is very obvious. For example, Du Mu's poem "Never had fun" in Yangzhou Slow (Jiang Kui) The story of Tuoba Tao in Gu Bei Ting Ji Jing Kou Nostalgia (Xin Qiji) is familiar to everyone. Like "Farewell Pavilion" (Wang Shifu), "Tears are red and wetter than Sima Qing's shirt." But which of them cried the most? , this Jiujiang officer. It is obvious that my blue sleeves were wet in Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip. This poem.
⑤ There are two kinds of poems: lyric poems and narrative poems, among which there is a kind of mystery poem, which is small in number but has great influence. The truth contained in these poems only needs students to point it out a little. It is particularly important to note that these poems are all about specific things, which is their * * * similarity. In the works of several great poets, such as Du Fu, Lu You and Su Shi, we can often see sentences with far-reaching meaning.
"Jiangshan is waiting, Liu Hua is selfless." ("After Tour" Du Fu)
Writing a portrait of a beautiful country is waiting for people to appreciate, to illustrate the selfless truth of nature.
"The heart of water is indisputable, and it is too late for the cloud to care." ("Jiang Ting" Du Fu)
Seeing that the water is slow, the clouds are still, and the idea of flying is stagnant.
"Think of the mountain side as a mountain peak, and the distance is different. I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but toward which corner of the mountain. " ("Title Xilin Wall" Su Shi)
This poem shows that you are trapped in it and can't jump out. You are often confused by various phenomena and can't see the truth of the incident clearly.
In addition, the more famous reasoning poem, such as Zhu's Random Thoughts on Reading, says, "Open a square pond of half an acre, and the sky is high and the clouds are light." . Ask where the canal is so clear, because there is running water from the source. ""Last night, in the river, Meng Chong's boat shone. It's always a waste of time. Today is Freedom Day. "Lu You's Tour of Shanxi Village" "There is no doubt in the mountains and rivers, and there is another village in the dark. "Wang Zhihuan is in the Heron Villa, but you can broaden your horizons by going up a flight of stairs. Wait a minute.
Three. Extended dimension
The expansion level mainly refers to grasping poetry as a whole and improving one's appreciation ability to a higher level.
Artistic conception and thoughts and feelings: the main terms are melancholy, depression, cheerful, generous, euphemistic, implicit, empty, frank, natural, humorous and plain. In addition, thoughts and feelings sometimes have levels. The main terms are: "expanding and deepening layer by layer" and "feeling surging".
② Lyrics: The main terms are "direct lyricism" and "indirect lyricism".
(3) Rhetoric: Rhetoric is applied to poetry, and its function is roughly the same as other styles. The metaphor is more vivid (just like the strong wind in spring, which blows at night and blows open the petals of 10 thousand pear trees. ), personification is to personalize things. ), rhetorical question to emphasize (if two feelings are long, is it sooner or later? ), exaggeration is to emphasize and highlight (white hair, three thousands of feet, long sorrow), duality is to enhance the musical beauty of poetry, concise expressive beauty, lyrical beauty, and enhance the external formal beauty of poetry (leaves fall like a waterfall, but I think the long river is always rolling forward), and summoning is to express feelings more directly. What students should do is to discover rhetoric and directly explain its function. One thing that deserves special attention in rhetoric is contrast. The technical terms are "moving with quietness" and "quietness with sound". ("Birds stay in trees by the pool, monks knock on the moon gate", "The cicada forest is quieter, and the Yingong Mountain is more secluded").
Multi-angle appreciation: Some poems render the atmosphere from hearing, touch, vision and other aspects, enriching the content of poems.
Four. Complementary size
Students should pay attention to "Three Notices" when answering subjective appreciation questions;
First, we should pay attention to the topic selection, some of which are suggestive in themselves: Yang Jiong joined the army, Li Bai visited ancient times in Vietnam, and bid farewell to Meng Haoran on his way to Yangzhou, Luo's Political Prisoner Listening to Cicada, Du Fu's and so on.
Second, pay attention to the author. Generally, the selected poems can represent the author's main creative style, such as Xin Qiji and Mao Zedong's bold words, Liu Yong and Qin Guan's graceful words, Li Bai's romantic poems, Wang Wei's "painting in poetry" and so on. Paying attention to this is very beneficial to the overall appreciation.
Third, we should pay attention to annotations, which are the most noteworthy content in appreciation. Although it is only a few words, it is a hint from the questioner. Some introduce the writing background and hint at the ideological content of your poem; Some of them are introductions of related poems, suggesting the allusions or artistic conception of your poems. Sometimes introducing the author hints at the writing style of your poem. So, be sure to study your notes carefully!
It is no exaggeration to say that poetry appreciation is half the battle if the "three essentials" are achieved.