From the genre of poetry, it can be divided into two categories: ancient poetry and new poetry. Ancient poems can be divided into modern poems and ancient poems (ancient style), and modern poems can be divided into metrical poems (metrical poems [five-character metrical poems, seven-character metrical poems], quatrains [five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains]), words and songs. New poems include free poems (vernacular poems produced since the May 4th Movement), prose poems (lyric poems expressed in prose) and folk songs (poems circulated by the people and created collectively).
Ancient poetry includes poems and songs.
1. From the form of poetry can be divided into:
(1) Ancient poems, including ancient poems (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems. Pay attention to the styles of ancient poetry such as Song, Song Xing, Quotations, Qu and Ling, which also belong to ancient poetry. Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu.
② Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains.
③ Ci, also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. According to different words, it can be divided into long tone (9 1 word or more), middle tone (59-90 words) and short tone (58 words or less). Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A paragraph of a word is called a que or an article, the first paragraph is called Qianque, Shangque and Shangpian, and the second paragraph is called Houque, Xiaque and Xiapian.
④ Qu, also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used. Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.
2. From the theme of poetry can be divided into:
Lyrics about scenery, lyrics about scenic spots and natural scenery. Because of their dissatisfaction with reality, some ancient poets often attached their feelings to mountains and rivers, and expressed their thoughts and feelings by describing the scenery of rivers and lakes and natural scenery. This kind of poetry often contains the feelings expressed by the scenery described later, which is what people often say. Its style is fresh and natural.
(2) Poetry is expressed by chanting things, in which the poet describes the shape, characteristics, charm and personality of chanting things, so as to entrust the poet's own feelings and express the poet's spirit, quality or ideal.
(3) I feel nostalgic about poetry, because one thing causes the poet's feelings, such as homesickness, homesickness and friends.
(4) Memorizing the past and chanting epic poems, taking historical allusions as the theme, or expressing their opinions, or satirizing the present through the past, or expressing vicissitudes of life.
⑤ Poems describing frontier battles, describing frontier scenery and the military life of frontier soldiers, or expressing optimism and heroism or homesickness, with tragic style and bold brushwork.
Metric: the general name for the formal requirements of classical poetry. "Ge" is the format, including the number of sentences in a certain poetic style, the number of words in each sentence, the rhythm, the format (sentence pattern) of some sentences, antithesis (similar to rhetoric "duality") and so on. "Rhythm" is rhythm, including the level of each word in each sentence, the rhyme of the sentence, the requirements of rhyme and so on.
From the perspective of meter, poetry can be divided into classical poetry and modern poetry. Ancient poetry is also called ancient poetry or ancient style; Modern poetry is also called modern poetry or metrical poetry, including quatrains. From the word count, there are four-character poems, five-character poems, six-character poems and seven-character poems. There are few four-character poems and six-character poems.
Classical poetry is written in the style of ancient poetry. To put it simply, any poem that is not written according to the rhythm of modern poetry and is not bound by the rhythm of modern poetry is a classical poem (regardless of this book).
Modern poetry can be roughly divided into three types: regular poetry, exclusive poetry and quatrains.
Modern poetry is represented by metrical poetry, which is written according to certain rules. Although there are many exquisite rhymes, even lines, antithesis and so on. Metric poetry mainly has the following four characteristics:
(1) Each song is limited to eight sentences, with 40 words in five laws and 56 words in seven laws;
(2) They are all rhymed;
(3) stipulate the level of each sentence;
(4) Every song should have antithesis, and the position of antithesis is also stipulated.
There is a kind of metrical poem with more than eight sentences, which is called long law. The long law is generally five words, and the number of rhymes is often marked on the topic. For example, Wang Wei's "Henan Yan Yin Di visits others to give ten rhymes" is one hundred words; Bai Juyi's "Poems with Hundred Rhymes" is a thousand words. This long method uses antithesis except tail (or head-tail), so it is also called parallelism.
The number of words in quatrains is half less than that in metrical poems, which is equivalent to half a metrical poem in form, so metrical requirements are the same as metrical poems.
In addition, the five principles and seven essential points are
First of all, these concepts are not independent, they sometimes cross each other.
Ancient poetry is divided into two categories, one is ancient poetry, the other is modern poetry.
Modern poetry includes metrical poems and quatrains.
