Ancient Chinese inventions
Representatives include: papermaking, printing, gunpowder and compass, etc.
Construction Industry
Yu Hao Architecture Early Northern Song Dynasty "The Wooden Classic" Yu Hao, also known as Yu Hao, was an architect in China in the late Five Dynasties and early Northern Song Dynasty. Born in Hangzhou, his most outstanding building design is the Inspiration Tower in the Kaibao Temple in Anyuanmen, Bianliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province). He also wrote a book on woodworking crafts - "The Wooden Classic", *** 3 volumes. He is known as the creator of Taruban.
Li Chun Bridge Design 605~617 Zhaozhou Bridge Li Chun - from 605 to 617, he pioneered the open-shoulder arch bridge with a small belly arch on the main arch plan. The famous Zhaozhou Bridge was designed by him.
Ding Huan Inventor Han Dynasty Incense burner, permanent lamp, rotating fan Ding Huan - Han Dynasty, born in Chang'an in 180. The items invented include the quilt incense burner, the permanent lamp, and the rotating fan, which are known as Chang'an's craftsmanship.
Mathematics
Zu Chongzhi of the Southern Dynasty used Liu Wei's cutting technique to calculate π more accurately - 3.1415926〈π〈3.1415927
Liu Wei Mathematics 225 ~ In 295, Liu Wei, the art of cutting figures - Liu Wei during the Wei and Jin Dynasties invented the method of cutting figures, and he took the value of π to be 3.14. He also invented a new division of dielectric equations. The problem of indefinite equations was raised, and the first few terms and formulas of arithmetic series were established. Liu Weiying should be compared with Euclid and Archimedes.
Zhu Shijie Mathematics Yuan Dynasty "Four Yuan Jade Mirror" Zhu Shijie - a Chinese mathematician in the Yuan Dynasty. In 1299, it was compiled into China's first arithmetic enlightenment book, which formed a relatively complete system from the four arithmetic operations to Tianyuan Shu. In 1303, he wrote "Si Yuan Yu Jian", which promoted Tian Yuan Shu as "Si Yuan Shu", which is a solution to high-order equations (including up to 4 unknown numbers). It was not until 1775 that Europe proposed the same solution - the elimination method. Sutton, an American historian of science, commented that his "Four Yuan Jade Mirror" is one of the most outstanding mathematical works in the world.
Qin Jiushao Mathematics 1202~1247 Qin Jiushao—— 1202~1247 He created the "Dayan Technique" for solving congruence equations once a day iiygjhgjjyhj and the positive and negative square root method for numerical solutions to higher-order equations. Qin Jiushao—— 1202~1247 Year, Chinese mathematician. Written in "Nine Chapters of the Book of Numbers".
Li Zhi's Mathematics, "Ziyuan Haijing" Li Zhi - Chinese mathematician, author of "Zhiyuan Haijing" is China's first giant book that systematically retells "Tian Yuan Shu".
Sun Tzu Sun Tzu’s Calculation Classic during the Three Kingdoms Period - In 300 AD, Sun Tzu wrote the book "Sun Tzu's Calculation Classic" entitled "The Origin of the Multiplication and Remainder Theorem" titled "Things Don't Know How to Count", which systematically discussed the calculation and counting system.
Astronomy
Zhang Heng Astronomy Eastern Han Dynasty Zhang Heng, the water leaking armillary sphere and the wind seismograph, was an astronomer during the Eastern Han Dynasty in China. In terms of understanding of the structure of the universe, Zhang Heng is one of the representatives of the Huntian Theory. He believes that the sky is like an egg shell and the earth is like an egg yolk. The sky is big and the earth is small. He believes that there is an infinite universe beyond the sky shell. Zhang Heng designed and manufactured a leaky armillary sphere and a wind seismometer, and made many observations and analyzes of the sun, moon and stars. He measured the angular diameter of the sun and moon to be 1/736 of a circumference, or 29'24'. He counted about 2,500 stars that can be seen in the Central Plains of China. In order to commemorate Zhang Heng's outstanding contribution to astronomy, the International Astronomical Society named a crater on the moon "Zhang Heng Crater".
Guo Shoujing Astronomy Yuan Dynasty Gaobiao, Linglong Instrument, Observatory 16 Instruments Guo Shoujing - an outstanding astronomer in the Yuan Dynasty of China. He created 16 kinds of instruments, including Gaomiao, Linglong, and Observatory, which were specially used to measure celestial bodies. A simple instrument was also made, which is now in the Purple Mountain Observatory. Guo Shoujing measured the angle between Huang and Chi. French scientist Laplace proposed the theory that the yellow-red intersection angle becomes smaller, citing Guo Shoujing's theory. Danish astronomer Tycho made similar measurements 300 years later than Guo Shoujing.
Shi Shen Astronomy The first astronomical masterpiece "Tian Wen" during the Warring States Period Shi Shen - an astronomer during the Warring States Period, Shi Shen's first astronomical masterpiece "Tian Wen". After the Western Han Dynasty, people respected the book "Tianwen" as "Shi's Star Classic". The positions of 121 stars are marked in the book. The movement and eclipses of the five planets of water, wood, metal, fire and earth are also recorded in the book. Shi Shen compiled the earliest star catalog. It is also called "Shaoyang" and has realized that it can shine by itself.