Quatrain
China's poetic style. Also known as broken sentences, broken sentences and broken poems. Each song has four sentences, usually five or seven words. Known as the five wonders, seven wonders, and occasionally six wonders. It originated from the ballads of the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties. After the Tang Dynasty, quatrains in the near aspect prevailed, and the meter was the same as the first, last or middle four sentences in eight metrical poems. Therefore, some people in the Tang Dynasty attributed quatrains to metrical poems, and some scholars thought quatrains were half of metrical poems. Quatrains are flexible and light, suitable for expressing fleeting thoughts and feelings, widely used by poets, and their creations are more prosperous than others. Jueju is also considered as the Yuefu in Tang Dynasty (which will be explained in detail later).
Lvshi
A modern poem of China. The meter is very strict Originated in the Southern Dynasties, regular poems require the unity of words. Each poem consists of five, six and seven sentences, which are referred to as five, six and seven words for short, of which six words are rare. The usual metrical poems stipulate 8 sentences each. If there are only six sentences, it is called a small law or a three-rhyme poem; More than 8 sentences, that is, 10 sentences, are called exclusive laws or long laws. Usually eight paragraphs are completed, and every two sentences form a couplet, which counts as four paragraphs. It is customary to call the first couplet a title, the second couplet a parallel, the third couplet a neck couplet and the fourth couplet a sentence. The upper and lower sentences of two or three couplets (namely, parallel couplets and neck couplets) of each song must be antithetical sentences. In addition to the first and last couplet, the middle couplet must be duplicated. The dual requirements of secondary laws are more extensive. Rhyme requires the whole poem to rhyme, and the rhyme is limited; The second, fourth, sixth and eighth sentences rhyme, the first sentence can be put on or off, and the words of each rhyming sentence are flat. In the upper and lower sentences, there are two kinds of "flat" and "flat". In addition, the metrical requirements of metrical poems also apply to quatrains. In a word, the difference is that quatrains are four sentences and metrical poems are eight.
Poetry in ancient style
Ancient poetry, also known as ancient poetry and ancient style, has four words, five words, six words, seven words and miscellaneous words. Five words are referred to as "Five Ancient" and seven words are referred to as "Seven Ancient". Classical poetry does not limit the number of sentences, does not seek antithesis, and does not talk much about leveling, so the rhyme is more free. Compared with classical poetry, modern poetry came into being later, originated in the Southern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty. Among them, metrical poems are fixed in form and rigorous in meter, with eight sentences each. A single sentence is called antithesis, and a double sentence is called antithesis. Together, they are called couplets. One or two sentences are called first couplet, three or four sentences are called parallel couplet, five or six sentences are called neck couplet, and seven or eight sentences are called tail couplet. Parallel couplets and necklaces are generally antithetical. The first sentence can rhyme but not rhyme, usually the rhyme is flat. Five words are called "Five Laws", seven words are called "Seven Laws" and more than ten sentences are called "Exclusion Laws". Among them, quatrains are also called quatrains and quatrains. It seems that half of the metrical poems are intercepted, each with four sentences. As far as its specifications are concerned, some of the couplets behind it are antithetical, similar to the first couplet and parallel couplet of regular poems; Some of the front couplets are antithetical, similar to the neck couplets and tail couplets of rhythmic poems; Some of the couplets are antithetical sentences, similar to the couplets and necklaces of metrical poems; Some don't have to type, similar to the first and last couplet of rhyme. The rhyme of a quatrain is two or four sentences, usually flat rhyme. If the first sentence rhymes, it is also flat. There are two kinds of quatrains: five-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains.
Han Yuefu In the Middle Ages in China, during the Han, Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties, the central government always set up a special official Yuefu to manage music and songs, and was responsible for collecting and sorting out all kinds of music and singing with poems. These poems sung by music are called Yuefu poems, also called Yuefu for short. Stylistically, Yuefu poems are mainly composed of five words, seven words and miscellaneous words. The sentence pattern is flexible and free, the language is natural and fluent, easy to understand, catchy and full of life breath. His ideological content is mainly 1, which reflects the pain of ordinary people being enslaved and persecuted by monarchs and officials;
2. It reflects the pain of people being displaced;
3. Criticized the decadent life of the upper class. His artistry mainly includes;
1, narrative elements account for a large proportion, and characters are shaped through narrative. Starting from Yuefu, China's narrative poems began a new era;
2. Bixing is widely used, which is not found in previous poems;
3. There are various forms, including four sentences, five sentences and miscellaneous sentences, and the language is lively. Yuefu folk songs inherit and carry forward the tradition of The Book of Songs, and their ideological content and artistry have reached a high level. The difference between it and modern poetry lies in its flexible and free sentence patterns, wide use of metaphors, various forms and lively language. Quatrains and metrical poems pay attention to strict meter, level tone and rhyme, concise language and artistic conception.