Liu Zhuo Astronomy Sui Dynasty "Huangji Li" Liu Zhuo - an astronomer of the Sui Dynasty. When he created the "Huangji Calendar", he first took into account the uneven motion of the sun and moon and created the equal-spaced quadratic difference interpolation method. Calculate the speed of apparent motion of the sun and moon. At the same time, he changed the year difference to 75 years and one degree difference.
Yixing Astronomy Tang Dynasty "Dayan Calendar" Yixing - an astronomer of the Tang Dynasty. He compiled a new calendar, the Dayan Calendar, which included ten calendars and was a very advanced calendar in ancient times. As early as the 13th century BC, the Chinese created a lunisolar calendar based on the movements of the sun and moon.
Yang Zhongfu, litterateur, Southern Song Dynasty, "Tongtian Calendar" Yang Zhongfu - an astronomer during the Southern Song Dynasty in China.
He created the Tongtian Calendar, in which he determined the length of the return year to be 365.2425 days. And it was found that the length of the tropical year has a phenomenon of waxing and waning.
Luo Xiahong Astronomy Han Dynasty Equatorial Instrument Luo Xiahong - an astronomer of the Han Dynasty in China. He modified the equatorial instrument and established the basic structure of the equatorial armillary sphere.
Su Song Astronomy Song Dynasty Planetarium Su Song - an astronomer of the Song Dynasty in China. Cooperating with Han Gonglian, he made a planetarium and a water-borne telescope, which were the first planetarium in ancient China. It is 8 people tall and has a door on each floor. When the time comes, the door opens and the wooden man comes out to tell the time. (There is a clepsydra and mechanical system at the back).
Mechanical
Xin Qiniang 10th century Kongming lantern, revolving lantern Xin Qiniang - In the 10th century, Xin Qiniang invented the rosin lantern (Kongming lantern) as a signal light during war. This was the earliest Chinese Use a hot air balloon. At the same time, the revolving lantern was invented, which was the ancestor of the aviation gas turbine.
Ma Jun Mechanical Design Keel Waterwheel (also called Rollover) in the Three Kingdoms Period Ma Jun - a native of Wei, an outstanding mechanical designer and inventor. During the Three Kingdoms period, the keel waterwheel (also called a rollover) was invented, which could continuously lift water. The water machine for irrigation was Jumei. The structure is very ingenious and is known as the most clever thing in the world.
Geology
Pei Xiu 224~271 founded the theory of drawing flat maps "Six Cartography" Pei Xiu - the first to create the theory of drawing flat maps "Six Cartography" in China body". And drew the "Yugong Regional Map".
Shen Kuo, scientist in the Song Dynasty, was the first to propose the naming of petroleum. Shen Kuo - 1031~1095, was a scientist in the Song Dynasty. He was the first to propose the naming of petroleum. Shen Kuo discovered that a thin thread was tied to the center of a magnetic needle (compass) and hung up. After observation and discovery, it was written into his book "Mengxi Bi Tan". Later, people used needles made of magnets as compasses and compass tables. The Italians Marco and Polo who traveled to the East in the 13th century saw the compass and spread it to Europe.
Four Great Inventions
Cai Lun 62~121 Paper Cai Lun - From 62 to 121, Cai Lun successfully made paper using bark, hemp heads, rags, and old fishing nets as raw materials. In 105 AD, he reported this invention to the emperor. In 114 AD, he was granted the title of Marquis Longting by the emperor. At that time, people called the paper Caihou paper. In the 12th century, papermaking was indirectly introduced to Europe. In the 13th century, the Mongols used Caihou paper to issue the first banknotes in Persia. In the 14th century, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan also began to use paper money. Playing cards then spread to Europe via Arab countries.
Bi Sheng 1041~1048 Movable type printing Bi Sheng - 1041~1048, a native of the Northern Song Dynasty in China. Invented movable type printing.
"Tiangongkaiwu·Gunpowder" by Yingxing of the Ming and Song Dynasties: "All gunpowder is mainly saltpeter and sulfur, supplemented by plant ash. The nature of nitrate is to yin, and the nature of sulfur is to yang. The two gods of yin and yang meet in a seamless place. When it comes out, the characters are shaken and shaken. " "Yetan Suilu·Fengzi" by He Bang'e of the Qing Dynasty says: "Yu took the gunpowder and shot it at the woman." Chapter 1, Section 1, of Mao Zedong's "Chinese Revolution and the Communist Party of China": "Very early on, China had the invention of the compass. Eighteen hundred years ago, the papermaking method was invented. In Thirteen hundred years ago, block printing was invented. Eight hundred years ago, the use of gunpowder was also invented. ”
Physics
< p>Du's poem 91~Ominous hydraulic blower Du's poem - 1991, from Henan. It pioneered the water drainage of hydraulic blowing equipment. That is, water power is used to push the fan to blow air. It was the world's earliest water-powered blower, 1,100 years earlier than in Europe.Pu Yuan, Three Kingdoms Period Quenching Technology Pu Yuan - 300 years, Three Kingdoms Period. The first quenching technology makes the steel knife strong and elastic.
Mozi 400 B.C. Proposed the argument that light travels in straight lines Mozi - In 400 B.C., Mozi discussed lever balance in his book and argued that light travels in straight lines.